小角散射技术在高聚物粘结炸药中的应用研究进展
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摘要
小角散射(SAS)技术是表征高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)多尺度复杂微结构的重要技术手段。对SAS技术在PBX研究中的实验方法、数据分析模型和多种应用进行了综述。论述了适用于PBX的原位变温、拉伸和压缩加载实验方法,归纳了Guinier、界面、多分散粒子、硬球相互作用和分形等常用模型,概述了它们在PBX研究中的适用条件和范围,总结了近二十年来,国内外应用中子和X射线SAS技术在PBX力热损伤、粘结剂微结构、感度以及爆轰碳产物分析等方面的研究进展。最后,总结了SAS技术在PBX研究中的独特优势,建议加强超小角散射实验技术、PBX原位力?热耦合加载设备和数据分析软件的开发,以及PBX内部多相界面和多尺度孔洞的定量研究。
Small?angle scattering(SAS)is a useful technique to characterize the complex multi?scale microstructure of polymer bonded explosives(PBX). In this review the experimental methods,data analysis models and selected applications of SAS for PBX research are presented. First,the in-situ temperature,tensile and compressive loading methods suitable for PBX are discussed. Second,the commonly used models such as Guinier,interface,polydisperse particles,hard sphere interaction,and fractal are summarized and their applicability to PBX research are described. Third,research progress on mechanical and thermal damage,binder microstructure,sensitivity,and denotation carbon product analysis over the last 20 years using small?angle X?ray and neutron scattering techniques are summarized. Finally,the advantages of SAS for PBX research are summarized. In addition to the quantitative research of internal multi?phase interfaces and multi?scale voids in PBX,the review points to the continued development of ultra?small?angle scattering(USANS)technique,in?situ mechanical?thermal coupling loading of PBX,and data analysis software.
Small?angle scattering(SAS)is a useful technique to characterize the complex multi?scale microstructure of polymer bonded explosives(PBX). In this review the experimental methods,data analysis models and selected applications of SAS for PBX research are presented. First,the in-situ temperature,tensile and compressive loading methods suitable for PBX are discussed. Second,the commonly used models such as Guinier,interface,polydisperse particles,hard sphere interaction,and fractal are summarized and their applicability to PBX research are described. Third,research progress on mechanical and thermal damage,binder microstructure,sensitivity,and denotation carbon product analysis over the last 20 years using small?angle X?ray and neutron scattering techniques are summarized. Finally,the advantages of SAS for PBX research are summarized. In addition to the quantitative research of internal multi?phase interfaces and multi?scale voids in PBX,the review points to the continued development of ultra?small?angle scattering(USANS)technique,in?situ mechanical?thermal coupling loading of PBX,and data analysis software.
引文
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[10]Mang J T,Hjelm R P.Small?angle neutron scattering and contrast variation measurement of the interfacial surface area in PBX 9501 as a function of pressing intensity[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2011,36(5):439-445.
[11]Willey T M,Hoffman D M,van Buuren T,et al.The micro?structure of TATB?based explosive formulations during temperature cycling using ultra?small?Angle X?ray scattering[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2009,34(5):406.
[12]Willey T M,Lauderbach L,Gagliardi F,et al.Mesoscale evolution of voids and mirostructural changes in HMX?based explosives during heating through theβ-δphase transition[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2015,118(5):055901.
[13]Bagge?Hansen M,Lauderbach L,Hodgin R,et al.Measurement of carbon condensates using small?angle x?ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2015,117(24):245902.
[14]Willey T M,Bagge?Hansen M,Lauderbach L,et al.Measurement of carbon condensates using small?angle x?ray scattering during detonation of high explosives[C]//AIP Conference Pro?ceedings.AIP,2017,1793(1):030012.
[15]夏庆中,陈波,曾贵玉,等.三氨基三硝基苯材料微孔结构的小角X射线散射实验研究[J].物理学报,2005,54(7):3273.XIA Qing?zhong,CHEN Bo,ZENG Gui?yu,et al.Experimen?tal investigation of insensitive explosive C6H6N6O6by small an?gle x?ray scattering technique[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2005,54(7):3273-3277.
[16]闫冠云,田强,黄朝强,等.热损伤奥克托金(HMX)缺陷的X射线小角散射研究[J].物理学报,2012,61(13),136101.YAN Guan?yun,TIAN Qiang,HUANG Chao?qiang,et al.Asmall?angle X?ray scattering study of micro?defects in thermally treated HMX[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(13):136101.
[17]Tian Q,Yan G,Sun G,et al.Thermally induced damage in hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane[J].Central European Journal of Energetic Materials,2013,10(3):359-369.
[18]Yan G,Tian Q,Liu J,et al.Small?angle X?ray analysis of the effect of grain size on the thermal damage of HMX?based plastic?bonded explosives[J].Chinese Physics B,2014,23(7):076101.
[19]Yan G,Tian Q,Liu J,et al.The microstructural evolution in HMX Based plastic bonded explosive during heating and cooling process:an in situ small?angle scattering study[J].Central European Journal of Energetic Materials,2016,13(4):916-926.
[20]Yan G,Fan Z,Huang S,et al.Phase retransformation and void evolution of previously heated HMX?based plastic?bonded explosive in wet air[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2017,121(37):20426-20432
[21]Tian Q,Almásy L,Yan G,et al.Small?angle neutron scattering investigation of polyurethane aged in dry and wet air[J].Express Polymer Letters,2014,8(5):345-351.
[22]Tian Q,Takács E,KrakovskyI,et al.Study on the microstructure of polyester polyurethane irradiated in air and water[J].Polymers,2015,7(9):1755-1766.
[23]Tian Q,KrakovskyI,Yan G,et al.Microstructure changes in polyester polyurethane upon thermal and humid aging[J].Polymers,2016,8(5):197.
[24]Tian Q,Yan G,Bai L,et al.Phase mixing and separation in polyester polyurethane studied by small?angle scattering:a polydisperse hard sphere model analysis[J].Polymer,2018,147:1-7.
[25]闫冠云,杨桂霞,周宁生,等.一种用于小角散射实验的热台:2015102245366[P],2017.YAN Guan?yun,YANG Gui?xia,ZHOU Ning?sheng,et al.Ahot stage for small?angle neutron scattering:2015102245366[P],2017.
[26]庞蓓蓓,孙光爱,席志国,等.一种用于中子小角散射的原位压力加载装置:CN201510262717.8[P],2017.PANG Bei?bei,SUN Guang?ai,XI Zhing?guo,et al.An in?situ pressure loading device for neutron?small angle scattering:CN201510262717.8[P],2017.
[27]Mang J T,Hjelm R.P.Fractal Networks of Inter?Granular Voids in Pressed TATB[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2013,38(6):831-840.
[28]白亮飞,田强,屠小青,等.冷压成型对HMX基PBX炸药微结构影响的SANS研究[J].含能材料,2019.doi:10.11943/CJEM2018256.BAI Liang?fei,TIAN Qiang,TU Xiao?qing,et al.Influence of cool?pressing on the microstructure of HMX?PBX investigated by SANS.Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2019.doi:10.11943/CJEM2018256.
[29]刘佳辉.高品质HMX在压装PBX的晶体损伤研究[D].绵阳:中国工程物理研究院,2012.LIU Jia?hui.Study on the damages of HMX crystals in pressed PBX[D].Mianyang:China Academy of Engineering Physics,2012.
[30]Willey T M.,van Buuren T,Lee J R,et al.Changes in pore size distribution upon thermal cycling of TATB?based explo?sives measured by ultra?small angle X?ray scattering[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2006,31(6):466-471.
[31]Willey T M,Hoffman D M,van Buuren T,et al.The micro?structure of TATB?Based explosive formulations during temper?ature cycling using ultra?small?angle X?ray scattering[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2009,34(5):406-414.
[32]Lin C,Tian Q,Chen Ket al.Polymer bonded explosives with highly tunable creep resistance based on segmented polyure?thane copolymers with different hard segment contents[J].Composites Science and Technology,2017,146:10-19.
[33]Li J,Ji Y,Chang J,et al.Structural origin of fast yielding?strain hardening transition in fluoroelastomer F2314[J].Polymer,2017,119:107-111.
[34]Chen K,Tian Q,Tian C,et al.Mechanical reinforcement in thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposite incorporated with polydopamine functionalized graphene nanoplatelet[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2017,56(41):11827-11838.
[35]Stoltz C A,Mason B P,Hooper J.Neutron scattering study of internal void structure in RDX[J].Journal of Applied physics,2010,107(10):103527.
[36]Perry W L,Clements B,Ma X,et al.Relating microstructure,temperature,and chemistry to explosive ignition and shock sensitivity[J].Combustion and Flame,2018,190:171-176.
[37]Firestone M A,Ringstrand B,Mogavero B,et al.Aqueous density fractionation of nanocarbons from colliding?wave PBX9502 detonation soot[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.AIP,2018,1979(1):160008.
[2]徐瑞娟,康彬,黄辉,等.降感HMX性能表征[J].含能材料,2010,18(5):518-522.XU Rui?juan,KANG Bin,HUANG Hui,et al.Characteriza?tion and properties of desensitized octogen[J].Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2010,18(5):518-522.
[3]Pedersen J S,Lindner P,Zemb T.Neutron,X?ray and light:Scattering methods applied to soft condensed matter[M].Else?vier.Amsterdam,2002:23-71.
[4]Han C C,Akcasu A Z.Scattering and dynamics of polymers:seeking order in disordered systems[M].John Wiley&Sons,2011:1-86.
[5]Mang J T,Skidmore C P,Hjelm R P,et al.Application of small?angle neutron scattering to the study of porosity in energetic materials[J].Journal of Materials Research,2000,15(5):1199-1208.
[6]Peterson P D,Mang J T,Asay W.Quantitative analysis of damage in an octahydro?1,3,5,7?tetranitro?1,3,5,7?tetrazonic?based composite explosive subjected to a linear thermal gradient[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2005,97(9):093507.
[7]Trevino S F,Wiegand D A.Mechanically induced damage in composite plastic?bonded explosives:a small angle neutron and X?ray study[J].Journal of Energetic Materials,2008,26(2):79-101.
[8]Mang J T,Peterson P D,Orler,E B,et al.Small?angle neu?tron scattering study of a thermally aged,segmented poly(ester urethane)binder[J].Neutron News,2003,14(1):26-28.
[9]Mang J T,Hjelm R P.Francois E G.Measurement of porosity in a composite high explosive as a function of pressing condi?tions by ultra?small?angle neutron scattering with contrast vari?ation[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2010,35(1):7-14.
[10]Mang J T,Hjelm R P.Small?angle neutron scattering and contrast variation measurement of the interfacial surface area in PBX 9501 as a function of pressing intensity[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2011,36(5):439-445.
[11]Willey T M,Hoffman D M,van Buuren T,et al.The micro?structure of TATB?based explosive formulations during temperature cycling using ultra?small?Angle X?ray scattering[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2009,34(5):406.
[12]Willey T M,Lauderbach L,Gagliardi F,et al.Mesoscale evolution of voids and mirostructural changes in HMX?based explosives during heating through theβ-δphase transition[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2015,118(5):055901.
[13]Bagge?Hansen M,Lauderbach L,Hodgin R,et al.Measurement of carbon condensates using small?angle x?ray scattering during detonation of the high explosive hexanitrostilbene[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2015,117(24):245902.
[14]Willey T M,Bagge?Hansen M,Lauderbach L,et al.Measurement of carbon condensates using small?angle x?ray scattering during detonation of high explosives[C]//AIP Conference Pro?ceedings.AIP,2017,1793(1):030012.
[15]夏庆中,陈波,曾贵玉,等.三氨基三硝基苯材料微孔结构的小角X射线散射实验研究[J].物理学报,2005,54(7):3273.XIA Qing?zhong,CHEN Bo,ZENG Gui?yu,et al.Experimen?tal investigation of insensitive explosive C6H6N6O6by small an?gle x?ray scattering technique[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2005,54(7):3273-3277.
[16]闫冠云,田强,黄朝强,等.热损伤奥克托金(HMX)缺陷的X射线小角散射研究[J].物理学报,2012,61(13),136101.YAN Guan?yun,TIAN Qiang,HUANG Chao?qiang,et al.Asmall?angle X?ray scattering study of micro?defects in thermally treated HMX[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(13):136101.
[17]Tian Q,Yan G,Sun G,et al.Thermally induced damage in hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane[J].Central European Journal of Energetic Materials,2013,10(3):359-369.
[18]Yan G,Tian Q,Liu J,et al.Small?angle X?ray analysis of the effect of grain size on the thermal damage of HMX?based plastic?bonded explosives[J].Chinese Physics B,2014,23(7):076101.
[19]Yan G,Tian Q,Liu J,et al.The microstructural evolution in HMX Based plastic bonded explosive during heating and cooling process:an in situ small?angle scattering study[J].Central European Journal of Energetic Materials,2016,13(4):916-926.
[20]Yan G,Fan Z,Huang S,et al.Phase retransformation and void evolution of previously heated HMX?based plastic?bonded explosive in wet air[J].Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2017,121(37):20426-20432
[21]Tian Q,Almásy L,Yan G,et al.Small?angle neutron scattering investigation of polyurethane aged in dry and wet air[J].Express Polymer Letters,2014,8(5):345-351.
[22]Tian Q,Takács E,KrakovskyI,et al.Study on the microstructure of polyester polyurethane irradiated in air and water[J].Polymers,2015,7(9):1755-1766.
[23]Tian Q,KrakovskyI,Yan G,et al.Microstructure changes in polyester polyurethane upon thermal and humid aging[J].Polymers,2016,8(5):197.
[24]Tian Q,Yan G,Bai L,et al.Phase mixing and separation in polyester polyurethane studied by small?angle scattering:a polydisperse hard sphere model analysis[J].Polymer,2018,147:1-7.
[25]闫冠云,杨桂霞,周宁生,等.一种用于小角散射实验的热台:2015102245366[P],2017.YAN Guan?yun,YANG Gui?xia,ZHOU Ning?sheng,et al.Ahot stage for small?angle neutron scattering:2015102245366[P],2017.
[26]庞蓓蓓,孙光爱,席志国,等.一种用于中子小角散射的原位压力加载装置:CN201510262717.8[P],2017.PANG Bei?bei,SUN Guang?ai,XI Zhing?guo,et al.An in?situ pressure loading device for neutron?small angle scattering:CN201510262717.8[P],2017.
[27]Mang J T,Hjelm R.P.Fractal Networks of Inter?Granular Voids in Pressed TATB[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2013,38(6):831-840.
[28]白亮飞,田强,屠小青,等.冷压成型对HMX基PBX炸药微结构影响的SANS研究[J].含能材料,2019.doi:10.11943/CJEM2018256.BAI Liang?fei,TIAN Qiang,TU Xiao?qing,et al.Influence of cool?pressing on the microstructure of HMX?PBX investigated by SANS.Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao),2019.doi:10.11943/CJEM2018256.
[29]刘佳辉.高品质HMX在压装PBX的晶体损伤研究[D].绵阳:中国工程物理研究院,2012.LIU Jia?hui.Study on the damages of HMX crystals in pressed PBX[D].Mianyang:China Academy of Engineering Physics,2012.
[30]Willey T M.,van Buuren T,Lee J R,et al.Changes in pore size distribution upon thermal cycling of TATB?based explo?sives measured by ultra?small angle X?ray scattering[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2006,31(6):466-471.
[31]Willey T M,Hoffman D M,van Buuren T,et al.The micro?structure of TATB?Based explosive formulations during temper?ature cycling using ultra?small?angle X?ray scattering[J].Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics,2009,34(5):406-414.
[32]Lin C,Tian Q,Chen Ket al.Polymer bonded explosives with highly tunable creep resistance based on segmented polyure?thane copolymers with different hard segment contents[J].Composites Science and Technology,2017,146:10-19.
[33]Li J,Ji Y,Chang J,et al.Structural origin of fast yielding?strain hardening transition in fluoroelastomer F2314[J].Polymer,2017,119:107-111.
[34]Chen K,Tian Q,Tian C,et al.Mechanical reinforcement in thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposite incorporated with polydopamine functionalized graphene nanoplatelet[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2017,56(41):11827-11838.
[35]Stoltz C A,Mason B P,Hooper J.Neutron scattering study of internal void structure in RDX[J].Journal of Applied physics,2010,107(10):103527.
[36]Perry W L,Clements B,Ma X,et al.Relating microstructure,temperature,and chemistry to explosive ignition and shock sensitivity[J].Combustion and Flame,2018,190:171-176.
[37]Firestone M A,Ringstrand B,Mogavero B,et al.Aqueous density fractionation of nanocarbons from colliding?wave PBX9502 detonation soot[C]//AIP Conference Proceedings.AIP,2018,1979(1):160008.
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