我国南北城市0～12月不同泌乳阶段母乳蛋白质和氨基酸构成的纵向研究
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摘要
目的:比较我国北京(北方)和深圳(南方)两城市0～12月不同泌乳阶段母乳蛋白质和氨基酸含量差异。方法:于北京市和深圳市各招募30名足月分娩健康婴儿的健康乳母,纵向采集10次母乳,包括初乳(3～5 d)、过渡乳(13～15 d)和成熟乳(3、4周和2、3、4、6、9、12月),检测蛋白质和氨基酸含量并作比较分析。结果:北京和深圳母乳中蛋白质含量均为初乳中最高,随泌乳时间的延长而逐渐降低:其中,前3周急速降低,之后降低速度减缓,但仍有显著差异(P<0.05),到3月时达到稳定;两城市母乳在各泌乳阶段中均无显著差异(P>0.05)。母乳氨基酸含量也随着泌乳时间的延长呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),到12月时总氨基酸含量、总必需氨基酸含量和总非必需氨基酸含量均下降了约58%。母乳中含量最丰富的单体氨基酸为谷氨酸、亮氨酸和天冬氨酸,含量最低的是蛋氨酸和色氨酸,两城市母乳单体氨基酸的绝对含量在除初乳和4月成熟乳以外的其他各月均有种类和数量的差异,但随泌乳时间的延长,各单体氨基酸在总氨基酸中的比例保持稳定,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸分别占总氨基酸的42%和58%左右;而深圳母乳中苯丙氨酸在总氨基酸中的比例在除3～5 d以外的其他9个时间点均高于北京母乳。结论:初乳中蛋白质和氨基酸含量均最高,随着泌乳时间的延长均呈逐渐下降趋势;蛋白质含量不受地区差异的影响,而两城市母乳中氨基酸含量及其在总氨基酸中的比例具有一定程度的差异。
Aim: To comparatively study the protein content and amino acid composition of breast milk at different lactation stages(0–12 months) from northern(Beijing) and southern(Shenzhen) urban Chinese mothers. Methods: Totally 30 lactating mothers of full-term infants were enrolled in Beijing and Shenzhen separately, and breast milk samples were collected between day 3 and 5(colostrum), between day 13 and 15(transitional milk), and at 3 and 4 weeks and 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and12 months(mature milk) following delivery for the determination of proteins and amino acids. Results: The highest protein content was detected in colostrum among the various milk samples from mothers in both cities and it gradually decreased with increasing lactation length, during the ?rst 3 weeks rapidly and then more slowly but a signi?cant difference being still observed(P < 0.05), reaching a stable level at 3 months with no signi?cant difference being found between the two cities for each lactation stage(P > 0.05). Similarly, amino acid contents signi?cantly decreased with increasing lactation length(P < 0.05); the contents of total amino acids, essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids decreased by approximately58%. Glutamic acid, leucine and asparaginic acid were the most abundant amino acids in breast milk, whereas methionine and tryptophan were the least abundant. Amino acid composition in breast milk differed between the cities for all lactation stages except colostrum and mature milk at 4 months. The proportion of each amino acid to the total amount remained stable with the prolongation of lactation, and essential and nonessential amino acids accounted for about 42% and 58% of the total amino acids, respectively. However, for all lactation times except colostrum, the proportion of phenylalanine to total amino acids in Beijing breast milk was higher than in Shenzhen breast milk. Conclusion: Human colostrum has the highest contents of proteins and amino acids among all lactation times, which decline with increasing lactation time. The contents of amino acids and the proportions to total amino acids but not the protein content of breast milk vary between cities.
Aim: To comparatively study the protein content and amino acid composition of breast milk at different lactation stages(0–12 months) from northern(Beijing) and southern(Shenzhen) urban Chinese mothers. Methods: Totally 30 lactating mothers of full-term infants were enrolled in Beijing and Shenzhen separately, and breast milk samples were collected between day 3 and 5(colostrum), between day 13 and 15(transitional milk), and at 3 and 4 weeks and 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and12 months(mature milk) following delivery for the determination of proteins and amino acids. Results: The highest protein content was detected in colostrum among the various milk samples from mothers in both cities and it gradually decreased with increasing lactation length, during the ?rst 3 weeks rapidly and then more slowly but a signi?cant difference being still observed(P < 0.05), reaching a stable level at 3 months with no signi?cant difference being found between the two cities for each lactation stage(P > 0.05). Similarly, amino acid contents signi?cantly decreased with increasing lactation length(P < 0.05); the contents of total amino acids, essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids decreased by approximately58%. Glutamic acid, leucine and asparaginic acid were the most abundant amino acids in breast milk, whereas methionine and tryptophan were the least abundant. Amino acid composition in breast milk differed between the cities for all lactation stages except colostrum and mature milk at 4 months. The proportion of each amino acid to the total amount remained stable with the prolongation of lactation, and essential and nonessential amino acids accounted for about 42% and 58% of the total amino acids, respectively. However, for all lactation times except colostrum, the proportion of phenylalanine to total amino acids in Beijing breast milk was higher than in Shenzhen breast milk. Conclusion: Human colostrum has the highest contents of proteins and amino acids among all lactation times, which decline with increasing lactation time. The contents of amino acids and the proportions to total amino acids but not the protein content of breast milk vary between cities.
引文
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[20]PACKARD V.Human milk and infant formula[M].Netherlands:Elsevier,2012:7-28.
[21]刘翠平,苏米亚,齐晓彦,等.我国母乳宏量营养素分析研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(32):12610-12613.DOI:10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2013.32.086.
[22]CHAVALITTAMRONG B,SUANPAN S,BOONVISUT S,et al.Protein and amino acids of breast milk from Thai mothers[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,1981,34(6):1126-1130.DOI:10.1093/ajcn/34.6.1126.
[23]江蕙芸,陈红慧,王艳华,等.南宁市乳母乳汁中营养素含量分析[J].广西医科大学学报,2005,22(5):690-692.DOI:10.16190/j.cnki.45-1211/r.2005.05.015.
[24]ZHANG Zhiying,ADELMAN A S,RAI D,et al.Amino acid profiles in term and preterm human milk through lactation:a systematic review[J].Nutrients,2013,5(12):4800-4821.DOI:10.3390/nu5124800.
[25]GARCIA-RODENAS C L,AFFOLTER M,VINYES-PARES G,et al.Amino acid composition of breast milk from urban Chinese mothers[J].Nutrients,2016,8(10):1-10.DOI:10.3390/nu8100606.
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[27]ROBINSON J L,MCBREAIRTY L E,RANDELL E W,et al.Restriction of dietary methyl donors limits methionine availability and affects the partitioning of dietary methionine for creatine and phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the neonatal piglet[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2016,35:81-86.DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.001.
[28]KUNZ C,LONNERDAL B.Re-evaluation of the whey protein/casein ratio of human milk[J].Acta Paediatrica,1992,81(2):107-112.DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12184.x.
[29]HEINE W E,KLEIN P D,REEDS P J.The importance ofα-lactalbumin in infant nutrition[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1991,121(3):277-283.DOI:10.1093/jn/121.3.277.
[30]FENG Ping,GAO Ming,HOLLEY T,et al.Amino acid composition and protein content of mature human milk from nine countries[J].The FASEB Journal,2009,23(Suppl 1):LB448-LB448.
[31]何志谦,林敬本.广东地区母乳的氨基酸含量[J].营养学报,1988,25(3):39-41.DOI:10.13325/j.cnki.acta,nutr.sin.1988.02.007.
[32]赵熙和,徐志云,王燕芳,等.北京市城乡乳母营养状况,乳成分,乳量,及婴儿生长发育关系的研究IV.母乳中蛋白质及氨基酸含量[J].营养学报,1989(3):227-232.DOI:10.13325/j.cnki.Acta.nutr.sin.1989.03.008.
[33]LONNERDAL B O.Effects of maternal dietary intake on human milk composition[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1986,116(4):499-513.DOI:10.1016/S0271-5317(86)80113-0.
[34]翁梅倩,田小琳,吴圣楣,等.足月儿和早产儿母乳中游离和构成蛋白质的氨基酸含量动态比较[J].上海医学,1999,22(4):217-222.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9934.1999.04.007.
[35]AGOSTONI C,CARRATùB,BONIGLIA C,et al.Free glutamine and glutamic acid increase in human milk through a three-month lactation period[J].Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition,2000,31(5):508-512.DOI:10.1097/00005176-200011000-00011.
[36]CARRATùB,BONIGLIA C,SCALISE F,et al.Nitrogenous components of human milk:non-protein nitrogen,true protein and free amino acids[J].Food Chemistry,2003,81(3):357-362.DOI:10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00430-2.
[2]LóPEZ ALVAREZ M J.Proteins in human milk[J].Breastfeeding Review,2007,15(1):5-16.
[3]BALLARD O,MORROW A L.Human milk composition:nutrients and bioactive factors[J].Pediatric Clinics,2013,60(1):49-74.DOI:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.10.002.
[4]CONSULTATION J W E.Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition[J].World Health Organization Technical Report,2007,935:1-265.
[5]RAIHA N C R.Nutritional proteins in milk and the protein requirement of normal infants[J].Pediatrics,1985,75(1):136-141.DOI:10.1203/00006450-198504000-01591.
[6]DAVIS T A,NGUYEN H V,GARCIA-BRAVO R,et al.Amino acid composition of human milk is not unique[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1994,124(7):1126-1132.DOI:10.1093/jn/124.7.1126.
[7]DAVIS T A,NGUYEN H V,GARCIA-BRAVO R,et al.Amino acid composition of the milk of some mammalian species changes with stage of lactation[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1994,72(6):845-853.DOI:10.1079/bjn19940089.
[8]WU T C,CHUANG C C,LAU B H,et al.Crude protein content and amino acid composition in Taiwanese human milk[J].Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology,2000,46(5):246-251.DOI:10.3177/jnsv.46.246.
[9]VILLALPANDO S,BUTTE N F,FLORES-HUERTA S,et al.Qualitative analysis of human milk produced by women consuming a maize-predominant diet typical of rural Mexico[J].Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism,1998,42(1):23-32.DOI:10.1159/000012714.
[10]YAMAWAKI N,YAMADA M,KAN-NO T,et al.Macronutrient,mineral and trace element composition of breast milk from Japanese women[J].Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,2005,19(2/3):171-181.DOI:10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.05.001.
[11]DING Ming,LI Wei,ZHANG Yumei,et al.Amino acid composition of lactating mothers’milk and confinement diet in rural North China[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2010,19(3):344-349.DOI:10.6133/apjcn.2010.19.3.08.
[12]GUO Mingruo,HENDRICKS G M.Chemistry and biological properties of human milk[J].Current Nutrition&Food Science,2008,4(4):305-320.DOI:10.2174/157340108786263667.
[13]GROTE V,VERDUCI E,SCAGLIONI S,et al.Breast milk composition and infant nutrient intakes during the first 12 months of life[J].European Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2016,70(2):250-256.DOI:10.1038/ejcn.2015.162.
[14]NOMMSEN L A,LOVELADY C A,HEINIG M J,et al.Determinants of energy,protein,lipid,and lactose concentrations in human milk during the first 12 mo of lactation:the darling study[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,1991,53(2):457-465.DOI:10.1093/ajcn/53.2.457.
[15]MICHAELSEN K F,LARSEN P S,THOMSEN B L,et al.The copenhagen cohort study on infant nutrition and growth:breast-milk intake,human milk macronutrient content,and influencing factors[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,1994,59(3):600-611.DOI:10.1007/BF01094097.
[16]HESTER S N,HUSTEAD D S,MACKEY A D,et al.Is the macronutrient intake of formula-fed infants greater than breast-fed infants in early infancy?[J].Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism,2012,2012:1-7.DOI:10.1155/2012/891201.
[17]张兰威,周晓红.人乳营养成分及其变化[J].营养学报,1997,19(3):366-369.DOI:10.13325/j.cnki.acta.nutr.sin.1997.03.025.
[18]SHI Yudong,SUN Guoqing,ZHANG Zhiguo,et al.The chemical composition of human milk from Inner Mongolia of China[J].F o od ch emis tr y,2 0 11,1 27(3):11 9 3-1 19 8.D O I:1 0.1 0 16/j.foodchem.2011.01.123.
[19]MITOULAS L R,KENT J C,COX D B,et al.Variation in fat,lactose and protein in human milk over 24 h and throughout the first year of lactation[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2002,88(1):29-37.DOI:10.1079/BJNBJN2002579.
[20]PACKARD V.Human milk and infant formula[M].Netherlands:Elsevier,2012:7-28.
[21]刘翠平,苏米亚,齐晓彦,等.我国母乳宏量营养素分析研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(32):12610-12613.DOI:10.13989/j.cnki.0517-6611.2013.32.086.
[22]CHAVALITTAMRONG B,SUANPAN S,BOONVISUT S,et al.Protein and amino acids of breast milk from Thai mothers[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,1981,34(6):1126-1130.DOI:10.1093/ajcn/34.6.1126.
[23]江蕙芸,陈红慧,王艳华,等.南宁市乳母乳汁中营养素含量分析[J].广西医科大学学报,2005,22(5):690-692.DOI:10.16190/j.cnki.45-1211/r.2005.05.015.
[24]ZHANG Zhiying,ADELMAN A S,RAI D,et al.Amino acid profiles in term and preterm human milk through lactation:a systematic review[J].Nutrients,2013,5(12):4800-4821.DOI:10.3390/nu5124800.
[25]GARCIA-RODENAS C L,AFFOLTER M,VINYES-PARES G,et al.Amino acid composition of breast milk from urban Chinese mothers[J].Nutrients,2016,8(10):1-10.DOI:10.3390/nu8100606.
[26]REEDS P J.Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans[J].The Journal of Nutrition,2000,130(7):1835S-1840S.DOI:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801256.
[27]ROBINSON J L,MCBREAIRTY L E,RANDELL E W,et al.Restriction of dietary methyl donors limits methionine availability and affects the partitioning of dietary methionine for creatine and phosphatidylcholine synthesis in the neonatal piglet[J].The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,2016,35:81-86.DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.07.001.
[28]KUNZ C,LONNERDAL B.Re-evaluation of the whey protein/casein ratio of human milk[J].Acta Paediatrica,1992,81(2):107-112.DOI:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12184.x.
[29]HEINE W E,KLEIN P D,REEDS P J.The importance ofα-lactalbumin in infant nutrition[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1991,121(3):277-283.DOI:10.1093/jn/121.3.277.
[30]FENG Ping,GAO Ming,HOLLEY T,et al.Amino acid composition and protein content of mature human milk from nine countries[J].The FASEB Journal,2009,23(Suppl 1):LB448-LB448.
[31]何志谦,林敬本.广东地区母乳的氨基酸含量[J].营养学报,1988,25(3):39-41.DOI:10.13325/j.cnki.acta,nutr.sin.1988.02.007.
[32]赵熙和,徐志云,王燕芳,等.北京市城乡乳母营养状况,乳成分,乳量,及婴儿生长发育关系的研究IV.母乳中蛋白质及氨基酸含量[J].营养学报,1989(3):227-232.DOI:10.13325/j.cnki.Acta.nutr.sin.1989.03.008.
[33]LONNERDAL B O.Effects of maternal dietary intake on human milk composition[J].The Journal of Nutrition,1986,116(4):499-513.DOI:10.1016/S0271-5317(86)80113-0.
[34]翁梅倩,田小琳,吴圣楣,等.足月儿和早产儿母乳中游离和构成蛋白质的氨基酸含量动态比较[J].上海医学,1999,22(4):217-222.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9934.1999.04.007.
[35]AGOSTONI C,CARRATùB,BONIGLIA C,et al.Free glutamine and glutamic acid increase in human milk through a three-month lactation period[J].Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition,2000,31(5):508-512.DOI:10.1097/00005176-200011000-00011.
[36]CARRATùB,BONIGLIA C,SCALISE F,et al.Nitrogenous components of human milk:non-protein nitrogen,true protein and free amino acids[J].Food Chemistry,2003,81(3):357-362.DOI:10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00430-2.