基于地统计学的土壤团聚体空间变异研究进展
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摘要
团聚体是土壤基本结构单元,犹如生物体的细胞,深刻影响着土壤肥力和植物生长,并在土壤抗蚀性、土壤修复、全球碳汇效应等方面起着重要作用。过去研究多关注于土壤团聚体的微观形成过程与稳定机制。由于土壤特性、自然要素、人为活动等多因素共同驱动,团聚体的微观尺度分析并不能完全理解团聚体在生态系统中的作用与功能;同时,团聚体结构和稳定性具有高度空间异质性,传统的经典统计学方法难以反映真实状态下团聚体的空间格局,使得其研究方法逐渐过渡到地统计学。本文综述国内外基于GIS和地统计学的土壤团聚体空间变异性的研究现状,分析空间定量方法和尺度效应,总结团聚体空间变异的定量方法、影响因素、空间变异预测模型及其可视化方法,提出了当前研究存在的主要问题,展望了GIS和地统计学在土壤团聚体空间变异性中的研究前景。
[Background] Soil aggregate is to soil what cell is to organism. They have profoundly impacts on soil fertility and plant growth,and play important roles in soil resistance to erosion,soil remediation,and global carbon cycling,etc. The aim of this review is to find out the main issues in current researches,and provide an outlook of the potential for GIS and geostatistics application in spatial variability of soil aggregate. [Methods] We collected all relevant literature for this review. Based on these references,we reviewed the current development of spatial variability of soil aggregates by using GIS and geostatistics,analyzed spatial quantification methods and scale effects,summarized the factors influencing the spatial variation of soil aggregate,and the modeling of spatial variability prediction of aggregate stability. [Results] Current researches about geostatistics have made some progress in the spatial variability of soil aggregate. However,due to the spatio-temporal variability of soil properties,climate,topography,vegetation and human activities,the relevant researches need to be further studied.1) At different spatial scales,the contribution of soil properties,natural factors,and human activities to the spatial variability of aggregate stability are unclear. 2) Some studies have used remote sensing data,DEM and other readily available data for spatial prediction of aggregate stability. The low spatial resolution cannot reflect the spatial variation in detail. Therefore,it is necessary to further improve the resolution of remote sensing data and predict the spatial variability of aggregate stability with a higher precision. [Conclusions] Previous studies placed emphasis on the formation process and stabilization mechanisms of soil aggregates at micro-scale. However,these micro-scale analyses cannot fully reveal the roles and functions of soil aggregates in ecosystems due to the fact that the eco-role of soil aggregate is affected by a combination of factors,such as soil properties,natural environment,and human activities,etc. In addition,the spatial heterogeneity in the aggregate structure and stability raises the difficulty in deriving the spatial pattern of soil aggregates with traditional classical statistics under real conditions,which makes geostatistics gradually be introduced in soil aggregates analysis. A large number of new methods and the continuous improvement of geostatistics are being applied to soil science. We should try to introduce the new analytical methods and models to analyze the spatial variability of soil aggregate. It is of great significance to study the formation process of aggregate,the influence factors of aggregate stability and the contribution of influence factors to aggregate stability,to understand the formation mechanism of aggregate,and to accurately explore the factors affecting the formation and stability of soil aggregate.
[Background] Soil aggregate is to soil what cell is to organism. They have profoundly impacts on soil fertility and plant growth,and play important roles in soil resistance to erosion,soil remediation,and global carbon cycling,etc. The aim of this review is to find out the main issues in current researches,and provide an outlook of the potential for GIS and geostatistics application in spatial variability of soil aggregate. [Methods] We collected all relevant literature for this review. Based on these references,we reviewed the current development of spatial variability of soil aggregates by using GIS and geostatistics,analyzed spatial quantification methods and scale effects,summarized the factors influencing the spatial variation of soil aggregate,and the modeling of spatial variability prediction of aggregate stability. [Results] Current researches about geostatistics have made some progress in the spatial variability of soil aggregate. However,due to the spatio-temporal variability of soil properties,climate,topography,vegetation and human activities,the relevant researches need to be further studied.1) At different spatial scales,the contribution of soil properties,natural factors,and human activities to the spatial variability of aggregate stability are unclear. 2) Some studies have used remote sensing data,DEM and other readily available data for spatial prediction of aggregate stability. The low spatial resolution cannot reflect the spatial variation in detail. Therefore,it is necessary to further improve the resolution of remote sensing data and predict the spatial variability of aggregate stability with a higher precision. [Conclusions] Previous studies placed emphasis on the formation process and stabilization mechanisms of soil aggregates at micro-scale. However,these micro-scale analyses cannot fully reveal the roles and functions of soil aggregates in ecosystems due to the fact that the eco-role of soil aggregate is affected by a combination of factors,such as soil properties,natural environment,and human activities,etc. In addition,the spatial heterogeneity in the aggregate structure and stability raises the difficulty in deriving the spatial pattern of soil aggregates with traditional classical statistics under real conditions,which makes geostatistics gradually be introduced in soil aggregates analysis. A large number of new methods and the continuous improvement of geostatistics are being applied to soil science. We should try to introduce the new analytical methods and models to analyze the spatial variability of soil aggregate. It is of great significance to study the formation process of aggregate,the influence factors of aggregate stability and the contribution of influence factors to aggregate stability,to understand the formation mechanism of aggregate,and to accurately explore the factors affecting the formation and stability of soil aggregate.
引文
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[2]BURROUGH P.Soil variability:a late 20th century view[J].Soils and fertilizers,1993,56(5):529.
[3]JASTROW J,MILLER R.Soil aggregate stabilization and carbon sequestration:Feedbacks through organomineral associations[J].Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle,1997,207.
[4]CAMPBELL J B.Spatial variation of sand content and p Hwithin single contiguous delineations of two soil mapping units[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1978,42(3):460.
[5]MCGRATH D,ZHANG C S,CARTON O T.Geostatistical analyses and hazard assessment on soil lead in Silvermines area,Ireland[J].Environmental Pollution,2004,127(2):239.
[6]LI Y Q,WANG X Y,NIU Y Y,et al.Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in the ecologically fragile Horqin Grassland of northeastern China[J].Geoderma,2018,325,102.
[7]CASTRIGNANO A,STELLUTI M.Fractal geometry and geostatistics for describing the field variability of soil aggregation[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research,1999,73(1):13.
[8]YE L P,TAN W F,FANG L C,et al.Spatial analysis of soil aggregate stability in a small catchment of the Loess Plateau,China:I.Spatial variability[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2018,179:71.
[9]VEIHE A.The spatial variability of erodibility and its relation to soil types:A study from northern Ghana[J].Geoderma,2002,106(1/2):101.
[10]KAVDIR Y,OZCAN H,EKINCI H,et al.The influence of clay content,organic carbon and land use types on soil aggregate stability and tensile strength[J].Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry,2004,28:155.
[11]SIQUEIRA D S,MARQUES J,PEREIRA G T.The use of landforms to predict the variability of soil and orange attributes[J].Geoderma,2010,155(1/2):55.
[12]BARIK K,AKSAKAL E L,ISLAM K R,et al.Spatial variability in soil compaction properties associated with field traffic operations[J].Catena,2014,120:122.
[13]吕军,俞劲炎.水稻土物理性质空间变异性研究[J].土壤学报,1990,27(1):8.LJun,YU Jinyan.Spatial variability of physical properties of paddy soil in field[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1990,27(1):8.
[14]梁春祥,姚贤良.华中丘陵红壤物理性质空间变异性的研究[J].土壤学报,1993,30(1):69.LIANG Chunxiang,YAO Xianliang.Spatial variability of physical properties of red soil in hilly land of central China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1993,30(1):69.
[15]司炳成,褚达华.田间土壤某些特性的空间变异分析与kriging和cokriging分析:Ⅰ.空间变异分析[J].河北农业大学学报,1990,13(1):22.SI Bingcheng,CHU Dahua.Structural analysis and kriging,cokriging analysis of some soil properties I.Structural analysis[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural University,1990,13(1):22.
[16]司炳成,褚达华.田间土壤某些特性的空间变异分析与kriging和cokrignig分析Ⅱ.Kriging分析[J].河北农业大学学报,1991,14(2):15.SI Bingcheng,CHU Dahua.Spatial structural analysis and Kriging or Cokriging analysis of some soil propertiesⅡ.Kriging analysis[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural University,1991,14(2):15.
[17]SHOUSE P J,GERIK T J,RUSSELL W B,et al.Spatial distribution of soil particle size and aggregate stability index in a clay soil[J].Soil Science,1990,149(6):351.
[18]卢金伟,李占斌.土壤团聚体研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(1):81.LU Jinwei,LI Zhanbin.Advance in soil aggregate study[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,9(1):81.
[19]OZTAS T,FAYETORBAY F.Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability[J].Catena,2003,52(1):1.
[20]OZGUL M,AKSAKAL E L,GUNES A,et al.Influence of global warming on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity under highland soil order in turkey[J].Soil Science,2011,176(10):559.
[21]GRAF F,FREI M.Soil aggregate stability related to soil density,root length,and mycorrhiza using site-specific Alnus incana and Melanogaster variegatus s.l[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,57,314.
[22]陈晓芬,李忠佩,刘明,等.不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土团聚体有机碳、氮分布和微生物生物量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(5):950.CHEN Xiaofen,LI Zhongpei,LIU Ming,et al.Effects of different fertilizations on organic carbon and nitrogen contents in water-stable aggregates and microbial biomass content in paddy soil of subtropical China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(5):950.
[23]CAMARGO L A,MARQUES J NIOR J,PEREIRA GT,et al.Spatial variability of mineralogical attributes of an oxisol under different relief forms:II-correlation between mineralogy and aggregation[J].Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo,2008,32(6):2279.
[24]MUMMEY D L,CLARKE J T,COLE C A,et al.Spatial analysis reveals differences in soil microbial community interactions between adjacent coniferous forest and clearcut ecosystems[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2010,42(7):1138.
[25]YEKZABAN A,SHABANPOUR M,DAVATGAR N.Spatial distribution of soil aggregate stability(MWD)as compared to particle size distribution(PSD)using geostatistics[J].Scientific Journal Of Environmental Sciences,2014,3(4):28.
[26]ZTA爦T,CANBOLAT M Y,SNMEZ K.Strength of individual soil aggregates against crushing forces ii.influence of selected soil properties[J].Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry,1999,23(6):573.
[27]GOKALP Z,BASARAN M,UZUN O,et al.Spatial analysis of some physical soil properties in a saline and alkaline grassland soil of Kayseri,Turkey[J].African Journal of Agricultural Research,2010,5(10):1127.
[28]MOHAMMADI J,MOTAGHIAN M H.Spatial Prediction of Soil Aggregate Stability and Aggregate-Associated Organic Carbon Content at the Catchment Scale Using Geostatistical Techniques[J].Pedosphere,2011,21(3):389.
[29]OZGOZ E,GUNAL H,ACIR N,et al.Soil quality and spatial variability assessment of land use effects in a Typic Haplustoll[J].Land Degradation&Development,2013,24(3):277.
[30]BASARAN M,ERPUL G,OZCAN A U.Variation of macro-aggregate stability and organic matter fractions in the basin of Saraykoy II Irrigation Dam,Cankiri,Turkey[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2008,17(2):224.
[31]DE SOUZA Z M,MARQUES J,PEREIRA G T,et al.Spatial variability of aggregate stability in latosols under sugarcane[J].Revista Brasileira De Ciencia Do Solo,2009,33(2):245.
[32]薛涛.小流域土壤团聚体稳定性及空间变异特征研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2010:1.XUE Tao.Characteristics of soil aggregation stability and its spatial variability in the small watershed of south Hunan Province[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2010:1.
[33]TROEH F R.Landform equations fitted to contour maps[J].American Journal of Science,1965,263(7):616.
[34]JAKSIK O,KODESOVA R,KUBIS A,et al.Soil aggregate stability within morphologically diverse areas[J].Catena,2015,127:287.
[35]ZADOROVA T,JAKK O,KODEOV R,et al.Influence of terrain attributes and soil properties on soil aggregate stability[J].Soil and Water Research,2011,6(3):111.
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