荒漠区踩踏生物土壤结皮对土壤微生物量的影响
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摘要
土壤微生物量可敏感指示土壤质量,是衡量荒漠地区生态恢复程度的重要生物学指标,而有关荒漠区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮与土壤微生物量关系的研究相对缺乏。以腾格里沙漠东南缘的人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮下的沙丘土壤为研究对象,分别采集未踩踏、中度踩踏和重度踩踏结皮下0～5 cm和5～15 cm土样并测定土壤微生物量碳和氮。结果表明:人为踩踏藻-地衣结皮和藓类结皮可减少生物土壤结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮,且土壤微生物量碳和氮随踩踏程度的增加而减少,重度踩踏显著减少土壤微生物量碳和氮(P<0.05),土壤速效磷、速效氮、全磷和全氮的损失是导致土壤微生物量碳和氮减少的重要因子。除踩踏程度外,土壤微生物量碳和氮也受结皮演替阶段的影响。人为踩踏的藓类结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮显著高于藻-地衣结皮(P<0.05),表明演替晚期的藓类结皮比演替早期的藻-地衣结皮抗干扰能力更强;无论季节如何更替,土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现为未踩踏>中度踩踏>重度踩踏;人为踩踏结皮下土壤微生物量碳和氮均表现明显的季节变化,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。腾格里沙漠人工植被固沙区和天然植被区人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可减少土壤微生物量,表明人为踩踏生物土壤结皮可引起土壤质量下降,导致荒漠生态系统的退化。因此,保护荒漠区生物土壤结皮有利于荒漠生态系统的修复。
Soil microbial biomass could be used as significant biological indicator to reflect soil quality and ecological restoration of sandy land. However,little was known on the relationship between human trampling to biocrusts and soil microbial biomass in desert areas. To explore the effects of human trampling to biocrusts on soil microbial biomass,sand soil under human trampling to biocrusts was served as the research object and soil underneath non-trampling biocrusts was the reference in artificial and natural vegetation areas at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert.Trampling to biocrusts was divided into three levels depending on the trampling degree to biocrusts: non-trampling,medium trampling and severe trampling,respectively. Soil samples were taken from the three trampling degrees in 0～5 cm and 5～15 cm soil depth,respectively,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were measured.The results showed that human trampling to cyanobacteria-lichen and moss crusts could reduce soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. Moreover,soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decreased as the trampling degree to biocrusts increased. Severe trampling to cyanobacteria-lichen and moss crusts significantly declined soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen( P<0.05). The loss of soil available phosphorus,available nitrogen,total phosphorus and total nitrogen act as the important factors which caused the reduction of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen.In addition to the trampling degree,soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen after human trampling to biocrusts are also significantly influenced by the successional stage of crusts( P<0.05). Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under trampled moss crusts significantly higher than trampled cyanobacteria-lichen crusts. This indicated that late-stage moss crusts had more stronger anti-interference capability than early-stage cyanobacteria-lichen crusts( P<0.05). In addition,there was a consistent law of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under biocrusts no matter how seasons change,follow orders: non-trampling>medium trampling>severe trampling. Moreover,there were seasonal changes of soil microbial biomass under trampling biocrusts,follow orders: summer>autumn>spring >winter. Therefore,trampled biocrusts could decrease soil microbial biomass in artificial and natural vegetation areas at southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert,indicating the degradation of soil and the desert ecosystem.The results showed that the protection to biocrusts could recover the desert ecosystems in desert areas.
Soil microbial biomass could be used as significant biological indicator to reflect soil quality and ecological restoration of sandy land. However,little was known on the relationship between human trampling to biocrusts and soil microbial biomass in desert areas. To explore the effects of human trampling to biocrusts on soil microbial biomass,sand soil under human trampling to biocrusts was served as the research object and soil underneath non-trampling biocrusts was the reference in artificial and natural vegetation areas at the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert.Trampling to biocrusts was divided into three levels depending on the trampling degree to biocrusts: non-trampling,medium trampling and severe trampling,respectively. Soil samples were taken from the three trampling degrees in 0～5 cm and 5～15 cm soil depth,respectively,and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were measured.The results showed that human trampling to cyanobacteria-lichen and moss crusts could reduce soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. Moreover,soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decreased as the trampling degree to biocrusts increased. Severe trampling to cyanobacteria-lichen and moss crusts significantly declined soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen( P<0.05). The loss of soil available phosphorus,available nitrogen,total phosphorus and total nitrogen act as the important factors which caused the reduction of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen.In addition to the trampling degree,soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen after human trampling to biocrusts are also significantly influenced by the successional stage of crusts( P<0.05). Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under trampled moss crusts significantly higher than trampled cyanobacteria-lichen crusts. This indicated that late-stage moss crusts had more stronger anti-interference capability than early-stage cyanobacteria-lichen crusts( P<0.05). In addition,there was a consistent law of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under biocrusts no matter how seasons change,follow orders: non-trampling>medium trampling>severe trampling. Moreover,there were seasonal changes of soil microbial biomass under trampling biocrusts,follow orders: summer>autumn>spring >winter. Therefore,trampled biocrusts could decrease soil microbial biomass in artificial and natural vegetation areas at southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert,indicating the degradation of soil and the desert ecosystem.The results showed that the protection to biocrusts could recover the desert ecosystems in desert areas.
引文
[1]李新荣,回嵘,赵洋.中国荒漠生物土壤结皮生态生理学研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2016.
[2]Belnap J,Lange O L.Biological Soil Crust:Structure,Function and management[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer-Verlag,2003.
[3]Zhang Y M.The microstructure and formation of biological soil crusts in their early developmental stage[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50:117-121.
[4]Li X J,Li X R,Song W M,et al.Effects of crust and shrub patches on runoff,sedimentation,and related nutrient(C,N)redistribution in the desertified steppe zone of the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Geomorphology,2008,96:221-232.
[5]Zhao H L,Guo Y R,Zhou R L,et al.The effects of plantation development on biological soil crust and topsoil properties in a desert in northern China[J].Geoderma,2011,160:367-372.
[6]Liu Y M,Li X R,Xing Z S,et al.Responses of soil microbial biomass and community composition to biological soil crusts in the revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2013,65:52-59.
[7]Gu Y F,Zhang X P,Tu S H,et al.Soil microbial biomass,cropyields,and bacterial community structure as affected by longtermfertilizer treatments under wheat-rice cropping[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2009,45(3):239-246.
[8]李新荣.荒漠生物土壤结皮生态与水文学研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2016.
[9]梁少民,吴楠,王红玲,等.干扰对生物土壤结皮及其理化性质的影响[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):818-823.
[10]Belnap J.Impacts of off-road vehicles on nitrogen cycles in biological soil crusts:resistance in different U.S.deserts[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2002,52:155-165.
[11]Gómez D A,Aranibar J N,Tabeni S,et al.Biological soil crust recovery after long-term grazing exclusion in the Monte Desert(Argentina).Changes in coverage,spatial distribution,and soil nitrogen[J].Acta Oecologica,2012,38:33-40.
[12]Herrick J E,Van Zee J W,Belnap J,et al.Fine gravel controls hydrologic and erodibility responses to trampling disturbance for coarse-textured soils with weak cyanobacterial crusts[J].Catena,2010,83:119-126.
[13]Bates S T,Nash T H I,Sweat K G,et al.Fungal communities of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts:diversity,relative microbial biomass,and their relationship to disturbance and crust cover[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2010,74:1192-1199.
[14]王闪闪.黄土丘陵区干扰对生物结皮土壤氮素循环的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[15]Liu Y M,Xing Z S,Yang H Y.Effect of biological soil crusts on microbial activity in soils of the Tengger Desert(China)[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2017,144:201-211.
[16]杨航宇,刘艳梅,王廷璞,等.生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物数量和活性的影响[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(5):950-960.
[17]Vance E D,Brookes P C,Jenkinson D S.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial C[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707.
[18]Brookes P C,Landman A,Pruden G,et al.Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:a rapid direct extraction method for measuring microbial biomass nitrogen in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1985,17:837-842.
[19]刘珊珊,王芬,张兴华,等.放牧干扰对岷江上游山地森林-干旱河谷交错带土壤微生物量及呼吸熵的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(2):63-68.
[20]Zuber S M,Villamil M B.Meta-analysis approach to assess effect of tillage on microbial biomass and enzyme activities[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,97:176-187.
[21]Steinberger Y.Energy and protein budgets of the desert isopod Hemilepistrus reaumuri[J].Acta Oecologia,1989,10:117-134.
[22]边丹丹.黄土丘陵区不同植被状况下土壤生物结皮对土壤生物学性质的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[23]Hawkes C V,Flechtner V R.Biological soil crusts in a xeric Florida shrubland:composition,abundance,and spatial heterogeneity of crusts with different disturbance histories[J].Microbial Ecology,2002,43:1-12.
[24]石亚芳.黄土丘陵区踩踏干扰对生物结皮土壤渗透性的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[25]Belnap J.Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts:effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1996,23:362-367.
[26]Jia R L,Li X R,Liu L C,et al.Responses of biological soil crusts to sand burial in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40:2827-2834.
[27]Muscha J M,Hild A L.Biological soil crusts in grazed and ungrazed Wyoming sagebrush steppe[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67:195-207.
[28]Li X R,He M Z,Duan Z H,et al.Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Gemorphology,2007,88(3/4):254-265.
[29]刘艳梅,杨航宇,李新荣.生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物生物量的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):394-401.
[30]虎瑞,王新平,潘颜霞,等.沙坡头地区藓类结皮土壤净氮矿化作用的季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(4):1106-1112.
[2]Belnap J,Lange O L.Biological Soil Crust:Structure,Function and management[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer-Verlag,2003.
[3]Zhang Y M.The microstructure and formation of biological soil crusts in their early developmental stage[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50:117-121.
[4]Li X J,Li X R,Song W M,et al.Effects of crust and shrub patches on runoff,sedimentation,and related nutrient(C,N)redistribution in the desertified steppe zone of the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Geomorphology,2008,96:221-232.
[5]Zhao H L,Guo Y R,Zhou R L,et al.The effects of plantation development on biological soil crust and topsoil properties in a desert in northern China[J].Geoderma,2011,160:367-372.
[6]Liu Y M,Li X R,Xing Z S,et al.Responses of soil microbial biomass and community composition to biological soil crusts in the revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2013,65:52-59.
[7]Gu Y F,Zhang X P,Tu S H,et al.Soil microbial biomass,cropyields,and bacterial community structure as affected by longtermfertilizer treatments under wheat-rice cropping[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2009,45(3):239-246.
[8]李新荣.荒漠生物土壤结皮生态与水文学研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2016.
[9]梁少民,吴楠,王红玲,等.干扰对生物土壤结皮及其理化性质的影响[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(6):818-823.
[10]Belnap J.Impacts of off-road vehicles on nitrogen cycles in biological soil crusts:resistance in different U.S.deserts[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2002,52:155-165.
[11]Gómez D A,Aranibar J N,Tabeni S,et al.Biological soil crust recovery after long-term grazing exclusion in the Monte Desert(Argentina).Changes in coverage,spatial distribution,and soil nitrogen[J].Acta Oecologica,2012,38:33-40.
[12]Herrick J E,Van Zee J W,Belnap J,et al.Fine gravel controls hydrologic and erodibility responses to trampling disturbance for coarse-textured soils with weak cyanobacterial crusts[J].Catena,2010,83:119-126.
[13]Bates S T,Nash T H I,Sweat K G,et al.Fungal communities of lichen-dominated biological soil crusts:diversity,relative microbial biomass,and their relationship to disturbance and crust cover[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2010,74:1192-1199.
[14]王闪闪.黄土丘陵区干扰对生物结皮土壤氮素循环的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[15]Liu Y M,Xing Z S,Yang H Y.Effect of biological soil crusts on microbial activity in soils of the Tengger Desert(China)[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2017,144:201-211.
[16]杨航宇,刘艳梅,王廷璞,等.生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物数量和活性的影响[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(5):950-960.
[17]Vance E D,Brookes P C,Jenkinson D S.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial C[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1987,19:703-707.
[18]Brookes P C,Landman A,Pruden G,et al.Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen:a rapid direct extraction method for measuring microbial biomass nitrogen in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1985,17:837-842.
[19]刘珊珊,王芬,张兴华,等.放牧干扰对岷江上游山地森林-干旱河谷交错带土壤微生物量及呼吸熵的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(2):63-68.
[20]Zuber S M,Villamil M B.Meta-analysis approach to assess effect of tillage on microbial biomass and enzyme activities[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,97:176-187.
[21]Steinberger Y.Energy and protein budgets of the desert isopod Hemilepistrus reaumuri[J].Acta Oecologia,1989,10:117-134.
[22]边丹丹.黄土丘陵区不同植被状况下土壤生物结皮对土壤生物学性质的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[23]Hawkes C V,Flechtner V R.Biological soil crusts in a xeric Florida shrubland:composition,abundance,and spatial heterogeneity of crusts with different disturbance histories[J].Microbial Ecology,2002,43:1-12.
[24]石亚芳.黄土丘陵区踩踏干扰对生物结皮土壤渗透性的影响[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2017.
[25]Belnap J.Soil surface disturbances in cold deserts:effects on nitrogenase activity in cyanobacterial-lichen soil crusts[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1996,23:362-367.
[26]Jia R L,Li X R,Liu L C,et al.Responses of biological soil crusts to sand burial in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2008,40:2827-2834.
[27]Muscha J M,Hild A L.Biological soil crusts in grazed and ungrazed Wyoming sagebrush steppe[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2006,67:195-207.
[28]Li X R,He M Z,Duan Z H,et al.Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Gemorphology,2007,88(3/4):254-265.
[29]刘艳梅,杨航宇,李新荣.生物土壤结皮对荒漠区土壤微生物生物量的影响[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):394-401.
[30]虎瑞,王新平,潘颜霞,等.沙坡头地区藓类结皮土壤净氮矿化作用的季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(4):1106-1112.