滇西北高原湿地景观变化与人为、自然因子的相关性
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摘要
人为活动的干扰与自然因子的变化共同作用于湿地生态系统,但两者对湿地生态系统作用的贡献率存在差异,目前尚缺乏进一步的研究。本研究基于面向对象分割和目视解译相结合的技术方法,研究了滇西北高原典型湿地纳帕海汇水区内28年来(1987—2015年)的湿地类型、分布及其空间格局的变化特征,并探讨其与当地人为活动的干扰(主要社会经济发展指标)、自然因子(主要气候因子)之间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)湿地总面积共计减少2456.46 hm~2,其中,原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸和草甸面积分别减少了1152.07,1257.72,202.74 hm~2,湖泊面积增加了156.07 hm~2;(2)湿地景观多样性发生显著变化,其中,斑块数量(NP)由1987年的221增加到2005年的299,随后减少到2015年的260;香农多样性指数(SHDI)由1987年的1.81增加到1999年的1.84,随后减少到2015年的1.75;聚集度指数(contagion index)由1987年的52.82减少到1999年的52.02,随后增加到2015年的53.49;(3)湿地分布面积和香农多样性指数与第一、二、三产业值,以及年均温度呈负相关,与降水量呈正相关;斑块数量、聚集度指数均与第一、二、三产业值,以及年均温度呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关;(4)社会经济发展主要指标对湿地面积和景观多样性指数变化的解释度为63.50%,气候因子对其的解释度为36.50%。整体上,人为活动的干扰是导致该区域湿地不断萎缩、景观多样性改变的关键驱动力。减缓人为活动对湿地生态系统的过度影响,是当地保护湿地资源、维护湿地生态功能的关键。
Interference from human activities and changes in natural factors work together to co-affect wetland ecosystems,but the different rates of their contributions to wetland ecosystems still lack adequate research. This research studied variations of the types,distributions,and spatial patterns of wetlands over 28 years,from 1987 to 2015,in the water catchment area of Napahai watershed,Northwestern Yunnan plateau,based on the methods of object-oriented segmentation and visual interpretation. The study also explored the interrelationships between wetland variations and human activities(i.e.,socio-economic development indicators) together with natural factors(i.e.,climatic factors). The results showed that(1) the total wetland area was reduced by 2456.46 hm~2,out of which the primary swamp,swamp meadows,and meadows were reduced by 1152. 07,1257. 72,and 202. 74 hm~2,respectively,and lake area increased by 156.07 hm~2.(2) The diversity of wetland landscapes changed over the years. Specifically,the number of patches(NP) increased from 221 in1987 to 299 in 2005,and then decreased to 260 in 2015; the Shannon diversity index(SHDI) increased from 1.81 in 1987 to 1.84 in 1999,and then decreased to 1.75 in 2015; the contagion index decreased from 52.82 in 1987 to 52.02 in 1999,and then increased to 53. 49 in 2015.(3) Wetland distribution area and SHDI were negatively correlated with the three industry values and mean annual temperature,and they were positively correlated with mean annual precipitation. However,unlike wetland distribution area and SHDI,NP and contagion index exhibited positive correlations with the three industry values but negative correlations with mean annual precipitation.(4) The main socio-economic development index contributed 63.50% of the variations in the wetland area and landscape diversity index,while climatic factors contributed36.5%. Overall,the study showed that disturbance by human activity is the critical driving force for shrinking wetlands and landscape diversity changes. Thus,mitigating the excessive impact of human activities on wetland ecosystems is the key to protect the resources and maintain the functions of wetland ecosystems.
Interference from human activities and changes in natural factors work together to co-affect wetland ecosystems,but the different rates of their contributions to wetland ecosystems still lack adequate research. This research studied variations of the types,distributions,and spatial patterns of wetlands over 28 years,from 1987 to 2015,in the water catchment area of Napahai watershed,Northwestern Yunnan plateau,based on the methods of object-oriented segmentation and visual interpretation. The study also explored the interrelationships between wetland variations and human activities(i.e.,socio-economic development indicators) together with natural factors(i.e.,climatic factors). The results showed that(1) the total wetland area was reduced by 2456.46 hm~2,out of which the primary swamp,swamp meadows,and meadows were reduced by 1152. 07,1257. 72,and 202. 74 hm~2,respectively,and lake area increased by 156.07 hm~2.(2) The diversity of wetland landscapes changed over the years. Specifically,the number of patches(NP) increased from 221 in1987 to 299 in 2005,and then decreased to 260 in 2015; the Shannon diversity index(SHDI) increased from 1.81 in 1987 to 1.84 in 1999,and then decreased to 1.75 in 2015; the contagion index decreased from 52.82 in 1987 to 52.02 in 1999,and then increased to 53. 49 in 2015.(3) Wetland distribution area and SHDI were negatively correlated with the three industry values and mean annual temperature,and they were positively correlated with mean annual precipitation. However,unlike wetland distribution area and SHDI,NP and contagion index exhibited positive correlations with the three industry values but negative correlations with mean annual precipitation.(4) The main socio-economic development index contributed 63.50% of the variations in the wetland area and landscape diversity index,while climatic factors contributed36.5%. Overall,the study showed that disturbance by human activity is the critical driving force for shrinking wetlands and landscape diversity changes. Thus,mitigating the excessive impact of human activities on wetland ecosystems is the key to protect the resources and maintain the functions of wetland ecosystems.
引文
[1]张永民,赵士洞,郭荣朝.全球湿地的状况、未来情景与可持续管理对策.地球科学进展,2008,23(4):415-420.
[2]国家林业局.中国湿地资源.北京:中国林业出版社,2015.
[3] Erwin K L. Wetlands and global climate change:the role of wetland restoration in a changing world. Wetlands Ecology and Management,2009,17(1):71-84.
[4] Xie Z L,Xu X G,Yan L. Analyzing qualitative and quantitative changes in coastal wetland associated to the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors in a part of Tianjin,China. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2010,86(3):379-386.
[5]申格,徐斌,金云翔,陈实,张文博,郭剑,刘航,张玉静,杨秀春.若尔盖高原湿地研究进展.地理与地理信息科学,2016,32(4):76-82,89-89.
[6] Xiao D R,Chao Z,Zhang L Q,Zhu Z C,Tian K,Wei G. Seed dispersal capacity and post-dispersal fate of the invasive Spartina alterniflora in saltmarshes of the Yangtze Estuary. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2016,169:158-163.
[7]王根绪,沈永平,程国栋.黄河源区生态环境变化与成因分析.冰川冻土,2000,22(3):200-205.
[8]朱万泽,钟祥浩,范建容.西藏高原湿地生态系统特征及其保护对策.山地学报,2003,21(S1):7-12,39-39.
[9]陈志科,吕宪国.两个时期若尔盖高原沼泽湿地景观格局的对比研究.湿地科学,2010,8(1):8-14.
[10]雷昆,张明祥.中国的湿地资源及其保护建议.湿地科学,2005,3(2):81-86.
[11]刘红玉,白云芳.若尔盖高原湿地资源变化过程与机制分析.自然资源学报,2006,21(5):810-818.
[12]肖德荣,田昆,杨宇明,袁华,李宁云,徐守国.高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力.生态环境,2007,16(2):523-529.
[13] Li F P,Xu Z X,Feng Y C,Liu M,Liu W F. Changes of land cover in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin from 1985 to 2005. Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68(1):181-188.
[14]周文昌,崔丽娟,王义飞,李伟.若尔盖高原退化湿地土壤有机碳储量.水土保持研究,2017,24(5):27-32.
[15]肖德荣,袁华,田昆,杨杨.筑坝扩容下高原湿地拉市海植物群落分布格局及其变化.生态学报,2012,32(3):815-822.
[16]肖德荣,田昆,张利权.滇西北高原纳帕海湿地植物多样性与土壤肥力的关系.生态学报,2008,28(7):3116-3124.
[17] Fan Z X,Bruning A,Thomas A,Li J B,Cao K F. Spatial and temporal temperature trends on the Yunnan Plateau(Southwest China)during1961-2004. International Journal of Climatology,2011,31(14):2078-2090.
[18]李杰,胡金明,董云霞,袁寒. 1994—2006年滇西北纳帕海流域及其湿地景观变化研究.山地学报,2010,28(2):247-256.
[19]田昆,莫剑锋,陆梅,常凤来,杨永兴.人为活动干扰对纳帕海湿地环境影响的研究.长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(3):292-295.
[20]尚文,杨永兴,韩大勇.基于PCA的滇西北高原纳帕海湿地退化过程分析及其评价.生态学报,2013,33(15):4776-4789.
[21]喻庆国,董跃宇,李昊民,杨宇明,刘朝蓬,石明,袁磊. 1955—2011年滇西北纳帕海时空演变规律及驱动因素分析.西部林业科学,2013,42(6):1-9.
[22]李宁云,袁华,田昆,彭涛.滇西北纳帕海湿地景观格局变化及其对土壤碳库的影响.生态学报,2011,31(24):7388-7396.
[23]肖德荣,田昆,袁华,李宁云,徐守国.滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海植物群落景观多样性.生态学杂志,2007,26(8):1171-1176.
[24] Tian B,Zhou Y X,Zhang L Q,Yuan L. Analyzing the habitat suitability for migratory birds at the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in Shanghai,China. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2008,80(2):296-302.
[25]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[26]许吉仁,董霁红. 1987—2010年南四湖湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力研究.湿地科学,2013,11(4):438-445.
[27] Wang H,Zhang Y,Chen G L,Hettenhausen C,Liu Z Y,Tian K,Xiao D R. Domestic pig uprooting emerges as an undesirable disturbance on vegetation and soil properties in a plateau wetland ecosystem. Wetlands Ecology and Management,2017:1-15,doi:10.1007/s11273-017-9588-1.
[28] Bracken L J,Croke J. The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems.Hydrological Processes,2007,21(13):1749-1763.
[29]李山羊,郭华明,黄诗峰,马建威,刘海燕,孙亚勇. 1973-2014年河套平原湿地变化研究.资源科学,2006,38(1):19-29.
[30]王伟军,赵雪雁,万文玉,李花,薛冰. 2000—2014年甘南高原植被覆盖度变化及其对气候变化的响应.生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2494-2504.
[31]肖德荣,田昆,袁华,杨宇明,李宁云,徐守国.高原湿地纳帕海水生植物群落分布格局及变化.生态学报,2006,26(11):3624-3630.
[32]董瑜,田昆,肖德荣,张昆,郭绪虎,李娟.区域气候变化对纳帕海湖滨植物生理生化特性的影响.生态学报,2014,34(19):5570-5578.
[33] Ke C Q,Zhang D,Wang F Q,Chen S X,Schmullius C,Boerner W M,Wang H. Analyzing coastal wetland change in the Yancheng National Nature Reserve,China. Regional Environmental Change,2011,11(1):161-173.
[34]张敏,宫兆宁,赵文吉,阿多.近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制.生态学报,2016,36(15):4780-4791.
[35]吴健生,王政,张理卿,宋静.景观格局变化驱动力研究进展.地理科学进展,2012,31(12):1739-1746.
[2]国家林业局.中国湿地资源.北京:中国林业出版社,2015.
[3] Erwin K L. Wetlands and global climate change:the role of wetland restoration in a changing world. Wetlands Ecology and Management,2009,17(1):71-84.
[4] Xie Z L,Xu X G,Yan L. Analyzing qualitative and quantitative changes in coastal wetland associated to the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors in a part of Tianjin,China. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2010,86(3):379-386.
[5]申格,徐斌,金云翔,陈实,张文博,郭剑,刘航,张玉静,杨秀春.若尔盖高原湿地研究进展.地理与地理信息科学,2016,32(4):76-82,89-89.
[6] Xiao D R,Chao Z,Zhang L Q,Zhu Z C,Tian K,Wei G. Seed dispersal capacity and post-dispersal fate of the invasive Spartina alterniflora in saltmarshes of the Yangtze Estuary. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2016,169:158-163.
[7]王根绪,沈永平,程国栋.黄河源区生态环境变化与成因分析.冰川冻土,2000,22(3):200-205.
[8]朱万泽,钟祥浩,范建容.西藏高原湿地生态系统特征及其保护对策.山地学报,2003,21(S1):7-12,39-39.
[9]陈志科,吕宪国.两个时期若尔盖高原沼泽湿地景观格局的对比研究.湿地科学,2010,8(1):8-14.
[10]雷昆,张明祥.中国的湿地资源及其保护建议.湿地科学,2005,3(2):81-86.
[11]刘红玉,白云芳.若尔盖高原湿地资源变化过程与机制分析.自然资源学报,2006,21(5):810-818.
[12]肖德荣,田昆,杨宇明,袁华,李宁云,徐守国.高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力.生态环境,2007,16(2):523-529.
[13] Li F P,Xu Z X,Feng Y C,Liu M,Liu W F. Changes of land cover in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin from 1985 to 2005. Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68(1):181-188.
[14]周文昌,崔丽娟,王义飞,李伟.若尔盖高原退化湿地土壤有机碳储量.水土保持研究,2017,24(5):27-32.
[15]肖德荣,袁华,田昆,杨杨.筑坝扩容下高原湿地拉市海植物群落分布格局及其变化.生态学报,2012,32(3):815-822.
[16]肖德荣,田昆,张利权.滇西北高原纳帕海湿地植物多样性与土壤肥力的关系.生态学报,2008,28(7):3116-3124.
[17] Fan Z X,Bruning A,Thomas A,Li J B,Cao K F. Spatial and temporal temperature trends on the Yunnan Plateau(Southwest China)during1961-2004. International Journal of Climatology,2011,31(14):2078-2090.
[18]李杰,胡金明,董云霞,袁寒. 1994—2006年滇西北纳帕海流域及其湿地景观变化研究.山地学报,2010,28(2):247-256.
[19]田昆,莫剑锋,陆梅,常凤来,杨永兴.人为活动干扰对纳帕海湿地环境影响的研究.长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(3):292-295.
[20]尚文,杨永兴,韩大勇.基于PCA的滇西北高原纳帕海湿地退化过程分析及其评价.生态学报,2013,33(15):4776-4789.
[21]喻庆国,董跃宇,李昊民,杨宇明,刘朝蓬,石明,袁磊. 1955—2011年滇西北纳帕海时空演变规律及驱动因素分析.西部林业科学,2013,42(6):1-9.
[22]李宁云,袁华,田昆,彭涛.滇西北纳帕海湿地景观格局变化及其对土壤碳库的影响.生态学报,2011,31(24):7388-7396.
[23]肖德荣,田昆,袁华,李宁云,徐守国.滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海植物群落景观多样性.生态学杂志,2007,26(8):1171-1176.
[24] Tian B,Zhou Y X,Zhang L Q,Yuan L. Analyzing the habitat suitability for migratory birds at the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in Shanghai,China. Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2008,80(2):296-302.
[25]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级(第二版).北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[26]许吉仁,董霁红. 1987—2010年南四湖湿地景观格局变化及其驱动力研究.湿地科学,2013,11(4):438-445.
[27] Wang H,Zhang Y,Chen G L,Hettenhausen C,Liu Z Y,Tian K,Xiao D R. Domestic pig uprooting emerges as an undesirable disturbance on vegetation and soil properties in a plateau wetland ecosystem. Wetlands Ecology and Management,2017:1-15,doi:10.1007/s11273-017-9588-1.
[28] Bracken L J,Croke J. The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems.Hydrological Processes,2007,21(13):1749-1763.
[29]李山羊,郭华明,黄诗峰,马建威,刘海燕,孙亚勇. 1973-2014年河套平原湿地变化研究.资源科学,2006,38(1):19-29.
[30]王伟军,赵雪雁,万文玉,李花,薛冰. 2000—2014年甘南高原植被覆盖度变化及其对气候变化的响应.生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2494-2504.
[31]肖德荣,田昆,袁华,杨宇明,李宁云,徐守国.高原湿地纳帕海水生植物群落分布格局及变化.生态学报,2006,26(11):3624-3630.
[32]董瑜,田昆,肖德荣,张昆,郭绪虎,李娟.区域气候变化对纳帕海湖滨植物生理生化特性的影响.生态学报,2014,34(19):5570-5578.
[33] Ke C Q,Zhang D,Wang F Q,Chen S X,Schmullius C,Boerner W M,Wang H. Analyzing coastal wetland change in the Yancheng National Nature Reserve,China. Regional Environmental Change,2011,11(1):161-173.
[34]张敏,宫兆宁,赵文吉,阿多.近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制.生态学报,2016,36(15):4780-4791.
[35]吴健生,王政,张理卿,宋静.景观格局变化驱动力研究进展.地理科学进展,2012,31(12):1739-1746.