2018年春节期间京津冀及周边地区烟花禁放效果评估
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摘要
为了评估2018年春节期间(2月15—16日)京津冀及周边地区"2+26"城市烟花禁限放措施的效果,采用浓度特征对比、ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(CO)等方法,对"2+26"城市的ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(SO_2)、ρ(NO_2)进行分析,并定量估算了除夕夜烟花燃放对ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(SO_2)的贡献率.结果表明:"2+26"城市烟花的集中燃放会导致ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(SO_2)显著增长,出现以PM_(2.5)为首要污染物的重污染时段,2018年12月16日03:00区域内14个城市ρ(PM_(2.5))达到重度及以上污染水平,呈区域性污染特征;与2017年同期(1月27—28日)相比,2018年春节期间(2月15—16日)14个城市烟花燃放对ρ(PM_(2.5))平均贡献量呈下降趋势,其中,淄博市、济南市、北京市降幅最大,分别下降了85.2%、74.6%和65.2%,表明烟花禁限放措施起到了显著的污染削峰作用;与城区相比,周边郊县ρ(PM_(2.5))显著高于城区,呈"农村包围城市"的现象,说明城区监测点位受到郊县等周边地区烟花燃放的传输影响.研究显示,虽然城区烟花禁限放措施起到了显著的削峰作用,但城区监测点位空气质量仍受到郊县等周边地区烟花燃放的传输影响,导致大气重污染的发生.
In order to evaluate the effect of fireworks prohibition and restrictions for the air pollution control in the‘2+26’cities during the Spring Festival in 2018(February 15~(th)to 16~(th)),online data ofρ(PM_(2.5)),ρ(PM_(10)),ρ(SO_2),ρ(NO_2)were analyzed by comparing concentration characteristics and the ratio ofρ(PM_(2.5))toρ(CO).Moreover,the contribution of fireworks emission toρ(PM_(2.5))andρ(SO_2)on New Year's Eve were also discussed.The results revealed that the fireworks emission significantly increasedρ(PM_(2.5))andρ(SO_2)in the‘2+26’cities.The severe pollution episodes caused by PM_(2.5)occurred in many cities.Particularly,14 cities'air pollution reached significantly high levels or above at 03:00 AM on February 16,2018,which presented the typical regional pollution characteristics.The characteristics also presented at the regional level.Also,compared to the average contribution of the fireworks during the 2017 Spring Festival(January 27~(th)to 28~(th)),there was a decrease in the fireworks emissions in the 14 cities in 2018 Spring Festival(February 15~(th)to 16~(th)).Meanwhile,the contribution from fireworks emissions in Zibo City,Jinan City and Beijing declined by 85.2%,74.6%and 65.2%respectively,which indicated the great reduction effects of the fireworks prohibition and restrictions.The concentration ofρ(PM_(2.5))in countryside and urban areas were also explored in this study.The results showed that theρ(PM_(2.5))in the countryside was significantly higher than that in urban areas,which implied the monitoring sites in the cities were impacted by the fireworks in the surrounding counties and areas.The research showed that there was an effective reduction inρ(PM_(2.5))due to the fireworks prohibition and restrictions in the rural and urban areas.But yet,severe air pollution was still occurred in the some urban areas because of the impact of the fireworks in the surrounding areas.
In order to evaluate the effect of fireworks prohibition and restrictions for the air pollution control in the‘2+26’cities during the Spring Festival in 2018(February 15~(th)to 16~(th)),online data ofρ(PM_(2.5)),ρ(PM_(10)),ρ(SO_2),ρ(NO_2)were analyzed by comparing concentration characteristics and the ratio ofρ(PM_(2.5))toρ(CO).Moreover,the contribution of fireworks emission toρ(PM_(2.5))andρ(SO_2)on New Year's Eve were also discussed.The results revealed that the fireworks emission significantly increasedρ(PM_(2.5))andρ(SO_2)in the‘2+26’cities.The severe pollution episodes caused by PM_(2.5)occurred in many cities.Particularly,14 cities'air pollution reached significantly high levels or above at 03:00 AM on February 16,2018,which presented the typical regional pollution characteristics.The characteristics also presented at the regional level.Also,compared to the average contribution of the fireworks during the 2017 Spring Festival(January 27~(th)to 28~(th)),there was a decrease in the fireworks emissions in the 14 cities in 2018 Spring Festival(February 15~(th)to 16~(th)).Meanwhile,the contribution from fireworks emissions in Zibo City,Jinan City and Beijing declined by 85.2%,74.6%and 65.2%respectively,which indicated the great reduction effects of the fireworks prohibition and restrictions.The concentration ofρ(PM_(2.5))in countryside and urban areas were also explored in this study.The results showed that theρ(PM_(2.5))in the countryside was significantly higher than that in urban areas,which implied the monitoring sites in the cities were impacted by the fireworks in the surrounding counties and areas.The research showed that there was an effective reduction inρ(PM_(2.5))due to the fireworks prohibition and restrictions in the rural and urban areas.But yet,severe air pollution was still occurred in the some urban areas because of the impact of the fireworks in the surrounding areas.
引文
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[28] TSAI H H,CHIEN L H,YUAN C S,et al.Influences of fireworks on chemical characteristics of atmospheric fine and coarse particles during Taiwan's Lantern Festival[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,62:256-264.
[29] ESTRELLAN C R,IINO F.Toxic emissions from open burning[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(3):193-207.
[30] JIANG Q,SUN Y L,WANG Z,et al. Aerosol composition and sources during the Chinese Spring Festival:fireworks,secondary aerosol,and holiday effects[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(14):20617-20646.
[31]赵亚南,王跃思,张凯,等.工作日、双休日和春节期间PM10中水溶性离子浓度变化特征[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(5):150-153.ZHAO Yanan,WANG Yuesi,ZHANG Kai,et al. Concentration varitation of water-soluble ions of PM10on workday,weekend and Spring Festival period[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(5):150-153.
[32] LI W,SHI Z,YAN C,et al.Individual metal-bearing particles in a regional haze caused by firecracker and firework emissions[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,443(3):464-469.
[33] YU X,SHI C,MA J,et al. Aerosol optical properties during firework,biomass burning and dust episodes in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,81(4):475-484.
[34] HUANG K,ZHUANG G,LIN Y,et al. Impact of anthropogenic emission on air quality over a megacity:revealed from an intensive atmospheric campaign during the Chinese Spring Festival[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2012,12(7):17151-17185.
[35] FENG J,SUN P,HU X,et al.The chemical composition and sources of PM2. 5,during the 2009 Chinese New Year's holiday in Shanghai[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,118:435-444.
[36]王哲,王自发,郑海涛.一种评估烟花爆竹燃放对大气PM2. 5影响的新方法[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(3):31-36.WANG Zhe,WANG Zifa,ZHENG Haitao.A new method to estimate the impacts of fireworks on airborne PM2. 5[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(3):31-36.
[37]赵伟,范绍佳,谢文彰,等.烟花燃放对珠三角地区春节期间空气质量的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4358-4365.ZHAO Wei,FAN Shaojia,XIE Wenzhang,et al. Influence of burning fireworks on air quality during the Spring Festival in the Pearl River Delta[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4358-4365.
[2] DREWNICK F,HINGS S S,CURTIUS J,et al.Measurement of fine particulate and gas-phase species during the New Year's fireworks2005 in Mainz,Germany[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(23):4316-4327.
[3] MORENO T,QUEROL X,ALASTUEY A,et al. Recreational atmospheric pollution episodes:inhalable metalliferous particles from firework displays[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(5):913-922.
[4] WANG Y,ZHUANG G,XU C,et al.The air pollution caused by the burning of fireworks during the Lantern Festival in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(2):417-431.
[5] ATTRI A K,KUMAR U,JAIN V K.Formation of ozone by fireworks[J].Nature,2001,411(6841):1015.
[6] RAVINDRA,MITTAL A K,VAN G R. Health risk assessment of urban suspended particulate matter with special reference to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:a review[J]. Reviews on Environmental Health,2001,16(3):169-189.
[7] SHI Y,ZHANG N,GAO J,et al. Effect of fireworks display on perchlorate in air aerosols during the Spring Festival[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(6):1323-1327.
[8] CRESPO J,YUBERO E,NICOLS J F,et al.High-time resolution and size-segregated elemental composition in high-intensity pyrotechnic exposures[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,241/242:82-91.
[9] VECCHI R,BERNARDONI V,CRICCHIO D,et al.The impact of fireworks on airborne particles[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(6):1121-1132.
[10] KONG S F,LI L,LI X X,et al.The impacts of firework burning at the Chinese Spring Festival on air quality:insights of tracers,source evolution and aging processes[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(4):2167-2184.
[11] ZHANG M,WANG X,CHEN J,et al. Physical characterization of aerosol particles during the Chinese New Year's firework events[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(39):5191-5198.
[12]李令军,李金香,辛连忠,等.北京市春节期间大气污染分析[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):537-541.LI Lingjun,LI Jinxiang,XIN Lianzhong,et al. Analysis of atmospheric air pollution of Beijing City in Spring Festival period[J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(5):537-541.
[13]张小玲,徐敬,李腊平.不同气象条件下烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响研究[J].气象与环境学报,2008,24(4):6-12.ZHANG Xiaoling,XU Jing,LI Laping.Effect of fireworks burning on air quality under different meteorological conditions[J]. Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2008,24(4):6-12.
[14] BARMAN S C,RAMESH S,NEGI M P S,et al.Ambient air quality of Lucknow City(India)during use of fireworks on Diwali Festival[J].Environment Monitoring and Assessment,2008,137(1):495-504.
[15]刘慧萍,张凯,柴发合,等.烟花爆竹燃放对北京大气污染物和水溶性无机离子的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(6):844-853.LIU Huiping,ZHANG Kai,CHAI Fahe,et al.Effects of fireworks on gaseous pollutants and water-soluble inorganic ions in the atmosphere[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(6):844-853.
[16]金军,王英,李令军,等.北京春节期间大气颗粒物污染及影响[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(3):229-232.JIN Jun,WANG Ying,LI Lingjun,et al. Particles pollution and impact caused by fireworks in Beijing during Spring Festival[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2007,29(3):229-232.
[17]何松洁,王英,李令军,等.元宵节燃放烟花爆竹对北京市空气质量的影响[J].中央民族大学学报(自然科学版),2012,21(1):22-27.HE Songjie,WANG Ying,LI Lingjun,et al. The influence of the burning of fireworks on air quality during the Lantern Festival in Beijing[J]. Journal of The Central University for Nationalities(Natural Sciences Edition),2012,21(1):22-27.
[18]王占山,张大伟,李云婷,等. 2014年春节期间北京市空气质量分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(2):371-378.WANG Zhanshan,ZHANG Dawei,LI Yunting,et al.Analysis of air quality in Beijing City during Spring Festival period of 2014[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(2):371-378.
[19]石琳琳,李令军,李倩,等. 2016年北京市春节大气颗粒物污染特征激光雷达监测分析[J].环境科学,2017(10):4092-4099.SHI Linlin,LI Lingjun,LI Qian,et al. Analysis of atmospheric particulate matter pollution characteristics by LIDAR in Beijing during Spring Festival,2016[J]. Environmental Science,2017(10):4092-4099.
[20]马莹,吴兑,刘建.珠三角春节期间PM2. 5及水溶性离子成分的变化:以2012年为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(10):2890-2895.MA Ying,WU Dui,LIU Jian. The characteristics of PM2. 5and its water soluble ions during Spring Festival in PRD in 2012[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(10):2890-2895.
[21]杨志文,吴琳,元洁,等. 2015年春节期间天津烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(1):69-75.YANG Zhiwen,WU Lin,YUAN Jie,et al.Effect of fireworks on the air quality during the Spring Festival of 2015 in Tianjin City[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(1):69-75.
[22] TIAN Y Z,WANG J,PENG X,et al.Estimation of the direct and indirect impacts of fireworks on the physicochemical characteristics of atmospheric PM10and PM2. 5[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(18):9469-9479.
[23]周变红,张承中,王格慧,等.春节期间西安城区碳气溶胶污染特征研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(2):448-454.ZHOU Bianhong,ZHANG Chengzhong,WANG Gehui,et al. Study on pollution characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in Xi'an City during the Spring Festival[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(2):448-454.
[24]王繁强,蔡新玲,周阿舒,等.春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对西安市大气主要污染物质量浓度的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(1):82-86.WANG Fanqiang,CAI Xinling,ZHOU Ashu,et al. Effect of firecracker setting off on the PM10and SO2and NO2in Xi'an[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2008,8(1):82-86.
[25]李利平,张宁,王振,等.春节燃放爆竹对大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的影响[J].城市环境与城市生态,2008(5):37-41.LI Liping,ZHANG Ning,WANG Zhen,et al. Effect of firecracker setting-off on water-soluble inorganic ions in atmospheric aerosol during Spring Festival[J]. Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2008(5):37-41.
[26] GODRI K J,GREEN D C,FULLER G W,et al. Particulate oxidative burden associated with firework activity[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(21):8295-8301.
[27] YANG L,GAO X,WANG X,et al. Impacts of firecracker burning on aerosol chemical characteristics and human health risk levels during the Chinese New Year Celebration in Jinan,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,476/477:57-64.
[28] TSAI H H,CHIEN L H,YUAN C S,et al.Influences of fireworks on chemical characteristics of atmospheric fine and coarse particles during Taiwan's Lantern Festival[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,62:256-264.
[29] ESTRELLAN C R,IINO F.Toxic emissions from open burning[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(3):193-207.
[30] JIANG Q,SUN Y L,WANG Z,et al. Aerosol composition and sources during the Chinese Spring Festival:fireworks,secondary aerosol,and holiday effects[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(14):20617-20646.
[31]赵亚南,王跃思,张凯,等.工作日、双休日和春节期间PM10中水溶性离子浓度变化特征[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(5):150-153.ZHAO Yanan,WANG Yuesi,ZHANG Kai,et al. Concentration varitation of water-soluble ions of PM10on workday,weekend and Spring Festival period[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(5):150-153.
[32] LI W,SHI Z,YAN C,et al.Individual metal-bearing particles in a regional haze caused by firecracker and firework emissions[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,443(3):464-469.
[33] YU X,SHI C,MA J,et al. Aerosol optical properties during firework,biomass burning and dust episodes in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,81(4):475-484.
[34] HUANG K,ZHUANG G,LIN Y,et al. Impact of anthropogenic emission on air quality over a megacity:revealed from an intensive atmospheric campaign during the Chinese Spring Festival[J].Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics,2012,12(7):17151-17185.
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