建筑消防设施可靠性管理研究现状与思考
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摘要
建筑消防设施的可靠性管理是可靠性工程、消防安全工程及管理科学技术的交叉应用。不同社会发展环境下,建筑消防设施可靠性管理的数据形态、研究内容和任务要求也不尽相同,其最终目标是提高消防资源的费效比。探索了在缺乏基础可靠性数据的条件下,如何开展建筑消防设施可靠性管理研究。首先,介绍了建筑消防设施可靠性管理的研究现状,从微观、中观和宏观的角度,分析了从生产标准化、设计性能化到运营效能化的演进趋势。其次,基于项目全寿命周期理论,从行业发展的视角,着重对我国建筑消防设施可靠性管理存在的问题进行了分析,指出了应该建立建筑消防设施全寿命周期的可靠性管理体系。最后,总结了研究现状和问题,提出在应用智慧消防构建统一的可靠性数据库、提高复杂建筑消防设施的可靠性及完善运营效能化可靠性管理标准3个方面开展研究,推动我国建筑消防设施可靠性管理水平的不断提升。
The present paper intends to bring about an analysis of the current research status-in-situ and reconsideration of the reliability control system over the fire-prevention facilities in the contemporary buildings. As is known,reliability of fire facilities in the modern buildings should include the demands for anyemergency availability,dependability and capability. Therefore,by nature,it should be a kind of cross-over application of the reliability engineering project belongings to the fire safety engineering and part of the management science and technology,though different from other kinds of controlling social environment facilities in the forms,contents and management demands. For this purpose,abundant reliability data is needed to make sure their reliability management success. Thus,the given paper would like to focus primarily on how to carry out the reliability management in this way to overcome the problem of inefficiency of the basic reliability data. And so,the paper intends to focus its discussion on the following aspects: to review the reliability management of the fire facilities in modern buildings in 3 ways,that is,the micro perspective,based on the statistical data of the fire prevention and fighting facilities inside the building,the reliability and effectiveness of the above mentioned system with the faults and hidden function failures being checked and analyzed regularly,which has to be assessed annually. In the medium perspective,the system performance of the entire fire prevention and fighting facilities should be introduced and optimized. On the other hand,in the macroscopically perspective,the intelligent fire protection technology should be emphasized for its primary utility to improve the testability and capability of the big data collection and analysis. According to the above mentioned points of view,this paper has been trying to obtain the evolutionary trend of the reliability management of the fire facilities in the buildings from the product standardization to the design performance to reach its operational efficiency. And,secondly,due to the application of the theory of Life Cycle Management of engineering project,the paper has mainly analyzed the current status of the reliability management in China's fire fighting and prevention industry,revealing that the poor reliability comes from the imbalance of the entire process control and management of the fire facilities in the building. Therefore,the given paper has brought about its suggestion for implementing the efficient operation and take the reliability improvement as the nucleus link of the smart fire protection construction policy in the country. In addition,it has also to be pointed out that,under the demand for government function transformation,it has to stress the effective assessment of the social fire management of the reliability of fire facilities in the buildings. Last of all,it can be predicted that the next step for improving the reliability should be focused on the following 3 main aspects:( 1) To build a comprehensive unified reliability database of the fire prevention and fighting facilities in the building;( 2) To improve the reliability of the more advanced comprehensive fire prevention facilities in the building;and( 3) To set up an efficient operation management assessment system for controlling and application of the fire fighting and prevention facilities in the building.
The present paper intends to bring about an analysis of the current research status-in-situ and reconsideration of the reliability control system over the fire-prevention facilities in the contemporary buildings. As is known,reliability of fire facilities in the modern buildings should include the demands for anyemergency availability,dependability and capability. Therefore,by nature,it should be a kind of cross-over application of the reliability engineering project belongings to the fire safety engineering and part of the management science and technology,though different from other kinds of controlling social environment facilities in the forms,contents and management demands. For this purpose,abundant reliability data is needed to make sure their reliability management success. Thus,the given paper would like to focus primarily on how to carry out the reliability management in this way to overcome the problem of inefficiency of the basic reliability data. And so,the paper intends to focus its discussion on the following aspects: to review the reliability management of the fire facilities in modern buildings in 3 ways,that is,the micro perspective,based on the statistical data of the fire prevention and fighting facilities inside the building,the reliability and effectiveness of the above mentioned system with the faults and hidden function failures being checked and analyzed regularly,which has to be assessed annually. In the medium perspective,the system performance of the entire fire prevention and fighting facilities should be introduced and optimized. On the other hand,in the macroscopically perspective,the intelligent fire protection technology should be emphasized for its primary utility to improve the testability and capability of the big data collection and analysis. According to the above mentioned points of view,this paper has been trying to obtain the evolutionary trend of the reliability management of the fire facilities in the buildings from the product standardization to the design performance to reach its operational efficiency. And,secondly,due to the application of the theory of Life Cycle Management of engineering project,the paper has mainly analyzed the current status of the reliability management in China's fire fighting and prevention industry,revealing that the poor reliability comes from the imbalance of the entire process control and management of the fire facilities in the building. Therefore,the given paper has brought about its suggestion for implementing the efficient operation and take the reliability improvement as the nucleus link of the smart fire protection construction policy in the country. In addition,it has also to be pointed out that,under the demand for government function transformation,it has to stress the effective assessment of the social fire management of the reliability of fire facilities in the buildings. Last of all,it can be predicted that the next step for improving the reliability should be focused on the following 3 main aspects:( 1) To build a comprehensive unified reliability database of the fire prevention and fighting facilities in the building;( 2) To improve the reliability of the more advanced comprehensive fire prevention facilities in the building;and( 3) To set up an efficient operation management assessment system for controlling and application of the fire fighting and prevention facilities in the building.
引文
[1] CHU G,SUN J. Decision analysis on fire safety designbased on evaluating building fire risk to life[J]. Journalof Safety Science,2008,46(7):1125-1136.
[2] HURLEY M J. Evaluation of models of fully developedpost-flashover compartment fires[J]. Journal of Fire Pro-tection Engineering,2005,15(3):173-197.
[3] HADJISOPHOCLEOUS G,FU Z,FU S,et al. Predictionof fire growth for compartments of office building as part ofa fire risk/cost assessment model[J]. Journal of FireProtection Engineering,2007,17(3):185-209.
[4] HURLEY M J,GOTTUK D T,HALL J,et al. SFPEhandbook of fire protection engineering[M]. 5th ed. Ber-lin:Springer,2016.
[5] VAIDOGAS E R,SAKENAITE J. A brief look at data onthe reliability of sprinklers used in conventional buildings[J]. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,2011,17(1):115-125.
[6] QIN Yonghong(秦咏红),LNaiji(吕乃基). Evolutionof engineering system reliability[J]. Journal of NortheastUniversity:Society Science Edition(东北大学学报:社会科学版),2011,13(4):295-299.
[7] COLLIER P C R. Fire in a residential building:Comparisonsbetween experimental data and a fire zone model[J]. Jour-nal of Fire Technology,1996,32(3):195-218.
[8] HASOFER A M,QU J. Response surface modelling ofMonte Carlo fire data[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2002,37(8):772-784.
[9] JIN Y L,JANG B S. Probabilistic fire risk analysis andstructural safety assessment of FPSO topside module[J].Ocean Engineering,2015,104:725-737.
[10] LANDUCCI G,ARGENTI F,TUGNOLI A,et al.Quantitative assessment of safety barrier performancein the prevention of Domino scenarios triggered byfire[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2015,143(S1):30-43.
[11] DING J,LI G Q,SAKUMOTO Y. Parametric studies onfire resistance of fire-resistant steel members[J]. Jour-nal of Constructional Steel Research,2004,60(7):1007-1027.
[12] HIETANIEMI J,SCHNABL S,TORATTI T,et al. Ap-plication of reliability analysis and fire simulation to prob-abilistic assessment of fire endurance of wooden structures,PB2007-102377/XAB(0707):124[R]. Gaithersburg:National Institute of Standards and Technology,2007.
[13] YAN X,LI H,WONG Y L. Assessment and repair offire-damaged high-strength concrete:strength and dura-bility[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2007,19(6):462-469.
[14] YI Lixin(易立新),GUO Liping(郭立平). Stochasticprocess model of fire risk assessment[J]. Journal of theArmed Police Academy(武警学院学报),1997(4):6-9.
[15] LI Ying(李莹),DONG Xuewei(董雪玮),LIU Sheny-ou(刘申友). Reliability analysis of building fire facili-ties based on Bayesian belief network[J]. Fire Scienceand Technology(消防科学与技术),2010,29(7):630-632.
[16] WANG Yu(王宇). Reliability evaluation of fire controlsystem in underground commercial building(地下商业建筑消防系统可靠性评价)[D]. Xi’an:Xi’an Univer-sity of Technology,2006.
[17] RAN Haichao(冉海潮),GUO Yingjun(郭英军),SUNLihua(孙丽华),et al. A new method for quantitativeanalysis of failure risk of fire control system in largespace building[J]. Journal of China Safety Science(中国安全科学学报),2006,16(11):18-23.
[18] KONG Depeng,LU Shouxiang,XIE Qimiao,et al. Fuzzyrisk assessment for life safety under building fires[J].Fire Technology,2014,50(4):977-991.
[19] FRANK K,GRAVESTOCK N,SPEARPOINT M,et al.A review of sprinkler system effectiveness studies[J].Fire Science Reviews,2013,2(1):2-6.
[20] DEGENKOLB J G. Evaluation and analysis of current ef-fective building and fire prevention code administration andenforcement programs,N:8021620D[R]. Gaithersburg:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,1979.
[21] DONAHUE A K. The influence of management on thecost of fire protection[J]. Journal of Policy Analysis andManagement,2010,23(1):71-92.
[22] WANG Li(王黎),WANG Xiao(汪霄),SHI Ling(石灵). Fire safety management system for the whole lifecycle of high-rise building[J]. Fire Science and Tech-nology(消防科学与技术),2013,32(7):794-798.
[23] WANG Li(王利). Design and implementation of socialpublic platform(社会公共平台的设计与实现)[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2013.
[24] ZHANG Peng(张鹏). Research and countermeasures onexisting problems of fire control management in China(我国消防管理存在的问题研究及对策)[D]. Qinhuang-dao:Yanshan University,2016.
[25] SPINARDI G,BISBY L,TORERO J. A review of socio-logical issues in fire safety regulation[J]. Fire Technolo-gy,2017,53(3):1011-1037.
[26] KIKUCHI T. Sprinkler extinguishing equipment:JP,355331[P]. 2002-12-10.
[27] JONES W W,BUKOWSKI R W. Using high reliabilitydetection for fire service response in building[C]//LUCK H. Proceedings of 12th International Conferenceon Automatic Fire Detection. Gaithersburg:National In-stitute of Standards and Technology,2001:574-591.
[28] SONG W S,HONG S H. A reference model of fire de-tection and monitoring system using BACnet[J]. Build-ing and Environment,2007,42(2):1000-1010.
[29] DASAN Fire Prevention Co. Ltd. Fire fighting equipmentmanagement system for building:KR,054230A[P].2009-05-29.
[30] HOCHIKI Corp. Cooperation system for making fire moni-toring system in monitored area cooperate with equipmentmanagement system:JP,142953A[P]. 2013-07-22.
[31] LU Chunmin(陆春民),QI Zuxing(祁祖兴). Applica-tion of internet of things technology in maintenance andmanagement of fire water supply facilities[C]//ChinaFire Protection Association(中国消防协会). 2013 Chi-na Fire Protection Association Scientific and TechnologicalAnnual Conference Proceedings(2013中国消防协会科学技术年会论文集). Beijing:China Science andTechnology Press,2013:209-211.
[32] Chongqing Yuanbei Anfang Technology Co.,Ltd.(重庆源北安防科技有限公司). An internet of things systemfor monitoring and managing fire facilities(一种消防设施监测管理物联网系统):China,103599617A[P].2014-02-26.
[33] DENG Sen(邓森),JING Bo(景博). Summarize com-prehensive diagnosis and fault prediction methods ofelectronic systems based on testing[J]. Control and De-cision(控制与决策),2013,28(5):641-649.
[34] ZHANG Liang(张亮). Reliability study on automaticfire alarm and controlling system of high-rise building(高层建筑火灾自动报警及联动系统可靠性研究)[D].Fuxin:Liaoning Technical University,2006.
[35] XU Xiaohu(徐晓虎),ZHENG Xin(郑欣),ZHAOHairong(赵海荣),et al. Study on reliability of auto-matic fire alarm system[J]. Journal of Safety and Envi-ronment(安全与环境学报),2012,12(3):149-153.
[36] NIST. Research roadmap for smart fire fighting summaryreport,SP:1191[R]. Gaithersburg:National Instituteof Standards and Technology,2015.
[37] LI Shibin(李世斌),JIN Yanliang(金彦亮),YAO Wei(姚炜),et al. Research and implementation of firesafety management information monitoring system[J].Computer Engineering and Applications(计算机工程与应用),2017,53(18):213-217.
[38] DU Wen(杜渂),WANG Juquan(王聚全),ZHANGJiacheng(张嘉成). Analysis and research on fire serv-ice data based on big data[J]. Telecommunication Ex-press:Network and Communication(电信快报:网络与通信),2017(10):21-25.
[39] ZHAO Tong(赵彤),CAI Hongxia(蔡红霞),GAOShuai(高帅). Study on fault diagnosis system of fire fa-cilities under cloud service mode[J]. Industrial ControlComputer(工业控制计算机),2017,30(5):124-126.
[40] JAAFARI A. Life-cycle project management:a proposedtheoretical model for development and implementation ofcapital projects[J]. Project Management Journal,2000(3):44-51.
[41] DU Yulong(杜玉龙),ZHAO Fusen(赵富森),WANGYige(王以革). Structural analysis of operational reliabil-ity of fire facilities in building[J]. Fire Science and Tech-nology(消防科学与技术),2008,27(9):691-693.
[42] DU Yulong(杜玉龙). Applying GO method to analyzethe reliability of the fire protection facility subsystem[J]. Fire Science and Technology(消防科学与技术),2008,27(12):904-907.
[43] NAN Jianglin(南江林),DU Yulong(杜玉龙),DONGHaibin(董海斌). Monitoring and management methodof gas extinguishing system based on fault mode[J].Fire Science and Technology(消防科学与技术),2014,33(8):917-920.
[2] HURLEY M J. Evaluation of models of fully developedpost-flashover compartment fires[J]. Journal of Fire Pro-tection Engineering,2005,15(3):173-197.
[3] HADJISOPHOCLEOUS G,FU Z,FU S,et al. Predictionof fire growth for compartments of office building as part ofa fire risk/cost assessment model[J]. Journal of FireProtection Engineering,2007,17(3):185-209.
[4] HURLEY M J,GOTTUK D T,HALL J,et al. SFPEhandbook of fire protection engineering[M]. 5th ed. Ber-lin:Springer,2016.
[5] VAIDOGAS E R,SAKENAITE J. A brief look at data onthe reliability of sprinklers used in conventional buildings[J]. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,2011,17(1):115-125.
[6] QIN Yonghong(秦咏红),LNaiji(吕乃基). Evolutionof engineering system reliability[J]. Journal of NortheastUniversity:Society Science Edition(东北大学学报:社会科学版),2011,13(4):295-299.
[7] COLLIER P C R. Fire in a residential building:Comparisonsbetween experimental data and a fire zone model[J]. Jour-nal of Fire Technology,1996,32(3):195-218.
[8] HASOFER A M,QU J. Response surface modelling ofMonte Carlo fire data[J]. Fire Safety Journal,2002,37(8):772-784.
[9] JIN Y L,JANG B S. Probabilistic fire risk analysis andstructural safety assessment of FPSO topside module[J].Ocean Engineering,2015,104:725-737.
[10] LANDUCCI G,ARGENTI F,TUGNOLI A,et al.Quantitative assessment of safety barrier performancein the prevention of Domino scenarios triggered byfire[J]. Reliability Engineering and System Safety,2015,143(S1):30-43.
[11] DING J,LI G Q,SAKUMOTO Y. Parametric studies onfire resistance of fire-resistant steel members[J]. Jour-nal of Constructional Steel Research,2004,60(7):1007-1027.
[12] HIETANIEMI J,SCHNABL S,TORATTI T,et al. Ap-plication of reliability analysis and fire simulation to prob-abilistic assessment of fire endurance of wooden structures,PB2007-102377/XAB(0707):124[R]. Gaithersburg:National Institute of Standards and Technology,2007.
[13] YAN X,LI H,WONG Y L. Assessment and repair offire-damaged high-strength concrete:strength and dura-bility[J]. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,2007,19(6):462-469.
[14] YI Lixin(易立新),GUO Liping(郭立平). Stochasticprocess model of fire risk assessment[J]. Journal of theArmed Police Academy(武警学院学报),1997(4):6-9.
[15] LI Ying(李莹),DONG Xuewei(董雪玮),LIU Sheny-ou(刘申友). Reliability analysis of building fire facili-ties based on Bayesian belief network[J]. Fire Scienceand Technology(消防科学与技术),2010,29(7):630-632.
[16] WANG Yu(王宇). Reliability evaluation of fire controlsystem in underground commercial building(地下商业建筑消防系统可靠性评价)[D]. Xi’an:Xi’an Univer-sity of Technology,2006.
[17] RAN Haichao(冉海潮),GUO Yingjun(郭英军),SUNLihua(孙丽华),et al. A new method for quantitativeanalysis of failure risk of fire control system in largespace building[J]. Journal of China Safety Science(中国安全科学学报),2006,16(11):18-23.
[18] KONG Depeng,LU Shouxiang,XIE Qimiao,et al. Fuzzyrisk assessment for life safety under building fires[J].Fire Technology,2014,50(4):977-991.
[19] FRANK K,GRAVESTOCK N,SPEARPOINT M,et al.A review of sprinkler system effectiveness studies[J].Fire Science Reviews,2013,2(1):2-6.
[20] DEGENKOLB J G. Evaluation and analysis of current ef-fective building and fire prevention code administration andenforcement programs,N:8021620D[R]. Gaithersburg:National Aeronautics and Space Administration,1979.
[21] DONAHUE A K. The influence of management on thecost of fire protection[J]. Journal of Policy Analysis andManagement,2010,23(1):71-92.
[22] WANG Li(王黎),WANG Xiao(汪霄),SHI Ling(石灵). Fire safety management system for the whole lifecycle of high-rise building[J]. Fire Science and Tech-nology(消防科学与技术),2013,32(7):794-798.
[23] WANG Li(王利). Design and implementation of socialpublic platform(社会公共平台的设计与实现)[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2013.
[24] ZHANG Peng(张鹏). Research and countermeasures onexisting problems of fire control management in China(我国消防管理存在的问题研究及对策)[D]. Qinhuang-dao:Yanshan University,2016.
[25] SPINARDI G,BISBY L,TORERO J. A review of socio-logical issues in fire safety regulation[J]. Fire Technolo-gy,2017,53(3):1011-1037.
[26] KIKUCHI T. Sprinkler extinguishing equipment:JP,355331[P]. 2002-12-10.
[27] JONES W W,BUKOWSKI R W. Using high reliabilitydetection for fire service response in building[C]//LUCK H. Proceedings of 12th International Conferenceon Automatic Fire Detection. Gaithersburg:National In-stitute of Standards and Technology,2001:574-591.
[28] SONG W S,HONG S H. A reference model of fire de-tection and monitoring system using BACnet[J]. Build-ing and Environment,2007,42(2):1000-1010.
[29] DASAN Fire Prevention Co. Ltd. Fire fighting equipmentmanagement system for building:KR,054230A[P].2009-05-29.
[30] HOCHIKI Corp. Cooperation system for making fire moni-toring system in monitored area cooperate with equipmentmanagement system:JP,142953A[P]. 2013-07-22.
[31] LU Chunmin(陆春民),QI Zuxing(祁祖兴). Applica-tion of internet of things technology in maintenance andmanagement of fire water supply facilities[C]//ChinaFire Protection Association(中国消防协会). 2013 Chi-na Fire Protection Association Scientific and TechnologicalAnnual Conference Proceedings(2013中国消防协会科学技术年会论文集). Beijing:China Science andTechnology Press,2013:209-211.
[32] Chongqing Yuanbei Anfang Technology Co.,Ltd.(重庆源北安防科技有限公司). An internet of things systemfor monitoring and managing fire facilities(一种消防设施监测管理物联网系统):China,103599617A[P].2014-02-26.
[33] DENG Sen(邓森),JING Bo(景博). Summarize com-prehensive diagnosis and fault prediction methods ofelectronic systems based on testing[J]. Control and De-cision(控制与决策),2013,28(5):641-649.
[34] ZHANG Liang(张亮). Reliability study on automaticfire alarm and controlling system of high-rise building(高层建筑火灾自动报警及联动系统可靠性研究)[D].Fuxin:Liaoning Technical University,2006.
[35] XU Xiaohu(徐晓虎),ZHENG Xin(郑欣),ZHAOHairong(赵海荣),et al. Study on reliability of auto-matic fire alarm system[J]. Journal of Safety and Envi-ronment(安全与环境学报),2012,12(3):149-153.
[36] NIST. Research roadmap for smart fire fighting summaryreport,SP:1191[R]. Gaithersburg:National Instituteof Standards and Technology,2015.
[37] LI Shibin(李世斌),JIN Yanliang(金彦亮),YAO Wei(姚炜),et al. Research and implementation of firesafety management information monitoring system[J].Computer Engineering and Applications(计算机工程与应用),2017,53(18):213-217.
[38] DU Wen(杜渂),WANG Juquan(王聚全),ZHANGJiacheng(张嘉成). Analysis and research on fire serv-ice data based on big data[J]. Telecommunication Ex-press:Network and Communication(电信快报:网络与通信),2017(10):21-25.
[39] ZHAO Tong(赵彤),CAI Hongxia(蔡红霞),GAOShuai(高帅). Study on fault diagnosis system of fire fa-cilities under cloud service mode[J]. Industrial ControlComputer(工业控制计算机),2017,30(5):124-126.
[40] JAAFARI A. Life-cycle project management:a proposedtheoretical model for development and implementation ofcapital projects[J]. Project Management Journal,2000(3):44-51.
[41] DU Yulong(杜玉龙),ZHAO Fusen(赵富森),WANGYige(王以革). Structural analysis of operational reliabil-ity of fire facilities in building[J]. Fire Science and Tech-nology(消防科学与技术),2008,27(9):691-693.
[42] DU Yulong(杜玉龙). Applying GO method to analyzethe reliability of the fire protection facility subsystem[J]. Fire Science and Technology(消防科学与技术),2008,27(12):904-907.
[43] NAN Jianglin(南江林),DU Yulong(杜玉龙),DONGHaibin(董海斌). Monitoring and management methodof gas extinguishing system based on fault mode[J].Fire Science and Technology(消防科学与技术),2014,33(8):917-920.