时间名词“早起”再议
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摘要
"早起"原为偏正短语,后因经常充当"先事→目的"类连动结构的前件,使得其句法独立性降低,语义信息背景化,表述功能由"陈述"变为"辅助""修饰"。至宋代,"早起"因能出现在"每X"结构之中而凸现"指称"功能,并能与非自主动词搭配而实现从行为到时间的转喻,"早起+VP"由连动结构转变为偏正结构,"早起"由偏正短语转变为时间名词。在明清时期"早起"有了新的衍生形式,如针对词义扩大而出现的具体强化形式"早起起来",针对词义淡化而出现的同义并列强化形式"清晨早起",它们是对过度词汇化的积极补充。
Zaoqi was originally an endocentric phrase, and later, because it often acted as the precursor of the verb-sequence construction, its syntactic independence was reduced, its semantic information was contextualized, and its expressive function changed from statement to auxiliary and modifier. By the Song Dynasty, Zaoqi was able to appear in the structure of "Mei X" to highlight the function of reference, and to achieve metonymy from action to time by collocating with the nonvolitional verbs, which made it possible to reanalyze. "Zaoqi + VP" has changed from a verb-sequence construction to an endocentric phrase, and Zaoqi has changed from an endocentric phrase to a temporal noun. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zaoqi had new forms of derivation. For example, in view of the expansion of the meaning, the concrete strengthening form "Zaoqi Qilai" appeared; in view of the dilution of the meaning, the synonymous juxtaposition form "Qingchen Zaoqi" appeared. They were positive supplements to over-lexicalization.
Zaoqi was originally an endocentric phrase, and later, because it often acted as the precursor of the verb-sequence construction, its syntactic independence was reduced, its semantic information was contextualized, and its expressive function changed from statement to auxiliary and modifier. By the Song Dynasty, Zaoqi was able to appear in the structure of "Mei X" to highlight the function of reference, and to achieve metonymy from action to time by collocating with the nonvolitional verbs, which made it possible to reanalyze. "Zaoqi + VP" has changed from a verb-sequence construction to an endocentric phrase, and Zaoqi has changed from an endocentric phrase to a temporal noun. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zaoqi had new forms of derivation. For example, in view of the expansion of the meaning, the concrete strengthening form "Zaoqi Qilai" appeared; in view of the dilution of the meaning, the synonymous juxtaposition form "Qingchen Zaoqi" appeared. They were positive supplements to over-lexicalization.
引文
[1]丁全,田小枫.南阳方言[M].郑州:中州古籍出版社,2001:133―188.
[2]河南省地方史志办公室.河南省志:方言志[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1995.
[3]许宝华,宫田一郎.汉语方言大词典[M].北京:中华书局,1999:1954.
[4]张庆庆.近代汉语几组常用词演变研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2007:36―37.
[5]林志杰.说漳州方言中的“早起”、“早顿”和“头早”[J].萍乡高等专科学校学报,2008(1):105―107.
[6]刘宏,赵祎缺.河南方言词语考释[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,2012.
[7]郭锐.现代汉语词类研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:84.
[8]石定栩.动词的“指称”功能和“陈述”功能[J].汉语学习,2005(4):3―10.
[9]高增霞.现代汉语连动式的语法化视角[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院,2003:11―32.
[10]尚新.时体、事件与汉语连动结构[J].外语教学,2009(6):5―9.
[11]黄瓒辉,石定栩.量化事件的“每”结构[J].世界汉语教学,2013(3):305―318.
[12]马庆株.汉语动词和动词性结构[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:19―20.
[13]肖燕,文旭.时间概念化的转喻实现方式[J].外国语,2012(3):68―74.
[14]沈家煊.“语法化”研究综观[J].外语教学与研究,1994(4):17―24.
[15]刘坚,曹广顺,吴福祥.论诱发汉语词汇语法化的若干因素[J].中国语文,1995(3):161―169.
[16]李小军.汉语语法化演变中的音变模式:附论音义互动关系[G]∥北京大学中国语言学研究中心《语言学论丛》编委会.语言学论丛:第51辑.北京:商务印书馆,2015:257.
[17]刘丹青.语法化中的更新、强化与叠加[J].语言研究,2001(2):71―81.
[2]河南省地方史志办公室.河南省志:方言志[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1995.
[3]许宝华,宫田一郎.汉语方言大词典[M].北京:中华书局,1999:1954.
[4]张庆庆.近代汉语几组常用词演变研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2007:36―37.
[5]林志杰.说漳州方言中的“早起”、“早顿”和“头早”[J].萍乡高等专科学校学报,2008(1):105―107.
[6]刘宏,赵祎缺.河南方言词语考释[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,2012.
[7]郭锐.现代汉语词类研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002:84.
[8]石定栩.动词的“指称”功能和“陈述”功能[J].汉语学习,2005(4):3―10.
[9]高增霞.现代汉语连动式的语法化视角[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院,2003:11―32.
[10]尚新.时体、事件与汉语连动结构[J].外语教学,2009(6):5―9.
[11]黄瓒辉,石定栩.量化事件的“每”结构[J].世界汉语教学,2013(3):305―318.
[12]马庆株.汉语动词和动词性结构[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:19―20.
[13]肖燕,文旭.时间概念化的转喻实现方式[J].外国语,2012(3):68―74.
[14]沈家煊.“语法化”研究综观[J].外语教学与研究,1994(4):17―24.
[15]刘坚,曹广顺,吴福祥.论诱发汉语词汇语法化的若干因素[J].中国语文,1995(3):161―169.
[16]李小军.汉语语法化演变中的音变模式:附论音义互动关系[G]∥北京大学中国语言学研究中心《语言学论丛》编委会.语言学论丛:第51辑.北京:商务印书馆,2015:257.
[17]刘丹青.语法化中的更新、强化与叠加[J].语言研究,2001(2):71―81.
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