元江稀树灌丛降雨再分配及其与气象因子的关系
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摘要
中国西南干热河谷地区广泛分布有稀树灌丛植被,气候条件干热,水热矛盾异常明显,然而对其降雨再分配缺乏研究。本研究选择了元江干热河谷稀树灌丛进行了1a的监测,开展降雨再分配及其影响因素分析。结果表明,观测期间总降雨量为762.9mm,穿透雨量、树干径流量和林冠截留量分别为639.3、14.6mm和109.0mm,分别占总降雨量的83.8%、1.9%和14.3%,当降雨量>1.1mm时开始产生穿透雨;降雨量>1.4mm时,开始产生树干径流。降雨再分配各分量与降雨量、降雨强度和气温均具有显著的相关关系(P<0.01),其中降雨量是与降雨再分配关系最密切的气象因子,即随着降雨量的增加,穿透雨量、树干径流量均增大,穿透雨率、树干径流率先增加后趋于稳定,而林冠截留率先减小后趋于稳定。该地区植被分布稀疏、群落结构简单、群落层次少、郁闭度低等原因造成稀树灌丛的穿透雨率相对较高,林冠截留率较低。
Savanna distributes widely in the dry-hot valleys of southwest China with hot and dry climate conditions,and the seasonal drought is very obvious.However,the research about the rainfall redistribution and its influencing factors are particularly insufficient.In this study,1-year monitoring was carried out in savanna of Yuanjiang dry-hot valley to analyze the rainfall redistribution and its influencing factors.The results showed that the total annual precipitation was 762.9mm,and the throughfall,stemflow and canopy interception were 639.3,14.6and 109.0mm,respectively,accounted for 83.8%,1.9%and 14.3% of total precipitation.The threshold rainfalls for forming throughfall and stemflow were 1.1and 1.4mm,respectively.The components of rainfall redistribution were significantly correlated with rainfall quantity,rainfall intensity and air temperature(P<0.01).Meanwhile,rainfall was the most significant meteorological factor for the rainfall redistribution,which was in accordance with the previous results from other vegetation types.With the increase of rainfall,the amount of throughfall and stemflow increased.The ratios of throughfall and stemflow increased first and then stabilized,whereas,the ratio of canopy interception de-creased first and then stabilized as the rainfall increased.The Chinese savanna has a sparse vegetation,simple community structure and low canopy density,which results higher throughfall ratio and lower canopy interception ratio.
Savanna distributes widely in the dry-hot valleys of southwest China with hot and dry climate conditions,and the seasonal drought is very obvious.However,the research about the rainfall redistribution and its influencing factors are particularly insufficient.In this study,1-year monitoring was carried out in savanna of Yuanjiang dry-hot valley to analyze the rainfall redistribution and its influencing factors.The results showed that the total annual precipitation was 762.9mm,and the throughfall,stemflow and canopy interception were 639.3,14.6and 109.0mm,respectively,accounted for 83.8%,1.9%and 14.3% of total precipitation.The threshold rainfalls for forming throughfall and stemflow were 1.1and 1.4mm,respectively.The components of rainfall redistribution were significantly correlated with rainfall quantity,rainfall intensity and air temperature(P<0.01).Meanwhile,rainfall was the most significant meteorological factor for the rainfall redistribution,which was in accordance with the previous results from other vegetation types.With the increase of rainfall,the amount of throughfall and stemflow increased.The ratios of throughfall and stemflow increased first and then stabilized,whereas,the ratio of canopy interception de-creased first and then stabilized as the rainfall increased.The Chinese savanna has a sparse vegetation,simple community structure and low canopy density,which results higher throughfall ratio and lower canopy interception ratio.
引文
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[13] GB/T 28592—2012,降水量等级[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012.
[14]金艳强,李敬,张一平,等.元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛植被碳储量及净初级生产力[J].生态学报,2017,37(17):1-7.JIN Y Q,LI J,ZHANG Y P,et al.Carbon storage and net primary productivity of a savanna ecosystem in a dry-hot valley in Yuanjiang,Yunnan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(17):1-7.(in Chinese)
[15]刘方炎,朱华.元江干热河谷植被数量分类及其多样性分析[J].广西植物,2005,25(1):22-25.LIU F Y,ZHU H.Numerical classification and diversity analysis for the vegetation in the dry-hot valley of Yuanjiang,Yunnan Province[J].Guihaia,2005,25(1):22-25.(in Chinese)
[16]张教林,郝广友,曹坤芳.云南元江干热河谷木本植物的物候[J].武汉植物学研究,2009,27(1):76-82.ZHANG J L,HAO G Y,CAO K F.Phenology of woody species in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley in Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2009,27(1):76-82.(in Chinese)
[17]孙忠林,王传宽,王兴昌.两种温带落叶阔叶林降雨再分配格局及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3978-3986.SUN Z L,WANG C K,WANG X C,et al.Rainfall redistribution patterns and their influencing factors two temperate deciduous forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(14):3978-3986.(in Chinese)
[18]李淑春,张伟,姚卫星,等.冀北山地不同林分类型林冠层降水分配研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(5):124-131.LI S C,ZHANG W,YAO L X,et al.Precipitation distribution laws of different forest stands in North Mountain of Hebei Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(5):124-131.(in Chinese)
[19]马育军,高尚玉,李小雁.高寒河谷灌丛冠层降雨再分配特征及影响因素[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(4):963-971.MA Y J,GAO S Y,LI X Y,et al.Rainfall canopy partitioning and its influencing factors of riparian shrub in the alpine region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(4):963-971.(in Chinese)
[20]刘亚,阿拉木萨,曹静.科尔沁沙地樟子松林降雨再分配特征.生态学杂志,2016,35(8):2046-2055.LIU Y,ALAMUSA,CAO J.Characteristics of rainfall partitioning by Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica forest canopy in Horqin land,northern China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(8):2046-2055.(in Chinese)
[21]彭舜磊,由文辉.天童亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨再分配的数量特征[J].中国科技论文在线,2010,5(5):387-393.
[22]甘健民,赵恒康,薛敬意.云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林林冠对降雨的再分配[J].林业科技,1999,24(4):16-18.
[23]张胜利,雷瑞德,吕瑜良,等.秦岭火地塘林区森林生态系统水量平衡研究[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(6):18-22.
[24]李道宁,王兵,蔡体久,等.江西省大岗山主要森林类型降雨再分配特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2193-2200.LI D N,WANG B,CAI T J,et al.Rainfall redistribution traits of three main forest types in Dagangshan mountains of Jiangxi Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(8):2193-2200.(in Chinese)
[25]刘春延,李良,赵秀海,等.塞罕坝地区华北落叶松人工林对降雨的截留分配效应[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(3):1-5.LIU C Y,LI L,ZHAO X H,et al.Redistribution effects of tree canopy of Larix principis rupprechtii plantation on precipitation in the upper stream of Saihanba area[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2011,26(3):1-5.(in Chinese)
[2] NANKO K,ONDA Y,ITO A,et al.Spatial variability of throughfall under a single tree:experimental study of rainfall amount,raindrops,and kinetic energy[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(9):1173-1182.
[3]李振新,郑华,欧阳志云,等.岷江冷杉针叶林下穿透雨空间分布特征[J].生态学报,2004,24(5):1015-1021.LI Z X,ZHENG H,OUYANG Z Y,et al.The spatial distribution characteristics of throughfall under Abies faxonianaforest in the wolong Nature Reserve[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(5):1015-1021.(in Chinese)
[4]张一平,王馨,王玉杰.西双版纳地区热带季节雨林与橡胶林林冠水文效应比较研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2653-2665.
[5]刘茜,满秀玲,田野宏,等.大兴安岭北部白桦次生林降雨再分配金属元素季节动态[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(5):119-123,133.LIU X,MAN X L,TIAN Y H,et al.Study on seasonal dynamics of rainfall redistribution metal elements of Betula platyphlla secondary forests in north of Greater Xing’an Mountains[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(5):119-123,133.(in Chinese)
[6]王佑民.我国林冠降水再分配研究综述(Ⅰ)[J].西北林学院学报,2000,15(3):1-7.
[7]金振洲.云南元江干热河谷半萨王纳植被的植物群落学研究[J].广西植物,1999,19(4):289-302.
[8]费学海,张一平,宋清海,等.元江干热河谷太阳辐射各分量及反照率变化特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(3):1-10.(in Chinese)FEI X H,ZHANG Y P,SONG Q H,et al.Characteristics of solar radiation distribution and albedo in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley,southwest China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(3):1-10.(in Chinese)
[9] ZHANG S B,ZHANG J L,CAO K F.Divergent hydraulic safety strategies in three co-occurring anacardiaceae tree species in a Chinese savanna[J].Frontiers in Plant Science,2017,7:2075.
[10] FEI X,JIN Y,ZHANG Y,et al.Eddy covariance and biometric measurements show that a savanna ecosystem in southwest china is a carbon sink[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(7):41025.
[11]欧朝蓉,孙永玉,朱清科.元谋干热河谷地区生态安全评价研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.
[12] STAELENS J,AN D S,VERHEYEN K,et al.Rainfall partitioning into throughfall,stemflow,and interception within a single beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)canopy:influence of foliation,rain event characteristics,and meteorology[J].Hydrological Processes,2010,22(1):33-45.
[13] GB/T 28592—2012,降水量等级[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2012.
[14]金艳强,李敬,张一平,等.元江干热河谷稀树灌草丛植被碳储量及净初级生产力[J].生态学报,2017,37(17):1-7.JIN Y Q,LI J,ZHANG Y P,et al.Carbon storage and net primary productivity of a savanna ecosystem in a dry-hot valley in Yuanjiang,Yunnan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(17):1-7.(in Chinese)
[15]刘方炎,朱华.元江干热河谷植被数量分类及其多样性分析[J].广西植物,2005,25(1):22-25.LIU F Y,ZHU H.Numerical classification and diversity analysis for the vegetation in the dry-hot valley of Yuanjiang,Yunnan Province[J].Guihaia,2005,25(1):22-25.(in Chinese)
[16]张教林,郝广友,曹坤芳.云南元江干热河谷木本植物的物候[J].武汉植物学研究,2009,27(1):76-82.ZHANG J L,HAO G Y,CAO K F.Phenology of woody species in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley in Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2009,27(1):76-82.(in Chinese)
[17]孙忠林,王传宽,王兴昌.两种温带落叶阔叶林降雨再分配格局及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3978-3986.SUN Z L,WANG C K,WANG X C,et al.Rainfall redistribution patterns and their influencing factors two temperate deciduous forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(14):3978-3986.(in Chinese)
[18]李淑春,张伟,姚卫星,等.冀北山地不同林分类型林冠层降水分配研究[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(5):124-131.LI S C,ZHANG W,YAO L X,et al.Precipitation distribution laws of different forest stands in North Mountain of Hebei Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(5):124-131.(in Chinese)
[19]马育军,高尚玉,李小雁.高寒河谷灌丛冠层降雨再分配特征及影响因素[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(4):963-971.MA Y J,GAO S Y,LI X Y,et al.Rainfall canopy partitioning and its influencing factors of riparian shrub in the alpine region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(4):963-971.(in Chinese)
[20]刘亚,阿拉木萨,曹静.科尔沁沙地樟子松林降雨再分配特征.生态学杂志,2016,35(8):2046-2055.LIU Y,ALAMUSA,CAO J.Characteristics of rainfall partitioning by Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica forest canopy in Horqin land,northern China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(8):2046-2055.(in Chinese)
[21]彭舜磊,由文辉.天童亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨再分配的数量特征[J].中国科技论文在线,2010,5(5):387-393.
[22]甘健民,赵恒康,薛敬意.云南哀牢山常绿阔叶林林冠对降雨的再分配[J].林业科技,1999,24(4):16-18.
[23]张胜利,雷瑞德,吕瑜良,等.秦岭火地塘林区森林生态系统水量平衡研究[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(6):18-22.
[24]李道宁,王兵,蔡体久,等.江西省大岗山主要森林类型降雨再分配特征[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2193-2200.LI D N,WANG B,CAI T J,et al.Rainfall redistribution traits of three main forest types in Dagangshan mountains of Jiangxi Province,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(8):2193-2200.(in Chinese)
[25]刘春延,李良,赵秀海,等.塞罕坝地区华北落叶松人工林对降雨的截留分配效应[J].西北林学院学报,2011,26(3):1-5.LIU C Y,LI L,ZHAO X H,et al.Redistribution effects of tree canopy of Larix principis rupprechtii plantation on precipitation in the upper stream of Saihanba area[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2011,26(3):1-5.(in Chinese)