Cr~(6+)对牙鲆仔幼鱼的急性毒性效应研究
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摘要
为深入了解Cr~(6+)对海水鱼类的毒性机理,利用静水式鱼类急性毒性测试方法,开展了Cr~(6+)对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)仔鱼和幼鱼的急性毒性效应研究。获得了24、48、72、96 h所对应的半致死浓度LC50值,计算了Cr~(6+)对牙鲆的安全浓度,并对急性毒性下红细胞核异常率和鳃的损伤进了观察。结果表明,Cr~(6+)对牙鲆仔鱼24、48、72、96 h的LC50分别为75. 19、67. 13、49. 77、31. 09 mg·L~(-1);对幼鱼的LC50分别为462. 13、435. 36、390. 19、322. 41 mg·L~(-1)。安全浓度分别为16. 05 mg·L~(-1)(仔鱼)和115. 91 mg·L~(-1)(幼鱼)。Cr~(6+)对牙鲆仔鱼的毒性属于中等毒性,而对幼鱼的毒性为低等毒性。Cr~(6+)对红细胞核异常率的影响呈现质量浓度、处理时间—效应关系。Cr~(6+)会造成牙鲆鳃的损伤,且损伤程度随着浓度和时间的增加而加重。本研究可为进一步开展Cr~(6+)对海水鱼类的毒性机理研究奠定基础。
Using static test method,the acute toxicity of Cr~(6+)to fry and fingerling of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined,and the LC50 values at 24,48,72 and 96 h post exposure were calculated. The LC50 values at 24,48,72 and 96 h for fry were 75. 19,67. 13,49. 77 and 31. 09 mg·L~(-1);and 462. 13,435. 36,390. 19 and 322. 41 mg·L~(-1) for fingerling,respectively. The safety concentration of Cr~(6+)was 16. 05( for fry) and 115. 91 mg · L~(-1)( for fingerling) respectively. The effects of Cr~(6+)on the abnormal rate of erythrocytic nucleus showed mass concentration and time effect relationship. The abnormal erythrocytic nucleus had features such as nuclear prolongation,intranuclear vacuoles,nuclear rounding,nuclear fracture as well as unequal nuclear crack. Histological sections indicated that exposure to Cr~(6+)could bring damage to gill,and the degree of damage was aggravated with the increase of concentration and exposure time. The pathological features of Cr~(6+)exposed gill were: proliferation of the epithelial cell layer of the branchial lamellae and the bar shaped branchial slices,the epithelium layer and the capillaries formed a cavity; some parts of gill filament ends even fell off from epithelial layer of the branchial fragment bases,and the epithelial cells adjacent to the branchial fragments formed epithelial cell board; tips of some gill lamellae were swollen and bulbous. The results provided basic data for further understanding of toxicity mechanism of Cr~(6+)to marine fishes,objectively evaluating its potential risks to marine organisms,and accurately identifying and handling marine and fishery pollution accidents caused by Cr~(6+).
Using static test method,the acute toxicity of Cr~(6+)to fry and fingerling of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined,and the LC50 values at 24,48,72 and 96 h post exposure were calculated. The LC50 values at 24,48,72 and 96 h for fry were 75. 19,67. 13,49. 77 and 31. 09 mg·L~(-1);and 462. 13,435. 36,390. 19 and 322. 41 mg·L~(-1) for fingerling,respectively. The safety concentration of Cr~(6+)was 16. 05( for fry) and 115. 91 mg · L~(-1)( for fingerling) respectively. The effects of Cr~(6+)on the abnormal rate of erythrocytic nucleus showed mass concentration and time effect relationship. The abnormal erythrocytic nucleus had features such as nuclear prolongation,intranuclear vacuoles,nuclear rounding,nuclear fracture as well as unequal nuclear crack. Histological sections indicated that exposure to Cr~(6+)could bring damage to gill,and the degree of damage was aggravated with the increase of concentration and exposure time. The pathological features of Cr~(6+)exposed gill were: proliferation of the epithelial cell layer of the branchial lamellae and the bar shaped branchial slices,the epithelium layer and the capillaries formed a cavity; some parts of gill filament ends even fell off from epithelial layer of the branchial fragment bases,and the epithelial cells adjacent to the branchial fragments formed epithelial cell board; tips of some gill lamellae were swollen and bulbous. The results provided basic data for further understanding of toxicity mechanism of Cr~(6+)to marine fishes,objectively evaluating its potential risks to marine organisms,and accurately identifying and handling marine and fishery pollution accidents caused by Cr~(6+).
引文
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[14]GB/T 13267-1991.水质:物质对淡水鱼(斑马鱼)急性毒性测定方法[S].1991.GB/T 13267-1991.Water quality:determination of the acute toxicity of substance to a freshwater fish(Danio rerio)[S].1991.
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[17]刘欣梅,项黎新,邵健忠,等.重金属诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制[J].中国细胞生物学学报,2004,26(3):235-240.LIU X M,XIANG L X,SHAO J Z,et al.The molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by heavy metals[J].Chinese Journal of Cell Biology,2004,26(3):235-240.
[18]DALZELL D J B,MACFARLANE N A A.The toxicity of iron to brown trout and effects on the gills:a comparison of two grades of iron sulphate[J].Journal of Fish Biology,1999,55(2):301-315.
[19]HAAPARANTA A,VALTONEN E T,HOFFMANNR W.Gill anomalies of perch and roach from four lakes different in water quality[J].Journal of Fish Biology,1997,50(3):575-591.
[20]TEIEN H C,GARMO O A,ATLAND A,et al.Transformation of iron species in mixing zones and accumulation on fish gills[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(5):1780-1786.
[21]EVANS,D H.Fish gill:site of action and model for toxic effects of environmental pollutants[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,1987,71(2):47-58.
[22]MALLATT J.Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants:a statistical review[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1985,42(4):630-648.
[2]AKHTER M S,AL-JOWDER O.Heavy metal concentrations in sediments from the coast of Bahrain[J].International Journal of Environmental Health Research,1997,7(1):85-93.
[3]孙元芹,吴志宏,孙福新,等.文蛤对重金属Cu的富集与排出特征[J].渔业科学进展,2013,34(1):126-132.SUN Y Q,WU Z H,SUN F X,et al.Accumulation and elimination of Meretrix meretirx to copper[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2013,34(1):126-132.
[4]张聪,陈聚法,马绍赛,等.褶牡蛎对水体中重金属铜和镉的富集动力学特性[J].渔业科学进展,2012,33(5):64-72.ZHANG C,CHEN J F,MA S S,et al.Kinetic study on the bioconcentration and elimination of heavy metals Cu and Cd in Crassostrea plicatula[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2012,33(5):64-72.
[5]SILVESTRE F,DIERICK J F,DUMONT V,et al.Differential protein expression profiles in anterior gills of Eriocheir sinensis during acclimation to cadmium[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2006,76(1):46.
[6]金立方,袁翊朦,胡祎瑞,等.六价铬的细胞毒理效应及其机制研究进展[J].中国细胞生物学学报,2013,35(3):387-392.JIN L F,YUAN Y M,HU Y R,et al.Research progress in cytotoxicity and mechanism of hexavalent chromium[J].Chinese Journal of Cell Biology,2013,35(3):387-392.
[7]叶素兰,余治平.Cu 2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+对鳙胚胎和仔鱼的急性致毒效应[J].水产科学,2009,28(5):263-267.YE S L,YU Z P.Acute toxicity of Cu2+,Pb2+,Cd2+and Cr6+to embryos and larvae of bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis[J].Fisheries Science,2009,28(5):263-267.
[8]耿龙武,蔺玉华,王海涛,等.铬对鲤嗜多染红细胞微核的诱变效应[J].水产学杂志,2003,16(2):63-67.GENG L W,LIN Y H,WANG H T,et al.Polychromatocytes micronuclei of carps induced by chrome and their synergistic effect[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2004,16(2):63-67.
[9]刘敬禹.Cr6+对泥鳅外周血细胞微核率的影响[J].水生态学杂志,2011,32(5):119-121.LIU J Y.Effect of Cr6+on outer blood corpuscle microkerenl in Misfurnus angullicaudatus[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2011,32(5):119-121.
[10]吴迪,李霞,秦艳杰,等.重铬酸钾对不同倍性泥鳅鳍细胞系的毒性效应[J].中国水产科学,2017,24(1):173-179.WU D,LI X,QIN Y J,et al.Toxicity effects of potassium dichromate on loach fin cell lines with different ploidies in vitro[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2017,24(1):173-179.
[11]梁峰,杨绍贵,孙成.六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的急性毒性效应研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(9):1665-1669.LIANG F,YANG S G,SUN C.The acute toxicity of hexavalent chromium on Pelteobagrus fulvidraco fry and fingerling[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(9):1665-1669.
[12]张彩明,陈应华,吴常文,等.Cr6+对日本黄姑鱼(Nibea japonica)外周血细胞及抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,2013,44(2):332-336.ZHANG C M,CHEN Y H,WU C W,et al.Effects of Cr6+on peripheral blood cell and antioxidant enzyme activity(SOD,CAT)of Nibea japonica[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2013,44(2):332-336.
[13]柳敏海,陈波,罗海忠,等.五种重金属对早繁鮸鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性效应[J].海洋渔业,2007,29(1):57-62.LIU M H,CHEN B,LUO H Z,et al.Toxic effects of five heavy metals on the embryos and larvae of Miichthys miiuy during early developing stages[J].Marine Fisheries,2007,29(1):57-62.
[14]GB/T 13267-1991.水质:物质对淡水鱼(斑马鱼)急性毒性测定方法[S].1991.GB/T 13267-1991.Water quality:determination of the acute toxicity of substance to a freshwater fish(Danio rerio)[S].1991.
[15]钟硕良,郑惠东,陈宇锋,等.溴氰菊酯对4种海水养殖生物的毒性及其积累[J].渔业科学进展,2017,38(6):139-147.ZHONG S L,ZHENG H D,CHEN Y F,et al.The acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of deltamethrin in four species of mariculture organisms[J].Progress in Fishery Sciences,2017,38(6):139-147.
[16]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法.水和废水监测分析方法[M].第四版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:728.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China.Water and exhausted water monitoring analysis method[M].The fourth edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002:728.
[17]刘欣梅,项黎新,邵健忠,等.重金属诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制[J].中国细胞生物学学报,2004,26(3):235-240.LIU X M,XIANG L X,SHAO J Z,et al.The molecular mechanisms of apoptosis induced by heavy metals[J].Chinese Journal of Cell Biology,2004,26(3):235-240.
[18]DALZELL D J B,MACFARLANE N A A.The toxicity of iron to brown trout and effects on the gills:a comparison of two grades of iron sulphate[J].Journal of Fish Biology,1999,55(2):301-315.
[19]HAAPARANTA A,VALTONEN E T,HOFFMANNR W.Gill anomalies of perch and roach from four lakes different in water quality[J].Journal of Fish Biology,1997,50(3):575-591.
[20]TEIEN H C,GARMO O A,ATLAND A,et al.Transformation of iron species in mixing zones and accumulation on fish gills[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(5):1780-1786.
[21]EVANS,D H.Fish gill:site of action and model for toxic effects of environmental pollutants[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,1987,71(2):47-58.
[22]MALLATT J.Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants:a statistical review[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries&Aquatic Sciences,1985,42(4):630-648.