贡嘎山峨眉冷杉树干呼吸空间特征及其对温度的响应
|
摘要
采用红外线气体分析仪-土壤呼吸气室水平测定法(HOSC)原位监测了贡嘎山东坡峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)树干CO_2释放速率(E_s),分析了树干E_s与树干温度(T_(stem))的关系。贡嘎山峨眉冷杉树干E_s和T_(stem)空间变化格局明显,不同测定高度树干温度为0.3m>1.3m>2.3m,以1.3m处E_s最大;不同方向E_s和T_(stem)均表现为南面>北面。生长季和非生长季的峨眉冷杉E_s分别在0.51—0.99μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)和0.14—0.22μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)之间波动。峨眉冷杉树E_s变化趋势和T_(stem)一致,二者具有显著的指数函数关系(P<0.01)。峨眉冷杉非生长季树干呼吸Q_(10)显著高于生长季(P<0.01),其中生长季变幅在1.9—3.0之间,非生长季在4.6—6.8之间,暗示个体或群落水平树干CO_2释放通量的估算应充分考虑树干E_s空间特征和Q_(10)变化。
As an important component of carbon budgets and net ecosystem CO_2 exchange in forest ecosystems,stem CO_2 efflux rate( E_s ) plays a crucial role in the global carbon balance. Investigation of spatial variations and the response of E_s to temperature,are essential for improving the accuracy of E_s estimates at individual and community levels. In this study,the horizontally oriented soil chamber( HOSC) technique was applied to measure the CO_2 released by stems. We measured E_s in situ in the Abies fabri forest on Gongga Mountain using IRGA with a Li-6400-09 from September to December 2014. Our objectives were to examine the spatial variations in E_s of A. fabri and to explore the response of E_s to stem temperature(T_(stem) ). Two representative trees in an immature A. fabri forest stand were selected. An opaque PVC collar(10.7 cm inside diameter and 5 cm high) was cut to match the approximate curvature of the stem with the other end being cut flat. Then the custom-built PVC collar was fastened to the south of the stem at a height of 0.3,1.3 and 2.3 m and to the north at a height of 1.3 m,with 100% silicone sealant 24 h before the measurement was made. Loose bark and moss were carefully removed from the stem surface curved by the PVC collar using a hairbrush without damaging the underlying cambium before installing the PVC collars. Measurements were made over three cycles at each sampling point,every 2 h from 8:00 to 18:00 in the same day of every month. The A. fabri stem E_s and T_(stem) showed an apparent spatial pattern. The T_(stem) at different heights ranked as follows: 0.3>1.3>2.3 m with maximum E_s appearing at 1.3 m. The E_s and T_(stem) on the south face of the stem were higher thanthat on the north. The monthly averages E_s of the growing season( September and October) and the non-growing season(November and December) was 0.51—0.99 and 0.14—0.22μmol m~(-2) s~(-1),respectively. The trend in A. fabri stem E_s was consistent with T_(stem) with a significantly exponential relationship observed. The temperature coefficient( Q_(10)) during the nongrowing season( 4.6—6.8) was much higher than that in the growing season( 1. 9—3. 0). It was concluded that spatial variations of E_s and Q_(10) should be considered when estimating individual and community stem E_s .
As an important component of carbon budgets and net ecosystem CO_2 exchange in forest ecosystems,stem CO_2 efflux rate( E_s ) plays a crucial role in the global carbon balance. Investigation of spatial variations and the response of E_s to temperature,are essential for improving the accuracy of E_s estimates at individual and community levels. In this study,the horizontally oriented soil chamber( HOSC) technique was applied to measure the CO_2 released by stems. We measured E_s in situ in the Abies fabri forest on Gongga Mountain using IRGA with a Li-6400-09 from September to December 2014. Our objectives were to examine the spatial variations in E_s of A. fabri and to explore the response of E_s to stem temperature(T_(stem) ). Two representative trees in an immature A. fabri forest stand were selected. An opaque PVC collar(10.7 cm inside diameter and 5 cm high) was cut to match the approximate curvature of the stem with the other end being cut flat. Then the custom-built PVC collar was fastened to the south of the stem at a height of 0.3,1.3 and 2.3 m and to the north at a height of 1.3 m,with 100% silicone sealant 24 h before the measurement was made. Loose bark and moss were carefully removed from the stem surface curved by the PVC collar using a hairbrush without damaging the underlying cambium before installing the PVC collars. Measurements were made over three cycles at each sampling point,every 2 h from 8:00 to 18:00 in the same day of every month. The A. fabri stem E_s and T_(stem) showed an apparent spatial pattern. The T_(stem) at different heights ranked as follows: 0.3>1.3>2.3 m with maximum E_s appearing at 1.3 m. The E_s and T_(stem) on the south face of the stem were higher thanthat on the north. The monthly averages E_s of the growing season( September and October) and the non-growing season(November and December) was 0.51—0.99 and 0.14—0.22μmol m~(-2) s~(-1),respectively. The trend in A. fabri stem E_s was consistent with T_(stem) with a significantly exponential relationship observed. The temperature coefficient( Q_(10)) during the nongrowing season( 4.6—6.8) was much higher than that in the growing season( 1. 9—3. 0). It was concluded that spatial variations of E_s and Q_(10) should be considered when estimating individual and community stem E_s .
引文
[1]Dixon R K,Solomon A M,Brown S,Houghton R A,Solomon A M,Trexier M C,Wisniewski J.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems.Science,1994,263(5144):185-190.
[2]Lavigne M B,Ryan M G.Growth and maintenance respiration rates of aspen,black spruce and jack pine stems at northern and southern BOREAS sites.Tree Physiology,1997,17(8/9):543-551.
[3]Acosta M,Pavelka M,Tomá2kováI,Janou2 D.Branch CO2efflux in vertical profile of Norway spruce tree.European Journal of Forest Research,2011,130(4):649-656.
[4]Ryan M G.A simple method for estimating gross carbon budgets for vegetation in forest ecosystems.Tree physiology,1991,9(1/2):255-266.
[5]Ryan M G,Hubbard R M,Pongracic S,Raison R J,Mcmurtrie R E.Foliage,fine-root,woody-tissue and stand respiration in Pinus radiata in relation to nitrogen status.Tree Physiology,1996,16(3):333-343.
[6]Zha T,Kellomki S,Wang K Y,Ryypp9 A,Niinist9 S.Seasonal and annual stem respiration of Scots pine trees under boreal conditions.Annals of Botany,2004,94(6):889-896.
[7]Damesin C,Ceschia E,Le Goff N,Ottorini J M,Dufrêne E.Stem and branch respiration of beech:from tree measurements to estimations at the stand level.New Phytologist,2002,153(1):159-172.
[8]Yang Y,Zhao M,Xu X T,Sun Z Z,Yin G D,Piao S L.Diurnal and seasonal change in stem respiration of Larix principis-rupprechtii Trees,Northern China.Plo S One,2014,9(2):e89294.
[9]Maier C A.Stem growth and respiration in loblolly pine plantations differing in soil resource availability.Tree Physiology,2001,21(16):1183-1193.
[10]Edwards N T,Tschaplinski T J,Norby R J.Stem respiration increases in CO2-enriched sweetgum trees.New Phytologist,2002,155(2):239-248.
[11]Ryan M G,Linder S,Vose J M,Hubbard R M.Dark respiration of pines.Ecological Bulletins,1994,43:50-63.
[12]Maier C A,Zarnoch S J,Dougherty P M.Effects of temperature and tissue nitrogen on dormant season stem and branch maintenance respiration in a young loblolly pine(Pinus taeda)plantation.Tree Physiology,1998,18(1):11-20.
[13]Vose J M,Ryan M G.Seasonal respiration of foliage,fine roots,and woody tissues in relation to growth,tissue N,and photosynthesis.Global Change Biology,2002,8(2):182-193.
[14]石新立,王传宽,许飞,王兴昌.四个温带树种树干呼吸的时间动态及其影响因子.生态学报,2010,30(15):3994-4003.
[15]许飞,王传宽,王兴昌.东北东部14个温带树种树干呼吸的种内种间变异.生态学报,2011,31(13):3581-3589.
[16]Amthor J S.Respiration and crop productivity.New York:Springer-Verlag,1989.
[17]Amthor J S.Scaling CO2-photosynthesis relationships from the leaf to the canopy.Photosynthesis Research,1994,39(3):321-350.
[18]Amthor J S.The Mc Cree-de Wit-Penning de Vries-Thornley respiration paradigms:30 years later.Annals of Botany,2000,86(1):1-20.
[19]Atkin O K,Tjoelker M G.Thermal acclimation and the dynamic response of plant respiration to temperature.Trends in Plant Science,2003,8(7):343-351.
[20]Stockfors J.Temperature variations and distribution of living cells within tree stems:implications for stem respiration modeling and scale-up.Tree Physiology,2000,20(15):1057-1062.
[21]Araki M G,Utsugi H,Kajimoto T,Han Q M,Kawasaki T,Chiba Y.Estimation of whole-stem respiration,incorporating vertical and seasonal variations in stem CO2efflux rate,of Chamaecyparis obtusa trees.Journal of Forest Research,2010,15(2):115-122.
[22]Tarvainen L,Rntfors M,Wallin G.Vertical gradients and seasonal variation in stem CO2efflux within a Norway spruce stand.Tree Physiology,2014,34(5):488-502.
[23]杨金艳,杨阔,王传宽.生物环境因子对树干呼吸时空变异的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(6):880-887.
[24]Brito P,Morales D,Wieser G,Jiménez M S.Spatial and seasonal variations in stem CO2efflux of Pinus canariensis at their upper distribution limit.Trees,2010,24(3):523-531.
[25]Kim M H,Nakane K,Lee J T,Bang H S,Na Y E.Stem/branch maintenance respiration of Japanese red pine stand.Forest Ecology and Management,2007,243(2/3):283-290.
[26]韩风森,胡聃,王晓琳,周宏轩.北京2种阔叶树不同高度枝干的呼吸速率及其对温度的敏感性.植物生态学报,2015,39(2):197-205.
[27]王淼,姬兰柱,李秋荣,肖冬梅,刘海良.长白山地区红松树干呼吸的研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(1):7-13.
[28]许飞,王传宽.温带4种针叶树种春、秋季节树干维持呼吸的日动态.生态学报,2015,35(10):3233-3243.
[29]游伟斌.塞罕坝华北落叶松树干呼吸时空变化及影响因子[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[30]黄玮,朱锦懋,黄儒珠,王健,郑怀舟,盛浩,李机密.福建长汀冬季植物树干CO2释放速率日变化特征.亚热带资源与环境学报,2009,4(1):38-46.
[31]严玉平,沙丽清,曹敏.西双版纳热带季节雨林优势树种树干呼吸特征.植物生态学报,2008,32(1):23-30.
[32]张远东,庞瑞,顾峰雪,刘世荣.西南高山地区土壤异养呼吸时空动态.生态学报,2013,33(16):5047-5057.
[33]周旭,付致君.道孚林区川西云杉鳞皮冷杉生物量的测定.四川林业科技,1983,(4):28-33.
[34]方江平,项文化.西藏色季拉山原始冷杉林生物量及其分布规律.林业科学,2008,44(5):17-23.
[35]钟祥浩,罗辑.贡嘎山山地暗针叶林带自然与退化生态系统生态功能特征.山地学报,2001,19(3):201-206.
[36]Xu M,De Biase T A,Qi Y.A simple technique to measure stem respiration using a horizontally oriented soil chamber.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2000,30(10):1555-1560.
[37]Zhao G,Liu G C,Zhu W Z,Zhao J X,Wang X M,Wang Y Y,Jia M.Stem CO2efflux of Abies fabri in subalpine forests in the Gongga Mountains,Eastern Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Plant Ecology,2016,doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw100.
[38]Motzer T.Micrometeorological aspects of a tropical mountain forest.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,135(1/4):230-240.
[39]Derby R W,Gates D M.The temperature of tree trunks-calculated and observed.American Journal of Botany,1966,53(6):580-587.
[40]Ceschia,Damesin C,Lebaube S,Pontailler J Y,Dufrêne.Spatial and seasonal variations in stem respiration of beech trees(Fagus sylvatica).Annals of Forest Science,2002,59(8):801-812.
[41]Bowman W P,Turnbull M H,Tissue D T,Whitehead D,Griffin K L.Sapwood temperature gradients between lower stems and the crown do not influence estimates of stand-level stem CO2efflux.Tree Physiology,2008,28(10):1553-1559.
[42]Teskey R O,Mc Guire M A.Measurement of stem respiration of sycamore(Platanus occidentalis L.)trees involves internal and external fluxes of CO2and possible transport of CO2from roots.Plant,Cell&Environment,2007,30(5):570-579.
[43]Edwards N T,Hanson P J.Stem respiration in a closed-canopy upland oak forest.Tree Physiology,1996,16(4):433-439.
[44]Ryan M G.Growth and maintenance respiration in stems of Pinuscontorta and Piceaengelmannii.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1990,20(1):48-57.
[45]Ryan M G.Foliar maintenance respiration of subalpine and boreal trees and shrubs in relation to nitrogen content.Plant Cell&Environment,1995,18(7):765-772.
[46]Levy P E,Meir P,Allen S J,Jarvis P G.The effect of aqueous transport of CO2in xylem sap on gas exchange in woody plants.Tree Physiology,1999,19(1):53-58.
[47]Acosta M,Pavelka M,Pokorny'R,Janou2 D,Marek M V.Seasonal variation in CO2efflux of stems and branches of Norway Spruce trees.Annals of Botany,2008,101(3):469-477.
[48]Zach,A,Horna,V,Leuschner C.Elevational change in woody tissue CO2efflux in a tropical mountain rain forest in southern Ecuador.Tree Physiology,2008,28(1):67-74.
[49]Robertson A L,Malhi Y,Farfan-Amezquita F,Arag2o LEOC,SILVAESPEJOJES,Robertson M A.Stem respiration in tropical forests along an elevation gradient in the Amazon and Andes.Global Change Biology,2010,16(12):3193-3204.
[50]Carey E V,Callaway R M,Delucia E H.Stem respiration of ponderosa pines grown in contrasting climates:implications for global climate change.Oecologia,1997,111(1):19-25.
[51]Stockfors J,Linder S.Effect of nitrogen on the seasonal course of growth and maintenance respiration in stems of Norway spruce trees.Tree Physiology,1998,18(3):155-166.
[52]Saxe H,Cannell M G R,Johnsen,Ryan M G,Vourlitis G.Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming.New Phytologist,2001,149(3):369-399.
[53]Maier C A,Albaugh T J,Lee Allen H,Dougherty P M.Respiratory carbon use and carbon storage in mid-rotation loblolly pine(Pinus taeda L.)plantations:the effect of site resources on the stand carbon balance.Global Change Biology,2004,10(8):1335-1350.
[54]King A W,Gunderson C A,Post W M,Weston D J,Wullschleger S D.Plant respiration in a warmer world.Science,2006,312(5773):536-537.
[55]Atkin O K,Holly C,Ball M C.Acclimation of snow gum(Eucalyptus pauciflora)leaf respiration to seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature:the importance of changes in the capacity and temperature sensitivity of respiration.Plant,Cell&Environment,2000,23(1):15-26.
[56]Bryla D R,Bouma T J,Eissenstat D M.Root respiration in citrus acclimates to temperature and slows during drought.Plant,Cell&Environment,1997,20(11):1411-1420.
[57]Peng S S,Piao S L,Wang T,Sun J Y,Shen Z H.Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different ecosystems in China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(5):1008-1014.
[58]Larigauderie A,K9rner C.Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and lowland plant species.Annals of Botany,1995,76(3):245-252.
[59]Tjoelker M G,Reich P B,Oleksyn J.Changes in leaf nitrogen and carbohydrates underlie temperature and CO2acclimation of dark respiration in five boreal tree species.Plant,Cell&Environment,1999,22(7):767-778.
[60]Lee T D,Reich P B,Bolstad P V.Acclimation of leaf respiration to temperature is rapid and related to specific leaf Area,soluble sugars and leaf nitrogen across three temperate deciduous tree species.Functional Ecology,2005,19(4):640-647.
[61]王文杰,王慧梅,祖元刚,李雪莹,小池孝良.林木非同化器官与土壤呼吸的温度系数Q10值的特征分析.植物生态学报,2005,29(4):680-691.
[62]Tjoelker M G,Oleksyn J,Reich P B.Modelling respiration of vegetation:evidence for a general temperature-dependent Q10.Global Change Biology,2001,7(2):223-230.
[2]Lavigne M B,Ryan M G.Growth and maintenance respiration rates of aspen,black spruce and jack pine stems at northern and southern BOREAS sites.Tree Physiology,1997,17(8/9):543-551.
[3]Acosta M,Pavelka M,Tomá2kováI,Janou2 D.Branch CO2efflux in vertical profile of Norway spruce tree.European Journal of Forest Research,2011,130(4):649-656.
[4]Ryan M G.A simple method for estimating gross carbon budgets for vegetation in forest ecosystems.Tree physiology,1991,9(1/2):255-266.
[5]Ryan M G,Hubbard R M,Pongracic S,Raison R J,Mcmurtrie R E.Foliage,fine-root,woody-tissue and stand respiration in Pinus radiata in relation to nitrogen status.Tree Physiology,1996,16(3):333-343.
[6]Zha T,Kellomki S,Wang K Y,Ryypp9 A,Niinist9 S.Seasonal and annual stem respiration of Scots pine trees under boreal conditions.Annals of Botany,2004,94(6):889-896.
[7]Damesin C,Ceschia E,Le Goff N,Ottorini J M,Dufrêne E.Stem and branch respiration of beech:from tree measurements to estimations at the stand level.New Phytologist,2002,153(1):159-172.
[8]Yang Y,Zhao M,Xu X T,Sun Z Z,Yin G D,Piao S L.Diurnal and seasonal change in stem respiration of Larix principis-rupprechtii Trees,Northern China.Plo S One,2014,9(2):e89294.
[9]Maier C A.Stem growth and respiration in loblolly pine plantations differing in soil resource availability.Tree Physiology,2001,21(16):1183-1193.
[10]Edwards N T,Tschaplinski T J,Norby R J.Stem respiration increases in CO2-enriched sweetgum trees.New Phytologist,2002,155(2):239-248.
[11]Ryan M G,Linder S,Vose J M,Hubbard R M.Dark respiration of pines.Ecological Bulletins,1994,43:50-63.
[12]Maier C A,Zarnoch S J,Dougherty P M.Effects of temperature and tissue nitrogen on dormant season stem and branch maintenance respiration in a young loblolly pine(Pinus taeda)plantation.Tree Physiology,1998,18(1):11-20.
[13]Vose J M,Ryan M G.Seasonal respiration of foliage,fine roots,and woody tissues in relation to growth,tissue N,and photosynthesis.Global Change Biology,2002,8(2):182-193.
[14]石新立,王传宽,许飞,王兴昌.四个温带树种树干呼吸的时间动态及其影响因子.生态学报,2010,30(15):3994-4003.
[15]许飞,王传宽,王兴昌.东北东部14个温带树种树干呼吸的种内种间变异.生态学报,2011,31(13):3581-3589.
[16]Amthor J S.Respiration and crop productivity.New York:Springer-Verlag,1989.
[17]Amthor J S.Scaling CO2-photosynthesis relationships from the leaf to the canopy.Photosynthesis Research,1994,39(3):321-350.
[18]Amthor J S.The Mc Cree-de Wit-Penning de Vries-Thornley respiration paradigms:30 years later.Annals of Botany,2000,86(1):1-20.
[19]Atkin O K,Tjoelker M G.Thermal acclimation and the dynamic response of plant respiration to temperature.Trends in Plant Science,2003,8(7):343-351.
[20]Stockfors J.Temperature variations and distribution of living cells within tree stems:implications for stem respiration modeling and scale-up.Tree Physiology,2000,20(15):1057-1062.
[21]Araki M G,Utsugi H,Kajimoto T,Han Q M,Kawasaki T,Chiba Y.Estimation of whole-stem respiration,incorporating vertical and seasonal variations in stem CO2efflux rate,of Chamaecyparis obtusa trees.Journal of Forest Research,2010,15(2):115-122.
[22]Tarvainen L,Rntfors M,Wallin G.Vertical gradients and seasonal variation in stem CO2efflux within a Norway spruce stand.Tree Physiology,2014,34(5):488-502.
[23]杨金艳,杨阔,王传宽.生物环境因子对树干呼吸时空变异的影响.应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(6):880-887.
[24]Brito P,Morales D,Wieser G,Jiménez M S.Spatial and seasonal variations in stem CO2efflux of Pinus canariensis at their upper distribution limit.Trees,2010,24(3):523-531.
[25]Kim M H,Nakane K,Lee J T,Bang H S,Na Y E.Stem/branch maintenance respiration of Japanese red pine stand.Forest Ecology and Management,2007,243(2/3):283-290.
[26]韩风森,胡聃,王晓琳,周宏轩.北京2种阔叶树不同高度枝干的呼吸速率及其对温度的敏感性.植物生态学报,2015,39(2):197-205.
[27]王淼,姬兰柱,李秋荣,肖冬梅,刘海良.长白山地区红松树干呼吸的研究.应用生态学报,2005,16(1):7-13.
[28]许飞,王传宽.温带4种针叶树种春、秋季节树干维持呼吸的日动态.生态学报,2015,35(10):3233-3243.
[29]游伟斌.塞罕坝华北落叶松树干呼吸时空变化及影响因子[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.
[30]黄玮,朱锦懋,黄儒珠,王健,郑怀舟,盛浩,李机密.福建长汀冬季植物树干CO2释放速率日变化特征.亚热带资源与环境学报,2009,4(1):38-46.
[31]严玉平,沙丽清,曹敏.西双版纳热带季节雨林优势树种树干呼吸特征.植物生态学报,2008,32(1):23-30.
[32]张远东,庞瑞,顾峰雪,刘世荣.西南高山地区土壤异养呼吸时空动态.生态学报,2013,33(16):5047-5057.
[33]周旭,付致君.道孚林区川西云杉鳞皮冷杉生物量的测定.四川林业科技,1983,(4):28-33.
[34]方江平,项文化.西藏色季拉山原始冷杉林生物量及其分布规律.林业科学,2008,44(5):17-23.
[35]钟祥浩,罗辑.贡嘎山山地暗针叶林带自然与退化生态系统生态功能特征.山地学报,2001,19(3):201-206.
[36]Xu M,De Biase T A,Qi Y.A simple technique to measure stem respiration using a horizontally oriented soil chamber.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2000,30(10):1555-1560.
[37]Zhao G,Liu G C,Zhu W Z,Zhao J X,Wang X M,Wang Y Y,Jia M.Stem CO2efflux of Abies fabri in subalpine forests in the Gongga Mountains,Eastern Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Plant Ecology,2016,doi:10.1093/jpe/rtw100.
[38]Motzer T.Micrometeorological aspects of a tropical mountain forest.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2005,135(1/4):230-240.
[39]Derby R W,Gates D M.The temperature of tree trunks-calculated and observed.American Journal of Botany,1966,53(6):580-587.
[40]Ceschia,Damesin C,Lebaube S,Pontailler J Y,Dufrêne.Spatial and seasonal variations in stem respiration of beech trees(Fagus sylvatica).Annals of Forest Science,2002,59(8):801-812.
[41]Bowman W P,Turnbull M H,Tissue D T,Whitehead D,Griffin K L.Sapwood temperature gradients between lower stems and the crown do not influence estimates of stand-level stem CO2efflux.Tree Physiology,2008,28(10):1553-1559.
[42]Teskey R O,Mc Guire M A.Measurement of stem respiration of sycamore(Platanus occidentalis L.)trees involves internal and external fluxes of CO2and possible transport of CO2from roots.Plant,Cell&Environment,2007,30(5):570-579.
[43]Edwards N T,Hanson P J.Stem respiration in a closed-canopy upland oak forest.Tree Physiology,1996,16(4):433-439.
[44]Ryan M G.Growth and maintenance respiration in stems of Pinuscontorta and Piceaengelmannii.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1990,20(1):48-57.
[45]Ryan M G.Foliar maintenance respiration of subalpine and boreal trees and shrubs in relation to nitrogen content.Plant Cell&Environment,1995,18(7):765-772.
[46]Levy P E,Meir P,Allen S J,Jarvis P G.The effect of aqueous transport of CO2in xylem sap on gas exchange in woody plants.Tree Physiology,1999,19(1):53-58.
[47]Acosta M,Pavelka M,Pokorny'R,Janou2 D,Marek M V.Seasonal variation in CO2efflux of stems and branches of Norway Spruce trees.Annals of Botany,2008,101(3):469-477.
[48]Zach,A,Horna,V,Leuschner C.Elevational change in woody tissue CO2efflux in a tropical mountain rain forest in southern Ecuador.Tree Physiology,2008,28(1):67-74.
[49]Robertson A L,Malhi Y,Farfan-Amezquita F,Arag2o LEOC,SILVAESPEJOJES,Robertson M A.Stem respiration in tropical forests along an elevation gradient in the Amazon and Andes.Global Change Biology,2010,16(12):3193-3204.
[50]Carey E V,Callaway R M,Delucia E H.Stem respiration of ponderosa pines grown in contrasting climates:implications for global climate change.Oecologia,1997,111(1):19-25.
[51]Stockfors J,Linder S.Effect of nitrogen on the seasonal course of growth and maintenance respiration in stems of Norway spruce trees.Tree Physiology,1998,18(3):155-166.
[52]Saxe H,Cannell M G R,Johnsen,Ryan M G,Vourlitis G.Tree and forest functioning in response to global warming.New Phytologist,2001,149(3):369-399.
[53]Maier C A,Albaugh T J,Lee Allen H,Dougherty P M.Respiratory carbon use and carbon storage in mid-rotation loblolly pine(Pinus taeda L.)plantations:the effect of site resources on the stand carbon balance.Global Change Biology,2004,10(8):1335-1350.
[54]King A W,Gunderson C A,Post W M,Weston D J,Wullschleger S D.Plant respiration in a warmer world.Science,2006,312(5773):536-537.
[55]Atkin O K,Holly C,Ball M C.Acclimation of snow gum(Eucalyptus pauciflora)leaf respiration to seasonal and diurnal variations in temperature:the importance of changes in the capacity and temperature sensitivity of respiration.Plant,Cell&Environment,2000,23(1):15-26.
[56]Bryla D R,Bouma T J,Eissenstat D M.Root respiration in citrus acclimates to temperature and slows during drought.Plant,Cell&Environment,1997,20(11):1411-1420.
[57]Peng S S,Piao S L,Wang T,Sun J Y,Shen Z H.Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in different ecosystems in China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(5):1008-1014.
[58]Larigauderie A,K9rner C.Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and lowland plant species.Annals of Botany,1995,76(3):245-252.
[59]Tjoelker M G,Reich P B,Oleksyn J.Changes in leaf nitrogen and carbohydrates underlie temperature and CO2acclimation of dark respiration in five boreal tree species.Plant,Cell&Environment,1999,22(7):767-778.
[60]Lee T D,Reich P B,Bolstad P V.Acclimation of leaf respiration to temperature is rapid and related to specific leaf Area,soluble sugars and leaf nitrogen across three temperate deciduous tree species.Functional Ecology,2005,19(4):640-647.
[61]王文杰,王慧梅,祖元刚,李雪莹,小池孝良.林木非同化器官与土壤呼吸的温度系数Q10值的特征分析.植物生态学报,2005,29(4):680-691.
[62]Tjoelker M G,Oleksyn J,Reich P B.Modelling respiration of vegetation:evidence for a general temperature-dependent Q10.Global Change Biology,2001,7(2):223-230.