大城市郊区乡村转型与重构的典型模式分析——以天津东丽区华明镇为例
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摘要
城市和乡村是连续统一体,乡村地域系统在城市化和工业化的带动下不断发生着转型与重构。探索乡村转型发展路径,总结成功经验模式,对促进乡村可持续发展乃至实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。城市郊区地处城乡交错带,相比农村腹地,乡村转型具有独特优势。本研究以华明镇为例,详细阐述了以城镇化整理路径实现乡村转型发展的典型模式。研究发现,华明镇乡村转型以"三整合"为标志,通过实施宅基地换房,建设现代农业产业园和工业园区,改革集体经济,创新金融服务,整合社区服务组织,实现了生产要素的优化配置,促进了村庄"人-地-业"协调发展。但是,以城镇化整理为主导的乡村转型模式,会造成传统乡村聚落的消失,需要强大的财政支持与政策体系支撑,仅适应于非农化水平较高的乡村地区,应审慎对待,不能盲目推进。
Rural and urban areas are continuous space. Under the influence of urbanization and industrialization, rural areas have been experiencing constant transformation and restructuring.It is important to understand what kind of transition has happened in rural areas and how the rural areas have been changed. Consequently, we need to explore the process of rural transformation and summarize some typical models. In this way, we can provide some successful experience to promote rural transformation and revitalization. Suburban areas are located in the fringe of city and countryside, where the urbanization and rurality are intersected with each other. Compared with the rural hinterland, suburban areas have more advantages to realize rural transformation due to its special position. In order to figure out the process of rural transformation in suburban areas, we take a case study of Huaming Township to clarify its development path to realize urban-rural integration. Our research shows that the rural transformation of Huaming Township could be summarized as"Three Integration Models",including space restructuring, industrial restructuring and organization restructuring. Firstly, the government purchased the rural construction land and implemented land reclamation, and local villagers moved into relocated buildings with decent compensation. Then the agricultural park and industrial park were constructed to develop facility agriculture and equipment manufacturing industry. In addition, some innovations occurred in the economic sector. For example, the rural collective economy was transformed into stocking system economy,villagers assembled their spare capital and initiated a village bank, so that farmers can acquire more profits and earn more money. The industrial park also abandoned some traditional dirty industry and introduced some advanced environmental industry in order to promote the local industrial structure. As for the social management, the government reformed the household registration system and grassroots organizations, transforming village committee into neighborhood committee and providing the same social insurance for villagers as citizens.Furthermore, the township integrated all law enforcement agencies into one team, so villagers can enjoy more convenient public service. With the adjustment of economic structure and relocation of rural space, Huaming Township has achieved coordinated development. However,this kind of development path like Huaming Township resulted in disappearance of traditional rural settlements, and it also needs strong financial and political foundation. Therefore, the Huaming model is only appropriate for those villages where residents are more inclined to nonagricultural employment and urban lifestyle.
Rural and urban areas are continuous space. Under the influence of urbanization and industrialization, rural areas have been experiencing constant transformation and restructuring.It is important to understand what kind of transition has happened in rural areas and how the rural areas have been changed. Consequently, we need to explore the process of rural transformation and summarize some typical models. In this way, we can provide some successful experience to promote rural transformation and revitalization. Suburban areas are located in the fringe of city and countryside, where the urbanization and rurality are intersected with each other. Compared with the rural hinterland, suburban areas have more advantages to realize rural transformation due to its special position. In order to figure out the process of rural transformation in suburban areas, we take a case study of Huaming Township to clarify its development path to realize urban-rural integration. Our research shows that the rural transformation of Huaming Township could be summarized as"Three Integration Models",including space restructuring, industrial restructuring and organization restructuring. Firstly, the government purchased the rural construction land and implemented land reclamation, and local villagers moved into relocated buildings with decent compensation. Then the agricultural park and industrial park were constructed to develop facility agriculture and equipment manufacturing industry. In addition, some innovations occurred in the economic sector. For example, the rural collective economy was transformed into stocking system economy,villagers assembled their spare capital and initiated a village bank, so that farmers can acquire more profits and earn more money. The industrial park also abandoned some traditional dirty industry and introduced some advanced environmental industry in order to promote the local industrial structure. As for the social management, the government reformed the household registration system and grassroots organizations, transforming village committee into neighborhood committee and providing the same social insurance for villagers as citizens.Furthermore, the township integrated all law enforcement agencies into one team, so villagers can enjoy more convenient public service. With the adjustment of economic structure and relocation of rural space, Huaming Township has achieved coordinated development. However,this kind of development path like Huaming Township resulted in disappearance of traditional rural settlements, and it also needs strong financial and political foundation. Therefore, the Huaming model is only appropriate for those villages where residents are more inclined to nonagricultural employment and urban lifestyle.
引文
[1]闫琳.英国乡村发展历程分析及启发.北京规划建设,2010,(1):24-29.[Yan Lin.Analysis of UK’s rural development process and its implication.Planning and Construction in Beijing,2010,(1):24-29.]
[2]周立,李彦岩,王彩虹,等.乡村振兴战略中的产业融合和六次产业发展.新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018,39(3):16-24.[Zhou Li,Li Yanan,Wang Caihong,et al.Development of industrial integration and sixth industry in rural vitalization strategy.Journal of Xinjiang Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2018,39(3):16-24.]
[3]李水山.韩国新乡村运动.小城镇建设,2005,(8):16-18.[Li Shuishan.New construction of countryside in South Korea.Small Town Construction,2005,(8):16-18.]
[4]任中平,王菲.经验与启示:城市化进程中的乡村治理:以日本、韩国与中国台湾地区为例.黑龙江社会科学,2016,(1):36-40.[Ren Zhongping,Wang Fei.Experience and implication:Rural governance under urbanization:A case study of Japan,South Korea and Taiwan District.Social Sciences in Heilongjiang,2016,(1):36-40.]
[5]董金柱.印度与巴西的乡村建设管理法规及启示.国际城市规划,2010,25(2):21-25.[Dong Jinzhu.India and Brazil's rural construction and management regulations:An overview and implications.Urban Planning International,2010,25(2):21-25.]
[6]申明锐,张京祥.新型城镇化背景下的中国乡村转型与复兴.城市规划,2015,39(1):30-34,63.[Shen Mingrui,Zhang Jingxiang.Chinese rural transformation and revival in the context of new urbanization.City Planning Review,2015,39(1):30-34,63.]
[7]龙花楼,李婷婷,邹健.我国乡村转型发展动力机制与优化对策的典型分析.经济地理,2011,31(12):2080-2085.[Long Hualou,Li Tingting,Zou Jian.Analysis of dynamical mechanism of rural transformation development in typical regions of China.Economic Geography,2011,31(12):2080-2085.]
[8]龙花楼,邹健.我国快速城镇化进程中的乡村转型发展.苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,32(4):97-100.[Long Hualou,Zou Jian.China’s rural transformation under the rapid urbanization context.Journal of Su Zhou University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2011,32(4):97-100.]
[9]刘彦随.中国东部沿海地区乡村转型发展与新农村建设.地理学报,2007,62(6):563-570.[Liu Yansui.Rural transformation development and new countryside construction in eastern coastal area of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(6):563-570.]
[10]杨忍.城乡发展转型中土地利用优化配置研究:以环渤海地区为例.北京:中国科学院大学,2013.[Yang Ren.Optimal allocation of land use under rural-urban development transformation:Case study of the area in the Bohai Rim in China.Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.]
[11]李婷婷,龙花楼.山东省乡村转型发展时空格局.地理研究,2014,33(3):490-500.[Li Tingting,Long Hualou.Study on the spatio-temporal pattern of rural transformation development in Shandong province.Geographical Research,2014,33(3):490-500.]
[12]刘彦随,刘玉,陈玉福.中国地域多功能性评价及其决策机制.地理学报,2011,66(10):1379-1389.[Liu Yansui,Liu Yu,Chen Yufu.Territorial multi-functionality evaluation and decision-making mechanism at county scale in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(10):1379-1389.]
[13]龙花楼,邹健,李婷婷,等.乡村转型发展特征评价及地域类型划分:以“苏南-陕北”样带为例.地理研究,2012,31(3):495-506.[Long Hualou,Zou Jian,Li Tingting,et al.Study on the characteristics and territorial types of rural transformation development:The case study of“Southern Jiangsu-Northern Shaanxi”transect.Geographical Research,2012,31(3):495-506.]
[14]王艳飞,刘彦随,李玉恒.乡村转型发展格局与驱动机制的区域性分析.经济地理,2016,36(5):135-142.[Wang Yanfei,Liu Yansui,Li Yuheng.The spatial disparity of rural transition development and regional characteristics of its driving forces.Economic Geography,2016,36(5):135-142.]
[15]张富刚,刘彦随.中国区域农村发展动力机制及其发展模式.地理学报,2008,63(2):115-122.[Zhang Fugang,Liu Yansui.Dynamic mechanism and models of regional rural development in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(2):115-122.]
[16]韩非,蔡建明.我国半城市化地区乡村聚落的形态演变与重建.地理研究,2011,30(7):1271-1284.[Han Fei,Cai Jianming.The evolution and reconstruction of peri-urban rural habitat in China.Geographical Research,2011,30(7):1271-1284.]
[17]刘彦随,刘玉,翟荣新.中国农村空心化的地理学研究与整治实践.地理学报,2009,64(10):1193-1202.[Liu Yansui,Liu Yu,Zhai Rongxin.Geographical research and optimizing practice of rural hollowing in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(10):1193-1202.]
[18]杨忍,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望:逻辑主线与内容框架.地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1019-1030.[Yang Ren,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou,et al.Research progress and prospect of rural transformation and reconstruction in China:Paradigms and main content.Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1019-1030.]
[19]龙花楼.论土地整治与乡村空间重构.地理学报,2013,68(8):1019-1028.[Long Hualou.Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1019-1028.]
[20]刘彦随,严镔,王艳飞.新时期中国城乡发展的主要问题与转型对策.经济地理,2016,36(7):1-8.[Liu Yansui,Yan Bin,Wang Yanfei.Urban-rural development problems and transformation countermeasures in the new period in China.Economic Geography,2016,36(7):1-8.]
[21]许婵,吕斌,文天祚.基于电子商务的县域就地城镇化与农村发展新模式研究.国际城市规划,2015,30(1):14-21.[Xu Chan,Lv Bin,Wen Tianzuo.New patterns of county in-situ urbanization and rural development based on E-commerce.Urban Planning International,2015,30(1):14-21.]
[22]刘彦随,周扬,刘继来.中国农村贫困化地域分异特征及其精准扶贫策略.中国科学院院刊,2016,(3):269-278.[Liu Yansui,Liu Jilai,Zhou Yang.Regional differentiation characteristics of rural poverty and targeted poverty alleviation in China.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016,(3):269-278.]
[23]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼.黄淮海典型地区村域转型发展的特征与机理.地理学报,2012,67(6):771-782.[Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou.Characteristics and mechanism of village transformation development in typical regions of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):771-782.]
[24]屠爽爽,龙花楼,李婷婷,等.中国村镇建设和农村发展的机理与模式研究.经济地理,2015,35(12):141-147,160.[Tu Shuangshuang,Long Hualou,Li Tingting,et al.The mechanism and models of villages and towns construction and rural development in China.Economic Geography,2015,35(12):141-147,160.]
[25]Pryor.Defining the rural-urban fringe.Social Forces,1968,47(2):202-215.
[26]张建明,许学强.城乡边缘带研究的回顾与展望.人文地理,1997,12(3):9-12,37.[Zhang Jianming,Xu XueQiang.Review and perspective of the studies on urban-rural fringe.Human Geography,1997,12(3):9-12,37.]
[27]罗彦,周春山.中国城乡边缘区研究的回顾和展望.城市发展研究,2005,12(1):25-30.[Luo Yan,Zhou Chunshan.The review and outlook on urban-rural fringe studies in China.Urban Studies,2005,12(1):25-30.]
[28]陈佑启.试论城乡交错带及其特征与功能.经济地理,1996,16(3):27-31.[Chen Youqi.Analysis of the characteristics and function of urban-rural fringe.Economic Geography,1996,16(3):27-31.]
[29]郭艳军,刘彦随,李裕瑞.农村内生式发展机理与实证分析:以北京市顺义区北郎中村为例.经济地理,2012,32(9):114-119,125.[Guo Yanjun,Liu Yansui,Li Yurui.Study on rural endogenous development driven by inner power.Economic Geography,2012,32(9):114-119,125.]
[30]王勇,李广斌.苏南乡村聚落功能三次转型及其空间形态重构:以苏州为例.城市规划,2011,35(7):54-60.[Wang Yong,Li Guangbin.Functional transformation and spatial restructuring of rural settlements in southern Jiangsu:A case study of Suzhou.City Planning Review,2011,35(7):54-60.]
[2]周立,李彦岩,王彩虹,等.乡村振兴战略中的产业融合和六次产业发展.新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018,39(3):16-24.[Zhou Li,Li Yanan,Wang Caihong,et al.Development of industrial integration and sixth industry in rural vitalization strategy.Journal of Xinjiang Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2018,39(3):16-24.]
[3]李水山.韩国新乡村运动.小城镇建设,2005,(8):16-18.[Li Shuishan.New construction of countryside in South Korea.Small Town Construction,2005,(8):16-18.]
[4]任中平,王菲.经验与启示:城市化进程中的乡村治理:以日本、韩国与中国台湾地区为例.黑龙江社会科学,2016,(1):36-40.[Ren Zhongping,Wang Fei.Experience and implication:Rural governance under urbanization:A case study of Japan,South Korea and Taiwan District.Social Sciences in Heilongjiang,2016,(1):36-40.]
[5]董金柱.印度与巴西的乡村建设管理法规及启示.国际城市规划,2010,25(2):21-25.[Dong Jinzhu.India and Brazil's rural construction and management regulations:An overview and implications.Urban Planning International,2010,25(2):21-25.]
[6]申明锐,张京祥.新型城镇化背景下的中国乡村转型与复兴.城市规划,2015,39(1):30-34,63.[Shen Mingrui,Zhang Jingxiang.Chinese rural transformation and revival in the context of new urbanization.City Planning Review,2015,39(1):30-34,63.]
[7]龙花楼,李婷婷,邹健.我国乡村转型发展动力机制与优化对策的典型分析.经济地理,2011,31(12):2080-2085.[Long Hualou,Li Tingting,Zou Jian.Analysis of dynamical mechanism of rural transformation development in typical regions of China.Economic Geography,2011,31(12):2080-2085.]
[8]龙花楼,邹健.我国快速城镇化进程中的乡村转型发展.苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,32(4):97-100.[Long Hualou,Zou Jian.China’s rural transformation under the rapid urbanization context.Journal of Su Zhou University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2011,32(4):97-100.]
[9]刘彦随.中国东部沿海地区乡村转型发展与新农村建设.地理学报,2007,62(6):563-570.[Liu Yansui.Rural transformation development and new countryside construction in eastern coastal area of China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(6):563-570.]
[10]杨忍.城乡发展转型中土地利用优化配置研究:以环渤海地区为例.北京:中国科学院大学,2013.[Yang Ren.Optimal allocation of land use under rural-urban development transformation:Case study of the area in the Bohai Rim in China.Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013.]
[11]李婷婷,龙花楼.山东省乡村转型发展时空格局.地理研究,2014,33(3):490-500.[Li Tingting,Long Hualou.Study on the spatio-temporal pattern of rural transformation development in Shandong province.Geographical Research,2014,33(3):490-500.]
[12]刘彦随,刘玉,陈玉福.中国地域多功能性评价及其决策机制.地理学报,2011,66(10):1379-1389.[Liu Yansui,Liu Yu,Chen Yufu.Territorial multi-functionality evaluation and decision-making mechanism at county scale in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(10):1379-1389.]
[13]龙花楼,邹健,李婷婷,等.乡村转型发展特征评价及地域类型划分:以“苏南-陕北”样带为例.地理研究,2012,31(3):495-506.[Long Hualou,Zou Jian,Li Tingting,et al.Study on the characteristics and territorial types of rural transformation development:The case study of“Southern Jiangsu-Northern Shaanxi”transect.Geographical Research,2012,31(3):495-506.]
[14]王艳飞,刘彦随,李玉恒.乡村转型发展格局与驱动机制的区域性分析.经济地理,2016,36(5):135-142.[Wang Yanfei,Liu Yansui,Li Yuheng.The spatial disparity of rural transition development and regional characteristics of its driving forces.Economic Geography,2016,36(5):135-142.]
[15]张富刚,刘彦随.中国区域农村发展动力机制及其发展模式.地理学报,2008,63(2):115-122.[Zhang Fugang,Liu Yansui.Dynamic mechanism and models of regional rural development in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(2):115-122.]
[16]韩非,蔡建明.我国半城市化地区乡村聚落的形态演变与重建.地理研究,2011,30(7):1271-1284.[Han Fei,Cai Jianming.The evolution and reconstruction of peri-urban rural habitat in China.Geographical Research,2011,30(7):1271-1284.]
[17]刘彦随,刘玉,翟荣新.中国农村空心化的地理学研究与整治实践.地理学报,2009,64(10):1193-1202.[Liu Yansui,Liu Yu,Zhai Rongxin.Geographical research and optimizing practice of rural hollowing in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(10):1193-1202.]
[18]杨忍,刘彦随,龙花楼,等.中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望:逻辑主线与内容框架.地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1019-1030.[Yang Ren,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou,et al.Research progress and prospect of rural transformation and reconstruction in China:Paradigms and main content.Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1019-1030.]
[19]龙花楼.论土地整治与乡村空间重构.地理学报,2013,68(8):1019-1028.[Long Hualou.Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(8):1019-1028.]
[20]刘彦随,严镔,王艳飞.新时期中国城乡发展的主要问题与转型对策.经济地理,2016,36(7):1-8.[Liu Yansui,Yan Bin,Wang Yanfei.Urban-rural development problems and transformation countermeasures in the new period in China.Economic Geography,2016,36(7):1-8.]
[21]许婵,吕斌,文天祚.基于电子商务的县域就地城镇化与农村发展新模式研究.国际城市规划,2015,30(1):14-21.[Xu Chan,Lv Bin,Wen Tianzuo.New patterns of county in-situ urbanization and rural development based on E-commerce.Urban Planning International,2015,30(1):14-21.]
[22]刘彦随,周扬,刘继来.中国农村贫困化地域分异特征及其精准扶贫策略.中国科学院院刊,2016,(3):269-278.[Liu Yansui,Liu Jilai,Zhou Yang.Regional differentiation characteristics of rural poverty and targeted poverty alleviation in China.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016,(3):269-278.]
[23]李裕瑞,刘彦随,龙花楼.黄淮海典型地区村域转型发展的特征与机理.地理学报,2012,67(6):771-782.[Li Yurui,Liu Yansui,Long Hualou.Characteristics and mechanism of village transformation development in typical regions of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(6):771-782.]
[24]屠爽爽,龙花楼,李婷婷,等.中国村镇建设和农村发展的机理与模式研究.经济地理,2015,35(12):141-147,160.[Tu Shuangshuang,Long Hualou,Li Tingting,et al.The mechanism and models of villages and towns construction and rural development in China.Economic Geography,2015,35(12):141-147,160.]
[25]Pryor.Defining the rural-urban fringe.Social Forces,1968,47(2):202-215.
[26]张建明,许学强.城乡边缘带研究的回顾与展望.人文地理,1997,12(3):9-12,37.[Zhang Jianming,Xu XueQiang.Review and perspective of the studies on urban-rural fringe.Human Geography,1997,12(3):9-12,37.]
[27]罗彦,周春山.中国城乡边缘区研究的回顾和展望.城市发展研究,2005,12(1):25-30.[Luo Yan,Zhou Chunshan.The review and outlook on urban-rural fringe studies in China.Urban Studies,2005,12(1):25-30.]
[28]陈佑启.试论城乡交错带及其特征与功能.经济地理,1996,16(3):27-31.[Chen Youqi.Analysis of the characteristics and function of urban-rural fringe.Economic Geography,1996,16(3):27-31.]
[29]郭艳军,刘彦随,李裕瑞.农村内生式发展机理与实证分析:以北京市顺义区北郎中村为例.经济地理,2012,32(9):114-119,125.[Guo Yanjun,Liu Yansui,Li Yurui.Study on rural endogenous development driven by inner power.Economic Geography,2012,32(9):114-119,125.]
[30]王勇,李广斌.苏南乡村聚落功能三次转型及其空间形态重构:以苏州为例.城市规划,2011,35(7):54-60.[Wang Yong,Li Guangbin.Functional transformation and spatial restructuring of rural settlements in southern Jiangsu:A case study of Suzhou.City Planning Review,2011,35(7):54-60.]