新型水泥环完整性可视化和量化试验装置
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摘要
为了研究热循环过程中水泥环破裂机理,研发了新型水泥环完整性可视化和量化试验装置。该装置可用不同类型的岩石、套管、水泥体系及钻井液进行试验,通过X射线CT扫描可进行热循环前、后水泥环完整性3D可视化,并量化水泥-套管界面和水泥-地层界面胶接及水泥环中的裂缝比例。虽然试验结果未必代表现场情形,但该新型试验装置非常适合定性研究不同间隙、井眼尺寸和岩石类型对不同水泥体系完整性的影响,从而深刻认识水泥环降解机理;建议对试验装置和步骤进行改进,实现岩石周围更多的限制及水泥浆泵入方式,并使用分辨率更高的CT扫描仪,以便观察微小裂缝的脱粘区域。在此基础上进行更多类型岩石、不同尺寸套管及不同水泥体系的试验,为多环境下的现场施工提供借鉴。
To study the cracking mechanism of cement sheath during thermal cycling,an experimental setup for visualization and quantification of cement sheath integrity is developed. The setup can be used for testing different types of rock,casing,cement systems and drilling fluids. The 3D visualization of the cement sheath integrity before and after thermal cycling can be performed by X-ray CT scanning. The cement-casing interface and the cement-formation interface and the proportion of cracks in cement sheath can be quantified. Although the test results may not represent the on-site situation,the new setup is ideally suited for the qualitative study of the effects of different gaps,wellbore sizes and rock types on the integrity of different cement systems,thereby profoundly understanding the cement sheath degradation mechanism. Improvements of the setup and the test procedures are suggested to achieve more restrictions around the rock and allow different pumping procedures of cement slurry. A higher resolution CT scanner is recommended to observe the debonded areas of the micro-crack. Based on the improvement,more types of rock,different casing sizes and different cement systems could be tested to provide supports for on-site operation under variable environments.
To study the cracking mechanism of cement sheath during thermal cycling,an experimental setup for visualization and quantification of cement sheath integrity is developed. The setup can be used for testing different types of rock,casing,cement systems and drilling fluids. The 3D visualization of the cement sheath integrity before and after thermal cycling can be performed by X-ray CT scanning. The cement-casing interface and the cement-formation interface and the proportion of cracks in cement sheath can be quantified. Although the test results may not represent the on-site situation,the new setup is ideally suited for the qualitative study of the effects of different gaps,wellbore sizes and rock types on the integrity of different cement systems,thereby profoundly understanding the cement sheath degradation mechanism. Improvements of the setup and the test procedures are suggested to achieve more restrictions around the rock and allow different pumping procedures of cement slurry. A higher resolution CT scanner is recommended to observe the debonded areas of the micro-crack. Based on the improvement,more types of rock,different casing sizes and different cement systems could be tested to provide supports for on-site operation under variable environments.
引文
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[2]VIGNES B,AADNOY B S.Well-integrity issues offshore norway[R].SPE 112535,2008.
[3]GARNIER A,SAINT-MARC J,BOIS A P,et al.An innovative methodology for designing cement-sheath integrity exposed to steam stimulation[R].SPE 117709,2010.
[4]PATIL R,GARNIER A,GALDIOLO G,et al.Designing and testing cement system for SAGD application[R].SPE 134169,2010.
[5]SAINT-MARC J,GARNIER A,BOIS A P.Initial state of stress:The key to achieving long-term cement-sheath integrity[R].SPE 116651,2008.
[6]BOIS A P,GARNIER A,RODOT F,et al.How to prevent loss of zonal isolation through a comprehensive analysis of microannulus formation[R].SPE 124719,2011.
[7]BOIS A P,GARNIER A,GALDIOLO G,et al.Use of a mechanistic model to forecast cement-sheath integrity[R].SPE 139668,2012.
[8]CARTER L G,EVANS G W.A study of cement-pipe bonding[R].SPE 764,1964.
[9]BEARDEN W G,SPURLOCK J W,HOWARD G C.Control and prevention of inter-zonal flow[R].SPE903,1965.
[10]PARCEVAUX P A,SAULT P H.Cement shrinkage and elasticity:A new approach for a good zonal isolation[R].SPE 13176,1984.
[11]CARPENTER R B,BRADY J L,BLOUNT C G.The effects of temperature and cement admixes on bond strength[R].SPE 22063,1992.
[12]GOODWIN K J,CROOK R J.Cement sheath stress failure[R].SPE 20453,1992.
[13]JACKSON P B,MURPHEY C E.Effect of casing pressure on gas flow through a sheath of set cement[R].SPE 25698,1993.
[14]BOUKHELIFA L,MORONI N,JAMES S,et al.Evaluation of cement systems for oil and gas well zonal isolation in a full-scale annular geometry[R].SPE87195,2005.
[15]SHADRAVAN A,SCHUBERT J,AMANI M,et al.Using fatigue-failure envelope for cement-sheath-integrity evaluation[R].SPE 168321,2015.
[16]ALBAWIA,DE ANDRADE J,TORSAETER M,et al.Experimental set-up for testing cement sheath integrity in Arctic wells[R].OTC 24587,2014.
[17]DE ANDRADE J,TORSAETER M,TODOROVIC J,et al.Influence of casing centralization on cement sheath integrity during thermal cycling[R].SPE168012,2014.
[18]TODOROVIC J,GAWEL K,LAVROV A,et al.Integrity of downscaled well models subject to cooling[R].SPE 180052,2016.
[19]OPEDAL N,TODOROVIC J,TORSAETER M,et al.Experimental study on the cement-formation bonding[R].SPE 168138,2014.
[20]SKORPA R,VRALSTAD T.Visualization and quantification of fluid flow through degraded cement sheaths[R].SPE 180019,2016.
[21]LAVROV A,TODOROVIC J,TORSAETER M.Numerical study of tensile thermal stresses in a casing-cement-rock system with heterogeneities[C]∥Proceedings of the 49th U.S.rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.San Francisco,California:ARMA,2015.
[22]LAVROV A,TORSAETER M,ALBAWI A,et al.Near-well integrity and thermal effects:A computational road from laboratory to field scale[C]∥Proceedings of the 48th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium proceedings.Minneapolis:ARMA,2014.
[23]ROY P,WALSH S D C,MORRIS J P,et al.Studying the impact of thermal cycling on wellbore integrity during CO2injection[C]∥Proceedings of the 50th U.S.rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.Houston,Texas:ARMA,2016.
[24]VRALSTAD T,SKORPA P,OPEDAL N,et al.Effect of thermal cycling on cement sheath integrity:Realistic experimental tests and simulation of resulting leakages[R].SPE 178467,2015.
[25]DE ANDRADE J,SANGESLAND S,SKORPA R,et al.Experimental laboratory setup for visualization and quantification of cement-sheath integrity[R].SPE173871,2016.
[2]VIGNES B,AADNOY B S.Well-integrity issues offshore norway[R].SPE 112535,2008.
[3]GARNIER A,SAINT-MARC J,BOIS A P,et al.An innovative methodology for designing cement-sheath integrity exposed to steam stimulation[R].SPE 117709,2010.
[4]PATIL R,GARNIER A,GALDIOLO G,et al.Designing and testing cement system for SAGD application[R].SPE 134169,2010.
[5]SAINT-MARC J,GARNIER A,BOIS A P.Initial state of stress:The key to achieving long-term cement-sheath integrity[R].SPE 116651,2008.
[6]BOIS A P,GARNIER A,RODOT F,et al.How to prevent loss of zonal isolation through a comprehensive analysis of microannulus formation[R].SPE 124719,2011.
[7]BOIS A P,GARNIER A,GALDIOLO G,et al.Use of a mechanistic model to forecast cement-sheath integrity[R].SPE 139668,2012.
[8]CARTER L G,EVANS G W.A study of cement-pipe bonding[R].SPE 764,1964.
[9]BEARDEN W G,SPURLOCK J W,HOWARD G C.Control and prevention of inter-zonal flow[R].SPE903,1965.
[10]PARCEVAUX P A,SAULT P H.Cement shrinkage and elasticity:A new approach for a good zonal isolation[R].SPE 13176,1984.
[11]CARPENTER R B,BRADY J L,BLOUNT C G.The effects of temperature and cement admixes on bond strength[R].SPE 22063,1992.
[12]GOODWIN K J,CROOK R J.Cement sheath stress failure[R].SPE 20453,1992.
[13]JACKSON P B,MURPHEY C E.Effect of casing pressure on gas flow through a sheath of set cement[R].SPE 25698,1993.
[14]BOUKHELIFA L,MORONI N,JAMES S,et al.Evaluation of cement systems for oil and gas well zonal isolation in a full-scale annular geometry[R].SPE87195,2005.
[15]SHADRAVAN A,SCHUBERT J,AMANI M,et al.Using fatigue-failure envelope for cement-sheath-integrity evaluation[R].SPE 168321,2015.
[16]ALBAWIA,DE ANDRADE J,TORSAETER M,et al.Experimental set-up for testing cement sheath integrity in Arctic wells[R].OTC 24587,2014.
[17]DE ANDRADE J,TORSAETER M,TODOROVIC J,et al.Influence of casing centralization on cement sheath integrity during thermal cycling[R].SPE168012,2014.
[18]TODOROVIC J,GAWEL K,LAVROV A,et al.Integrity of downscaled well models subject to cooling[R].SPE 180052,2016.
[19]OPEDAL N,TODOROVIC J,TORSAETER M,et al.Experimental study on the cement-formation bonding[R].SPE 168138,2014.
[20]SKORPA R,VRALSTAD T.Visualization and quantification of fluid flow through degraded cement sheaths[R].SPE 180019,2016.
[21]LAVROV A,TODOROVIC J,TORSAETER M.Numerical study of tensile thermal stresses in a casing-cement-rock system with heterogeneities[C]∥Proceedings of the 49th U.S.rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.San Francisco,California:ARMA,2015.
[22]LAVROV A,TORSAETER M,ALBAWI A,et al.Near-well integrity and thermal effects:A computational road from laboratory to field scale[C]∥Proceedings of the 48th US rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium proceedings.Minneapolis:ARMA,2014.
[23]ROY P,WALSH S D C,MORRIS J P,et al.Studying the impact of thermal cycling on wellbore integrity during CO2injection[C]∥Proceedings of the 50th U.S.rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium.Houston,Texas:ARMA,2016.
[24]VRALSTAD T,SKORPA P,OPEDAL N,et al.Effect of thermal cycling on cement sheath integrity:Realistic experimental tests and simulation of resulting leakages[R].SPE 178467,2015.
[25]DE ANDRADE J,SANGESLAND S,SKORPA R,et al.Experimental laboratory setup for visualization and quantification of cement-sheath integrity[R].SPE173871,2016.