国防工程中烟气毒害程度的评价方法研究
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摘要
综合考虑火灾时人员疏散过程中时间、位置和烟气成分浓度三个因素,提出了国防工程火灾疏散过程中人员遭受到烟气毒害程度的评价模型,模型的评价指标是一个无量纲数,将其定义为毒害指数,该指数是人员逃生时遭受到的烟气毒害量与人员可接受的烟气极限毒害量的比值,可用于评价国防工程火灾疏散过程中人员遭受到的烟气毒害量是否超过耐受极限;根据提出的烟气毒害程度评价模型,分别计算疏散开始时间和疏散行动时间内人员遭受到的烟气毒害量,结果表明疏散开始时间内烟气的毒害量要大于疏散行动时间内的烟气毒害量,缩短疏散开始时间意义重大;全封闭型走廊中人员遭受的CO_2毒害量大于人员可接受的CO_2毒害量,对人员疏散影响较大;人员疏散时间内,CO_2的毒害程度大于CO。该研究可为火灾疏散过程中人员毒性评价研究提供参考。
This paper comprehensively considers the three factors of time,location and concentration of smoke constituents in the process of fire evacuation,and proposes an evaluation model for the degree of smoke toxicity during the fire evacuation.The indicator of the model is a dimensionless number called the index of poison,which is the ratio of the amount of smoke poison suffered by the person to escape and the amount of acceptable poison.It can be used to evaluate whether the amount of smoke poisoned by the person during the evacuation of the defense engineering fire exceeds the tolerance limit.According to the proposed smoke toxicity evaluation model,the paper calculates the toxicity of the smoke suffered by personnel during the evacuation start time and the evacuation action time.The results show that the amount of the smoke poisoning during the evacuation start time is greater than that during the evacuation action time,which means shortening the evacuation start time is of great significance;The amount of carbon dioxide poisoning suffered by people in totally enclosed corridors is greater than the acceptable amount of toxicants,which has a greater impact on the evacuation of people;during the evacuation time,carbon dioxide is more toxic than carbon monoxide.The study can provide a reference for the study of toxicity assessment in evacuation.
This paper comprehensively considers the three factors of time,location and concentration of smoke constituents in the process of fire evacuation,and proposes an evaluation model for the degree of smoke toxicity during the fire evacuation.The indicator of the model is a dimensionless number called the index of poison,which is the ratio of the amount of smoke poison suffered by the person to escape and the amount of acceptable poison.It can be used to evaluate whether the amount of smoke poisoned by the person during the evacuation of the defense engineering fire exceeds the tolerance limit.According to the proposed smoke toxicity evaluation model,the paper calculates the toxicity of the smoke suffered by personnel during the evacuation start time and the evacuation action time.The results show that the amount of the smoke poisoning during the evacuation start time is greater than that during the evacuation action time,which means shortening the evacuation start time is of great significance;The amount of carbon dioxide poisoning suffered by people in totally enclosed corridors is greater than the acceptable amount of toxicants,which has a greater impact on the evacuation of people;during the evacuation time,carbon dioxide is more toxic than carbon monoxide.The study can provide a reference for the study of toxicity assessment in evacuation.
引文
[1]Alarie Y.Toxicity of fire smoke[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2002,32(4):259.
[2]杨立中,方伟峰,邓志华,等.火灾中的烟气毒性研究[J].火灾科学,2001,10(1):29-33.
[3]黄锐,杨立中,方伟峰,等.火灾烟气危害性研究及其进展[J].中国工程科学,2002,4(7):80-85.
[4]Andersson B,Markert F,Holmstedt G.Combustion products generated by hetero-organic fuels on four different fire test scales[J].Fire Safety Journal,2015,40(5):439-465.
[5]Babrauskas V.The generation of CO in bench-scale fire tests and the prediction for real-scale fires[J].Fire&Materials,1995,19(5):205-213.
[6]霍然.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥:中国科技大学出版社,1999.
[7]Alarie Y.Toxicity of fire smoke[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2002,32(4):259-289.
[8]Hartzell G E.Overview of combustion toxicology[J].Toxicology,1996,115(1/2/3):7-23.
[9]Tewarson A.Generation of heat and chemical compounds in fires[M]//3rd edition.SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering.Quincy,Massachusetts:National Fire Protection Association,2002.
[10]Woolley W D,Fardell P J.Basic aspects of combustion toxicology[J].Fire Safety Journal,1982,5(1):29-48.
[11]Neviaser J L,Gann R G.Evaluation of toxic potency values for smoke from products and materials[J].Fire Technology,2004,40(2):177-199.
[12]Morikawa T,Okada T,Kajiwara M,et al.Toxicity of gases from full-scale room fires involving fire retardant contents[J].Journal of Fire Sciences,1995,13(1):23-42.
[13]Braun E,Gann R G,Levin B C,et al.Combustion product toxic potency measurements:Comparison of a small scale test and"real-world"fires[J].Journal of Fire Sciences,1990,8(1):63-79.
[14]Babrauskas V,Levin B C,Gann R G,et al.Toxic potency measurement for fire hazard analysis[J].Fire Technology,1992,28(2):163-167.
[15]Levin B C,Braun E,Navarro M,et al.Further Development of the N-Gas Mathematical Model:An Approach for Predicting the Toxic Potency of Complex Combustion Mixtures[M].Baithersburg,MD 20899:National Institute of Standards and Technology,1995.
[16]Levin B C,Paabo M,Gurman J L,et al.Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide[J].Toxicology,1987,47(1/2):135-164.
[17]公安部上海消防研究所,上海市消防局.建筑防排烟技术规程:DGJ 08-88-2006J10035-2006[S].上海:上海市新闻出版局,2006:12-15.
[18]许彬,张永明,方俊,等.正庚烷热释放速率测量与研究[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(3):304-307.
[19]Mcgrattan K B,Hostikka S,Floyd J E.Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version 5)User's Guide[Z].[S.l.]:National Institute of Standards and Technology,2010.
[20]刘淑金,朱国庆,张磊.基于Matlab层次分析法的建筑火灾人员安全疏散系统研究[J].安全与环境工程,2014,21(4):110-114.
[21]吴春雨.人员疏散基础数据研究[J].科技创新导报,2009(30):180-181.
[22]王皎,高扬.基于火灾动力学模拟的古建筑火灾探测器布置研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2011,21(3):71-76.
[23]杜玉龙,邢玉军.火灾自动报警系统响应完整度研究[J].消防科学与技术,2007,26(6):677-680.
[24]朱常琳,高明亮.地铁区间隧道火灾人员疏散微环境的数值分析[J].建筑科学,2011,27(12):104-108.
[25]舒中俊,孙华玲.火灾区域模拟原理及CFAST软件应用[J].武警学院学报,2004,20(2):30-32.
[26]徐志胜,姜学鹏.防排烟工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2011.
[2]杨立中,方伟峰,邓志华,等.火灾中的烟气毒性研究[J].火灾科学,2001,10(1):29-33.
[3]黄锐,杨立中,方伟峰,等.火灾烟气危害性研究及其进展[J].中国工程科学,2002,4(7):80-85.
[4]Andersson B,Markert F,Holmstedt G.Combustion products generated by hetero-organic fuels on four different fire test scales[J].Fire Safety Journal,2015,40(5):439-465.
[5]Babrauskas V.The generation of CO in bench-scale fire tests and the prediction for real-scale fires[J].Fire&Materials,1995,19(5):205-213.
[6]霍然.建筑火灾安全工程导论[M].合肥:中国科技大学出版社,1999.
[7]Alarie Y.Toxicity of fire smoke[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2002,32(4):259-289.
[8]Hartzell G E.Overview of combustion toxicology[J].Toxicology,1996,115(1/2/3):7-23.
[9]Tewarson A.Generation of heat and chemical compounds in fires[M]//3rd edition.SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering.Quincy,Massachusetts:National Fire Protection Association,2002.
[10]Woolley W D,Fardell P J.Basic aspects of combustion toxicology[J].Fire Safety Journal,1982,5(1):29-48.
[11]Neviaser J L,Gann R G.Evaluation of toxic potency values for smoke from products and materials[J].Fire Technology,2004,40(2):177-199.
[12]Morikawa T,Okada T,Kajiwara M,et al.Toxicity of gases from full-scale room fires involving fire retardant contents[J].Journal of Fire Sciences,1995,13(1):23-42.
[13]Braun E,Gann R G,Levin B C,et al.Combustion product toxic potency measurements:Comparison of a small scale test and"real-world"fires[J].Journal of Fire Sciences,1990,8(1):63-79.
[14]Babrauskas V,Levin B C,Gann R G,et al.Toxic potency measurement for fire hazard analysis[J].Fire Technology,1992,28(2):163-167.
[15]Levin B C,Braun E,Navarro M,et al.Further Development of the N-Gas Mathematical Model:An Approach for Predicting the Toxic Potency of Complex Combustion Mixtures[M].Baithersburg,MD 20899:National Institute of Standards and Technology,1995.
[16]Levin B C,Paabo M,Gurman J L,et al.Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide[J].Toxicology,1987,47(1/2):135-164.
[17]公安部上海消防研究所,上海市消防局.建筑防排烟技术规程:DGJ 08-88-2006J10035-2006[S].上海:上海市新闻出版局,2006:12-15.
[18]许彬,张永明,方俊,等.正庚烷热释放速率测量与研究[J].消防科学与技术,2006,25(3):304-307.
[19]Mcgrattan K B,Hostikka S,Floyd J E.Fire Dynamics Simulator(Version 5)User's Guide[Z].[S.l.]:National Institute of Standards and Technology,2010.
[20]刘淑金,朱国庆,张磊.基于Matlab层次分析法的建筑火灾人员安全疏散系统研究[J].安全与环境工程,2014,21(4):110-114.
[21]吴春雨.人员疏散基础数据研究[J].科技创新导报,2009(30):180-181.
[22]王皎,高扬.基于火灾动力学模拟的古建筑火灾探测器布置研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2011,21(3):71-76.
[23]杜玉龙,邢玉军.火灾自动报警系统响应完整度研究[J].消防科学与技术,2007,26(6):677-680.
[24]朱常琳,高明亮.地铁区间隧道火灾人员疏散微环境的数值分析[J].建筑科学,2011,27(12):104-108.
[25]舒中俊,孙华玲.火灾区域模拟原理及CFAST软件应用[J].武警学院学报,2004,20(2):30-32.
[26]徐志胜,姜学鹏.防排烟工程[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2011.