博士研究生“申请-审核”制度探究
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摘要
博士研究生"申请-审核"制招生的社会基础主要体现在两方面:博士研究生招生考试不是国家教育考试,没有专门的教育考试机构统一组织实施,其权威性、规范性和整体性不如国家教育考试强;博士研究生招生考试不是大规模高利害考试,具有自主性大、分散性强等特点。其院校基础主要体现在三个方面:博士研究生"申请-审核"制招生与早已实施多年的"硕博连读"相似,在选拔机制上是如出一辙的,"硕博连读"可以看作另一种形式的"申请-审核"制,是"申请-审核"制的一种变化形态;院校博士研究生的教育目标与"申请-审核"制招生的设计初衷相契合:相对于普通考试能够考查学生的显性知识而言,"申请-审核"制能够考查出学生内化的默会知识,这种难以用考试的方式考查出来的默会知识对于博士研究生教育而言,是其从事科学研究及创新性思维乃至获得更大科研成果的重要基础;院校博士研究生教育中隐含了严格的淘汰机制。只有将招生考试和人才培养的全过程结合起来,以灵活多样的形式在培养过程中"淘汰"不合格的学生,才能真正促进高等教育质量的提升。
The social foundation of doctoral students " Application-Audit" system of enrollment mainly exists in two aspects.Firstly,doctoral graduate students' entrance exam is not a national education examination.As a result,there is no special educational examination organization to organize and implement,and its authority,standardization and integrity are not as strong as the national education examination.Secondly,doctoral graduate students' entrance exam is not a largescale and high-stake test,and it has the characteristics of large autonomy and strong dispersion.Therefore,from the scale and extent of interest,it is far less than the college entrance examination and postgraduate entrance examination.The college foundation of doctoral students " ApplicationAudit" system of enrollment mainly exists in three aspects.Firstly, " Application-Audit" system is similar to the " MD-PhD" mode,which has been implemented for many years.In its selection,the mechanism is exactly the same. " MD-PhD" mode could be regarded as another form of " Application-Audit" system.Secondly,the educational objective of doctoral students corresponds to the original intention of the " Application-Audit" system. " Application-Audit" system can be used in founding the students' tacit knowledge which is essentially a kind of understanding and judgment comparing with the common test,which can be used to test students' explicit knowledge.The tacit knowledge,which is difficult to be tested by the way of examination,is an important basis for scientific research and innovative thinking and even greater scientific research.Thirdly,in the doctoral graduate student education,there is the hidden elimination mechanism.Only by combining the whole process of the entrance examination and the training of talents,can the unqualified students be eliminated in the course of training in flexible and diverse forms;thus,the quality of higher education can be literally promoted.
The social foundation of doctoral students " Application-Audit" system of enrollment mainly exists in two aspects.Firstly,doctoral graduate students' entrance exam is not a national education examination.As a result,there is no special educational examination organization to organize and implement,and its authority,standardization and integrity are not as strong as the national education examination.Secondly,doctoral graduate students' entrance exam is not a largescale and high-stake test,and it has the characteristics of large autonomy and strong dispersion.Therefore,from the scale and extent of interest,it is far less than the college entrance examination and postgraduate entrance examination.The college foundation of doctoral students " ApplicationAudit" system of enrollment mainly exists in three aspects.Firstly, " Application-Audit" system is similar to the " MD-PhD" mode,which has been implemented for many years.In its selection,the mechanism is exactly the same. " MD-PhD" mode could be regarded as another form of " Application-Audit" system.Secondly,the educational objective of doctoral students corresponds to the original intention of the " Application-Audit" system. " Application-Audit" system can be used in founding the students' tacit knowledge which is essentially a kind of understanding and judgment comparing with the common test,which can be used to test students' explicit knowledge.The tacit knowledge,which is difficult to be tested by the way of examination,is an important basis for scientific research and innovative thinking and even greater scientific research.Thirdly,in the doctoral graduate student education,there is the hidden elimination mechanism.Only by combining the whole process of the entrance examination and the training of talents,can the unqualified students be eliminated in the course of training in flexible and diverse forms;thus,the quality of higher education can be literally promoted.
引文
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[2]李欣.美国高利害测验项目解析[J].外国教育研究,2012(7):87-94.
[3]郑若玲,陈为峰.大规模高利害考试之负面后效——以科举、高考为例[J].华中师范大学学报:人文社会科学版,2013(1):147-154.
[4]李安萍,陈智栋,等.对我国硕士研究生招生中应届生生源比例增长的思考[J].现代教育科学,2011(26):60-62.
[5]王子成,殷昌义,竺曼莉.从硕博连读到学硕连读[J].教育发展研究,1999(S1):25-29.
[6]中国学位与研究生教育发展报告课题组.中国学位与研究生教育发展报告1978-2003[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:76.
[7]樊明成.当前中国博士生学制的问题分析与对策建议[J].学位与研究生教育,2009(4):63-66.