新生与成年牦牛咽扁桃体的组织学和免疫组织化学比较
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摘要
咽扁桃体(pharyngeal tonsil,Pha T)属于粘膜相关淋巴组织,在呼吸道的粘膜免疫中起重要作用,免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)是粘膜免疫的两个重要效应分子,具有广泛的免疫学功能。为了研究牦牛(Bos grunniens)咽扁桃体发育过程中组织学结构的变化,以及IgA与IgG抗体分泌细胞(antibody secreting cells,ASCs)在其内部的分布特征和变化规律,本研究采用组织学方法对新生与成年牦牛咽扁桃体的组织学结构进行观察比较;免疫组织化学法(immunohistochemistry,IHC)检测IgA和IgG在新生与成年牦牛咽扁桃体内的表达情况。组织学结果显示,牦牛咽扁桃体上皮由非网状上皮和网状上皮构成,实质由淋巴滤泡和弥散淋巴组织组成,弥散淋巴组织中分布有大量的高内皮静脉和淋巴管。新生牦牛咽扁桃体内仅观察到少数的初级淋巴滤泡,而成年牦牛咽扁桃内以次级淋巴滤泡为主,且成年组淋巴滤泡数量远高于新生组(P<0.01)。免疫组织化学结果显示,两个年龄段IgA和IgG ASCs在非网状上皮下区域、网状上皮区域、滤泡间区、淋巴滤泡和腺体间均有分布,且均在非网状上皮下区域分布最高;单位面积内,两个年龄段IgG ASCs的平均数目均高于IgA ASCs,且成年组两者之间差异极显著(P<0.01),而新生组两者差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,牦牛咽扁桃体在新生阶段已形成初级淋巴滤泡;IgA和IgGASCs主要通过非网状上皮下区域到达粘膜外表面发挥免疫保护作用;两年龄段IgG ASCs在数量上均占优势,说明IgG可能在牦牛咽扁桃体免疫防御作用中处于主导地位。本研究为牛呼吸道粘膜免疫及相关疫病的发病机理提供了形态学和免疫学资料。
Pharyngeal tonsil(Pha T) belongs to mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and plays an important role in mucosal immunity of respiratory tract. IgA(immunoglobulin A) and IgG(immunoglobulin G), which are 2 important effector molecules of mucosal immunity, have extensive immunological function. This research aims to study the changes of histological structure characteristics of pharyngeal tonsils during the development of yak(Bos grunniens), and the distributive characteristics and changing regularities of IgA and IgG antibody secreting cells(ASCs) in pharyngeal tonsils. In this study, histology method was used to observe and compare the histological structure characteristics of pharyngeal tonsils between newborn and adult yak.The expression of IgA and IgG in pharyngeal tonsils of newborn and adult yak was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC). Histological results showed that pharyngeal tonsilar epithelium was roughly divided into 2 types, namely non-reticular epithelium and reticular epithelium. Non-reticular epithelium referred to pseudostratified columnar epithelium with a large number of alcian blue-periodic acid schiff(ABPAS) positive goblet cells and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. However, the reticular epithelium overlying the pharyngeal tonsil was the lymphoepithelium that was frequently infiltrated by lymphocyte. The lamina propria of yak pharyngeal tonsils was composed of lymphoid follicles and diffuse lymphoid tissue. A large number of high endothelial veins and lymphatic vessels could be found in the diffuse lymphoid tissue. After comparing with the pharyngeal tonsils of newborn and adult yak, only a several primary lymphoid follicles in the newborn yak's pharyngeal tonsils was found. However, not only primary lymphoid follicles, but also secondary lymphoid follicles can be found in adult yak's pharyngeal tonsils. In addition, the statistics of the number of lymphoid follicles showed that in the same unit field of view(100×),the number of lymphoid follicles was approximately(2 ± 0.6019) in newborn yak, while was approximately(13 ± 0.4079) in adult yak, which was much higher than that of the newborn(P<0.01). The immunohistochemical results showed that IgA and IgG ASCs were distributed in the subepithelial region of non-reticular epithelium, the reticular epithelium region, inter-follicles area, lymphoid follicles and glandular compartments in the 2 groups, and the distribution of IgA and IgG ASCs was the highest in the subepithelial region of non-reticular epithelium, respectively. In addition, the average number of IgG ASCs per unit area(0.023 mm2) were higher than that of IgA ASCs in both 2 groups, and there were significant difference in the adult group(P<0.01), but no difference in the newborn group(P>0.05). The results indicated that the primary lymphoid follicles of yak pharyngeal tonsils have been formed in the newborn stage; IgA and IgG ASCs played an important immunoprotective effect on the mucosal surface through the non-reticular epithelial; IgG may be dominant in the immune defense of yak pharyngeal tonsils due to there was a preponderance of IgG ASCs in 2 groups. This study provides morphological and immunological information for the mucosal immunity and the pathogenesis of related diseases.
Pharyngeal tonsil(Pha T) belongs to mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue and plays an important role in mucosal immunity of respiratory tract. IgA(immunoglobulin A) and IgG(immunoglobulin G), which are 2 important effector molecules of mucosal immunity, have extensive immunological function. This research aims to study the changes of histological structure characteristics of pharyngeal tonsils during the development of yak(Bos grunniens), and the distributive characteristics and changing regularities of IgA and IgG antibody secreting cells(ASCs) in pharyngeal tonsils. In this study, histology method was used to observe and compare the histological structure characteristics of pharyngeal tonsils between newborn and adult yak.The expression of IgA and IgG in pharyngeal tonsils of newborn and adult yak was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC). Histological results showed that pharyngeal tonsilar epithelium was roughly divided into 2 types, namely non-reticular epithelium and reticular epithelium. Non-reticular epithelium referred to pseudostratified columnar epithelium with a large number of alcian blue-periodic acid schiff(ABPAS) positive goblet cells and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. However, the reticular epithelium overlying the pharyngeal tonsil was the lymphoepithelium that was frequently infiltrated by lymphocyte. The lamina propria of yak pharyngeal tonsils was composed of lymphoid follicles and diffuse lymphoid tissue. A large number of high endothelial veins and lymphatic vessels could be found in the diffuse lymphoid tissue. After comparing with the pharyngeal tonsils of newborn and adult yak, only a several primary lymphoid follicles in the newborn yak's pharyngeal tonsils was found. However, not only primary lymphoid follicles, but also secondary lymphoid follicles can be found in adult yak's pharyngeal tonsils. In addition, the statistics of the number of lymphoid follicles showed that in the same unit field of view(100×),the number of lymphoid follicles was approximately(2 ± 0.6019) in newborn yak, while was approximately(13 ± 0.4079) in adult yak, which was much higher than that of the newborn(P<0.01). The immunohistochemical results showed that IgA and IgG ASCs were distributed in the subepithelial region of non-reticular epithelium, the reticular epithelium region, inter-follicles area, lymphoid follicles and glandular compartments in the 2 groups, and the distribution of IgA and IgG ASCs was the highest in the subepithelial region of non-reticular epithelium, respectively. In addition, the average number of IgG ASCs per unit area(0.023 mm2) were higher than that of IgA ASCs in both 2 groups, and there were significant difference in the adult group(P<0.01), but no difference in the newborn group(P>0.05). The results indicated that the primary lymphoid follicles of yak pharyngeal tonsils have been formed in the newborn stage; IgA and IgG ASCs played an important immunoprotective effect on the mucosal surface through the non-reticular epithelial; IgG may be dominant in the immune defense of yak pharyngeal tonsils due to there was a preponderance of IgG ASCs in 2 groups. This study provides morphological and immunological information for the mucosal immunity and the pathogenesis of related diseases.
引文
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李正平,李鹏成,杨倩.2012.山羊咽扁桃体和咽鼓管扁桃体的组织结构观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,43(1):133-137(Li Z P,Li P C,Yang Q.2012.Histological and ultrastructural observation on the pharyngeal tonsil and the tubal tonsil of goat[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,43(1):133-137.)
刘志学,杨倩.2009.猪扁桃体的解剖学与组织学研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,40(7):1074-1081.(Liu Z X,Yang Q2009.Anatomy and histology of pig tonsil[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,40(7):1074-1081.)
罗克.2000.动物粘膜免疫系统研究进展[J].福建畜牧兽医22(5):45-48.(Luo K.2000.Advances in animal mucosal immune system[J].Fujian Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,22(5):45-48.)
蒲艳欢,崔燕,黄玉风,等.不同年龄牦牛淋巴结组织结构的比较[J].中国兽医科学,47(06):773-778.(Pu Y H,Cui Y,Huang Y F,et al.2017.Comparison of histological structure of lymph nodes of yak among different ages[J].Chinese Veterinary Science,47(06):773-778)
陶波,孙宝,方梅,等.2016.成年牦牛扁桃体组织结构及免疫相关细胞分布[J].中国兽医学报,36(5):814-818(Tao B,Sun B,Fang M,et al.2016.The organizational structure and distribution of immunity-associated cells in the tonsil of adult yak[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary,36(5):814-818.)
肖水芳,王琦环.2004.免疫治疗对变应性鼻炎患者鼻分泌物中螨变应原特异Ig G1和Ig G4抗体水平的影响[J].中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志,39(12):725-728.(Xiao S F,Wang Q H.2004.Effect of immunotherapy on house dust mite allergen-specific Ig G1 and Ig G4 antibodies in nasal secretion for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis[J].Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology,39(12):725-728.)
杨倩,庾庆华,李玉磊.2006.猪呼吸道淋巴组织发育的亚显微结构变化[J].畜牧兽医学报,37(4):374-378.(Yang Q,Yu Q H,Li Y L.2006.Ultrastructure observation on the ontogeny of respiratory tract lymphoid tissues in the pig[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,37(4):374-378.)
张倩,杨琨,黄玉风,等.2015a.CD4分子在牦牛主要淋巴器官的表达[J].农业生物技术学报,23(9):1254-1260.(Zhang Q,Yang K,Huang Y F,et al.2015.Expression of yak(Bos grunniens)CD4 in major lymphoid organs[J].Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,23(9):1254-1260.)
张倩,杨琨,黄玉风,等.2015b.CD8α在雄性牦牛主要免疫器官的分布[J].畜牧兽医学报,46(10):1851-1857.(Zhang Q,Yang K,Huang Y F,et al.2015.Expression of CD8αin the major lymphoid organs of male yaks[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,46(10):1851-1857.)
张倩,余四九,何俊峰,等.2013.牦牛胸腺增龄性变化的形态学观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,44(8):1305-1310.(Zhang Q,Yu S J,He J F,et al.2013.Morphologycal observation of age-associated changes in the thymus of the yak[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,44(8):1305-1310.)
张学峰,李淑娴,李航,等.2016.Ig A和Ig G分泌细胞在双峰驼CALT中的分布规律[J].中国兽医学报,36(2):353-356.(Zhang X F,Li S X,Li H,et al.2016.Ig A and Ig Gsecreting cells in CALT of Bactrian camel[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary,36(2):353-356.)
张小飞,杨倩.2007.几种黏膜免疫佐剂对鸡小肠Ig A分泌细胞的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,38(1):96-100.(Zhang X F,Yang Q.2007.Effects of several mucosal immune adjuvants on Ig A secreting cells of chicken small intestine[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,38(1):96-100.)
Billen F,Peeters D,Dehard S,et al.2006.Distribution of leucocyte subsets in the canine pharyngeal tonsil[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,135(2-3):63-73.
Blaise C.2013.Multi-faceted functions of secretory Ig A at mucosal surfaces[J].Frontiers in Immunology,4:185.
Boyaka P N,Wright P F,Marinaro M,et al.2000.Human nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues.Functional analysis of subepithelial and intraepithelial B and T cells from adenoids and tonsils[J].American Journa of Pathology,157(6):2023-2035.
Butch A W,Chung G H,Hoffmann J W,et al.1993.Cytokine expression by germinal center cells[J].Journal of Immunology,150(1):39.
Casteleyn C,Breugelmans S,Simoens P,et al.2011.The tonsils revisited:Review of the anatomical localization and histological characteristics of the tonsils of domestic and laboratory animals[J].Clinical and Developmenta Immunology,2011(6):472460.
Cerutti A.2010.Immunology.Ig A changes the rules of memory[J].Science,328(5986):1646-1647.
Cerutti A,Chen K,Chorny A.2011.Immunoglobulin responses at the mucosal interface[J].Annual Review of Immunology,29:273-293.
Chen W,Alley M R,Manktelow B W.1989.Respiratory tractassociated lymphoid tissue in conventionally raised sheep[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,101(3)327-340.
Chen W,Alley M R,Manktelow B W,et al.1991.The potential role of the ovine pharyngeal tonsil in respiratory tract immunity:A scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of its epithelium[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,104:47-56.
Cocquyt G,Baten T,Simoens P,et al.2005.Anatomical localisation and histology of the ovine tonsils[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,107(1):79-86.
Jia S,Zhang W D,Tan X F,et al.2016.The distribution of SI-g A and Ig G antibody-secreting cells in the palatine tonsils of bactrian camels(Camelus bactrianus)of differen ages[J].Histology and Histopathology,32(5):511-521.
Lieblertenorio E M,Pabst R.2006.MALT structure and function in farm animals.[J].Veterinary Research,37(3)257-280.
Liu Z X,Yu Q H,Li P C,et al.2012.Histological and ultrastructural examinations of porcine tonsils[J].Anatomical Record,295(4):686-690.
Manesse M,Delverdier M,Abellabourges N,et al.1998.An immunohistochemical study of bovine palatine and pharyngeal tonsils at 21,60 and 300 days of age[J].Anatomia Histologia Embryologia,27(3):179-185.
Mazanec M B,Coudret C L,Fletcher D R.1995.Intracellular neutralization of influenza virus by immunoglobulin Aanti-hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies[J].Journal of Virology,69(2):1339-1343.
Nave H,Gebert A,Pabst R.2001.Morphology and immunology of the human palatine tonsil[J].Anatomy and Embryology,204(5):367.
Palmer M V,Stasko J,Waters W R,et al.2011.Examination of the reticular epithelium of the bovine pharyngeal tonsil[J].Anatomical Record,294(11):1939-1950.
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Zhang Q,Yang K,Pan Y Y,et al.2016.Age-related changes in the morphology and protein expression of the thymus of healthy yaks(Bos grunniens)[J].American Journal of Veterinary Research,77(6):567-574.
Zhang W D,Wang W H,Jia S.2016.The distribution of SIg Aand Ig G antibody-secreting cells in the small intestine of bactrian camels(Camelus bactrianus)of different ages[J].Plo S One,11(6):e0156635.
李鹏成,刘志学,高君恺,等.2010.猪呼吸道Ig A和Ig G分泌细胞的分布[J].畜牧兽医学报,41(7):873-877.(Li PC,Liu Z X,Gao J K,et al.2010.Distribution of Ig Aand Ig G secreting cell in porcine respiratory tract[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,41(7):873-877.)
李正平,李鹏成,杨倩.2012.山羊咽扁桃体和咽鼓管扁桃体的组织结构观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,43(1):133-137(Li Z P,Li P C,Yang Q.2012.Histological and ultrastructural observation on the pharyngeal tonsil and the tubal tonsil of goat[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,43(1):133-137.)
刘志学,杨倩.2009.猪扁桃体的解剖学与组织学研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,40(7):1074-1081.(Liu Z X,Yang Q2009.Anatomy and histology of pig tonsil[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,40(7):1074-1081.)
罗克.2000.动物粘膜免疫系统研究进展[J].福建畜牧兽医22(5):45-48.(Luo K.2000.Advances in animal mucosal immune system[J].Fujian Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,22(5):45-48.)
蒲艳欢,崔燕,黄玉风,等.不同年龄牦牛淋巴结组织结构的比较[J].中国兽医科学,47(06):773-778.(Pu Y H,Cui Y,Huang Y F,et al.2017.Comparison of histological structure of lymph nodes of yak among different ages[J].Chinese Veterinary Science,47(06):773-778)
陶波,孙宝,方梅,等.2016.成年牦牛扁桃体组织结构及免疫相关细胞分布[J].中国兽医学报,36(5):814-818(Tao B,Sun B,Fang M,et al.2016.The organizational structure and distribution of immunity-associated cells in the tonsil of adult yak[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary,36(5):814-818.)
肖水芳,王琦环.2004.免疫治疗对变应性鼻炎患者鼻分泌物中螨变应原特异Ig G1和Ig G4抗体水平的影响[J].中华耳鼻咽喉科杂志,39(12):725-728.(Xiao S F,Wang Q H.2004.Effect of immunotherapy on house dust mite allergen-specific Ig G1 and Ig G4 antibodies in nasal secretion for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis[J].Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology,39(12):725-728.)
杨倩,庾庆华,李玉磊.2006.猪呼吸道淋巴组织发育的亚显微结构变化[J].畜牧兽医学报,37(4):374-378.(Yang Q,Yu Q H,Li Y L.2006.Ultrastructure observation on the ontogeny of respiratory tract lymphoid tissues in the pig[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,37(4):374-378.)
张倩,杨琨,黄玉风,等.2015a.CD4分子在牦牛主要淋巴器官的表达[J].农业生物技术学报,23(9):1254-1260.(Zhang Q,Yang K,Huang Y F,et al.2015.Expression of yak(Bos grunniens)CD4 in major lymphoid organs[J].Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,23(9):1254-1260.)
张倩,杨琨,黄玉风,等.2015b.CD8α在雄性牦牛主要免疫器官的分布[J].畜牧兽医学报,46(10):1851-1857.(Zhang Q,Yang K,Huang Y F,et al.2015.Expression of CD8αin the major lymphoid organs of male yaks[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,46(10):1851-1857.)
张倩,余四九,何俊峰,等.2013.牦牛胸腺增龄性变化的形态学观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,44(8):1305-1310.(Zhang Q,Yu S J,He J F,et al.2013.Morphologycal observation of age-associated changes in the thymus of the yak[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,44(8):1305-1310.)
张学峰,李淑娴,李航,等.2016.Ig A和Ig G分泌细胞在双峰驼CALT中的分布规律[J].中国兽医学报,36(2):353-356.(Zhang X F,Li S X,Li H,et al.2016.Ig A and Ig Gsecreting cells in CALT of Bactrian camel[J].Chinese Journal of Veterinary,36(2):353-356.)
张小飞,杨倩.2007.几种黏膜免疫佐剂对鸡小肠Ig A分泌细胞的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,38(1):96-100.(Zhang X F,Yang Q.2007.Effects of several mucosal immune adjuvants on Ig A secreting cells of chicken small intestine[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,38(1):96-100.)
Billen F,Peeters D,Dehard S,et al.2006.Distribution of leucocyte subsets in the canine pharyngeal tonsil[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,135(2-3):63-73.
Blaise C.2013.Multi-faceted functions of secretory Ig A at mucosal surfaces[J].Frontiers in Immunology,4:185.
Boyaka P N,Wright P F,Marinaro M,et al.2000.Human nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues.Functional analysis of subepithelial and intraepithelial B and T cells from adenoids and tonsils[J].American Journa of Pathology,157(6):2023-2035.
Butch A W,Chung G H,Hoffmann J W,et al.1993.Cytokine expression by germinal center cells[J].Journal of Immunology,150(1):39.
Casteleyn C,Breugelmans S,Simoens P,et al.2011.The tonsils revisited:Review of the anatomical localization and histological characteristics of the tonsils of domestic and laboratory animals[J].Clinical and Developmenta Immunology,2011(6):472460.
Cerutti A.2010.Immunology.Ig A changes the rules of memory[J].Science,328(5986):1646-1647.
Cerutti A,Chen K,Chorny A.2011.Immunoglobulin responses at the mucosal interface[J].Annual Review of Immunology,29:273-293.
Chen W,Alley M R,Manktelow B W.1989.Respiratory tractassociated lymphoid tissue in conventionally raised sheep[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,101(3)327-340.
Chen W,Alley M R,Manktelow B W,et al.1991.The potential role of the ovine pharyngeal tonsil in respiratory tract immunity:A scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of its epithelium[J].Journal of Comparative Pathology,104:47-56.
Cocquyt G,Baten T,Simoens P,et al.2005.Anatomical localisation and histology of the ovine tonsils[J].Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology,107(1):79-86.
Jia S,Zhang W D,Tan X F,et al.2016.The distribution of SI-g A and Ig G antibody-secreting cells in the palatine tonsils of bactrian camels(Camelus bactrianus)of differen ages[J].Histology and Histopathology,32(5):511-521.
Lieblertenorio E M,Pabst R.2006.MALT structure and function in farm animals.[J].Veterinary Research,37(3)257-280.
Liu Z X,Yu Q H,Li P C,et al.2012.Histological and ultrastructural examinations of porcine tonsils[J].Anatomical Record,295(4):686-690.
Manesse M,Delverdier M,Abellabourges N,et al.1998.An immunohistochemical study of bovine palatine and pharyngeal tonsils at 21,60 and 300 days of age[J].Anatomia Histologia Embryologia,27(3):179-185.
Mazanec M B,Coudret C L,Fletcher D R.1995.Intracellular neutralization of influenza virus by immunoglobulin Aanti-hemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies[J].Journal of Virology,69(2):1339-1343.
Nave H,Gebert A,Pabst R.2001.Morphology and immunology of the human palatine tonsil[J].Anatomy and Embryology,204(5):367.
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