水泥窑协同处理废物装置对周围环境中二噁英含量及附近居民健康风险的影响
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摘要
目的了解我国典型水泥窑协同处理废物装置对周围环境空气和土壤中二噁英含量及附近不同年龄居民健康风险的影响。方法运用高分辨率气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定水泥窑协同处理废物装置周围环境空气和土壤中二噁英的浓度,分析其组成和潜在来源,并评估其对附近不同年龄居民健康风险的影响。结果水泥窑协同处理废物装置附近空气中二噁英的质量浓度和毒性当量浓度分别为1. 925~2. 731 pg/Nm3和0. 076~0. 114 pg I-TEQ/Nm3。土壤中浓度分别为20. 535~44. 925 ng/kg和0. 693~2. 30 ng I-TEQ/kg。高氯代二噁英(七氯和八氯)是水泥窑协同处理废物装置周围环境中二噁英的主要单体。空气和土壤中二噁英的F/D值分别为0. 69~3. 28(1. 14)和0. 70~2. 11(0. 95),表明燃烧源是附近空气中二噁英的主要来源,但对土壤中的二噁英影响有限。空气和土壤中的二噁英通过4种暴露途径对成人、青年和儿童的总致癌风险分别为3. 98×10-6,8. 21×10-7和1. 03×10-6。结论水泥窑协同处理废物装置周围环境空气和土壤中的二噁英对青年的致癌风险可以忽略,对于成人和儿童存在潜在的致癌风险,但处于可接受水平; 4种暴露途径对成人、青年和儿童的总非致癌风险均远<1,不存在明显的非致癌风险。
Objective To find out whether the cement kiln co-processing of waste has significant influence on dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil and corresponding health risks to different-age groups of residents. Methods The concentrations of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil of cement kiln co-processing of waste were determined based on high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry(HRGC-HRMS). Besides,the composition and potential sources of dioxin were analyzed and the corresponding health risks of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil to different-age groups of residents were assessed. Results The mass concentrations and toxic equivalent concentrations of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere were 1. 925-2. 731 pg/Nm3 and 0. 076-0. 114 pg I-TEQ/Nm3,respectively,compared to 20. 535-44. 925 ng/kg and 0. 693-2. 30 ng I-TEQ/kg in surrounding soil,respectively. High Cl-dioxin was the dominant congener in the surrounding atmosphere and soil of studied cement kiln co-processing of waste.The PCDFs/PCDDs(F/D) values of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil of studied cement kiln co-processing of waste were 0. 69-3. 28(1. 14) and 0. 70-2. 11(0. 95),suggesting that dioxin mainly comes from combustion sources and the cement kiln studied is a key source of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere. However,the studied cement kiln might have limited influence on dioxin in surrounding soil. The cancer risk posed by dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil to adults,teenagers and children via four pathways was 3. 98 × 10-6,8. 21 × 10-7 and 1. 03 × 10-6,respectively.Conclusion The potential cancer risk is possible but the risk is at acceptable levels for children and adults alike,and the cancer risk to teenagers is negligible. The non-cancer risk values of three age groups are lower than 1,which indicates that no obvious non-carcinogenic effects occur.
Objective To find out whether the cement kiln co-processing of waste has significant influence on dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil and corresponding health risks to different-age groups of residents. Methods The concentrations of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil of cement kiln co-processing of waste were determined based on high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry(HRGC-HRMS). Besides,the composition and potential sources of dioxin were analyzed and the corresponding health risks of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil to different-age groups of residents were assessed. Results The mass concentrations and toxic equivalent concentrations of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere were 1. 925-2. 731 pg/Nm3 and 0. 076-0. 114 pg I-TEQ/Nm3,respectively,compared to 20. 535-44. 925 ng/kg and 0. 693-2. 30 ng I-TEQ/kg in surrounding soil,respectively. High Cl-dioxin was the dominant congener in the surrounding atmosphere and soil of studied cement kiln co-processing of waste.The PCDFs/PCDDs(F/D) values of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil of studied cement kiln co-processing of waste were 0. 69-3. 28(1. 14) and 0. 70-2. 11(0. 95),suggesting that dioxin mainly comes from combustion sources and the cement kiln studied is a key source of dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere. However,the studied cement kiln might have limited influence on dioxin in surrounding soil. The cancer risk posed by dioxin in the surrounding atmosphere and soil to adults,teenagers and children via four pathways was 3. 98 × 10-6,8. 21 × 10-7 and 1. 03 × 10-6,respectively.Conclusion The potential cancer risk is possible but the risk is at acceptable levels for children and adults alike,and the cancer risk to teenagers is negligible. The non-cancer risk values of three age groups are lower than 1,which indicates that no obvious non-carcinogenic effects occur.
引文
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[15] Zhang T,Huang YR,Chen SJ,et al. PCDD/Fs,PBDD/Fs,and PBDEs in the air of an e-waste recycling area(Taizhou)in China:current levels,composition profiles,and potential cancer risks[J]. J Environ Monit,2012,14(12):3156-3163.
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[17] Everaert K,Baeyens J. The formation and emission of dioxins in large scale thermal processes[J]. Chemosphere,2002,46(3):439-448.
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[19] Li JF,Dong H,Sun J,et al. Composition profiles and health risk of PCDD/F in outdoor air and fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration and adjacent villages in East China[J]. Sci Total Environ,2016,571:876-882.
[20] Wu B,Zhang Y,Zhang XX,et al. Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the source water and drinking water of China:Quantitative analysis based on published monitoring data[J]. Sci Total Environ,2011,410-411:112-118.
[21] Valcke M,Bourgault MH,Rochette L,et al. Human health risk assessment on the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing residual pesticides:A cancer and non-cancer risk/benefit perspective[J]. Environ Int,2017,108:63-74.
[22] Li JF,Dong H,Xu X,et al. Prediction of the bioaccumulation of PAHs in surface sediments of Bohai Sea,China and quantitative assessment of the related toxicity and health risk to humans[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2016,104(1-2):92-100.
[23] Liu JJ,Man RL,Ma SX,et al. Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)bound to PM2. 5 in Guangzhou,China[J]. Mar Pollut Bull,2015,100(1):134-143.
[24] Deng WJ,Zheng HL,Tsui AK,et al. Measurement and health risk assessment of PM2. 5,flame retardants,carbonyls and black carbon in indoor and outdoor air in kindergartens in Hong Kong[J]. Environ Int,2016,96:65-74.
[2]孙吉平,刘星星,丁谷华.利用水泥新型干法窑系统处置城市垃圾抑制二英产生的机理研究[J].长沙铁道学院学报(社会科学版),2012,13(2):223-225.
[3]肖海平,茹宇,李丽,等.水泥窑协同处置生活垃圾焚烧飞灰过程中二英的迁移和降解特性[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(2):291-297.
[4] Chang YM,Fan WP,Dai WC,et al. Characteristics of PCDD/F content in fly ash discharged from municipal solid waste incinerators[J]. J Hazard Mater,2011,192(2):521-529.
[5] Li JF,Zhang Y,Sun TT,et al. The health risk levels of different age groups of residents living in the vicinity of municipal solid waste incinerator posed by PCDD/Fs in atmosphere and soil[J].Sci Total Environ,2018,631-632:81-91.
[6]郑明辉,杨柳春,张兵,等.二英类化合物分析研究进展[J].分析测试学报,2002,1(4):91-94.
[7] Domingo JL,Rovira J,Vilavert L,et al. Health risks for the population living in the vicinity of an integrated waste management facility:screening environmental pollutants[J]. Sci Total Environ,2015,518-519:363-370.
[8] Domingo JL,Rovira J,Nadal M,et al. High cancer risks by exposure to PCDD/Fs in the neighborhood of an integrated waste management facility[J]. Sci Total Environ,2017,607-608:63-68.
[9] Kim KS,Shin SK,Kim KS,et al. National monitoring of PCDD/DFs in environmental media around incinerators in Korea[J].Environ Int,2008,34(2):202-209.
[10] Jiang YX,Chao SH,Liu JW,et al. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province,China[J]. Chemosphere,2017,168:1658-1668.
[11] Wang J,Zhang XF,Ling WT,et al. Contamination and health risk assessment of PAHs in soils and crops in industrial areas of the Yangtze River Delta region,China[J]. Chemosphere,2017,168:976-987.
[12] Yadav IC,Devi NL,Li J,et al. Occurrence,profile and spatial distribution of organochlorines pesticides in soil of Nepal:implication for source apportionment and health risk assessment[J]. Sci Total Environ,2016,573:1598-1606.
[13] Yang W,Lang YH,Bai J,et al. Quantitative evaluation of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic potential for PAHs in coastal wetland soils of China[J]. Ecol Eng,2015,74:117-124.
[14] Man YB,Kang Y,Wang HS,et al. Cancer risk assessments of Hong Kong soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. J Hazard Mater,2013,261:770-776.
[15] Zhang T,Huang YR,Chen SJ,et al. PCDD/Fs,PBDD/Fs,and PBDEs in the air of an e-waste recycling area(Taizhou)in China:current levels,composition profiles,and potential cancer risks[J]. J Environ Monit,2012,14(12):3156-3163.
[16] Chang YM,Fan WP,Dai WC,et al. Characteristics of PCDD/F content in fly ash discharged from municipal solid waste incinerators[J]. J Hazard Mater,2011,192(2):521-529.
[17] Everaert K,Baeyens J. The formation and emission of dioxins in large scale thermal processes[J]. Chemosphere,2002,46(3):439-448.
[18] Sun JL,Jing X,Chang WJ,et al. Cumulative health risk assessment of halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matters in urban air[J]. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,2015,113:31-37.
[19] Li JF,Dong H,Sun J,et al. Composition profiles and health risk of PCDD/F in outdoor air and fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration and adjacent villages in East China[J]. Sci Total Environ,2016,571:876-882.
[20] Wu B,Zhang Y,Zhang XX,et al. Health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the source water and drinking water of China:Quantitative analysis based on published monitoring data[J]. Sci Total Environ,2011,410-411:112-118.
[21] Valcke M,Bourgault MH,Rochette L,et al. Human health risk assessment on the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing residual pesticides:A cancer and non-cancer risk/benefit perspective[J]. Environ Int,2017,108:63-74.
[22] Li JF,Dong H,Xu X,et al. Prediction of the bioaccumulation of PAHs in surface sediments of Bohai Sea,China and quantitative assessment of the related toxicity and health risk to humans[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2016,104(1-2):92-100.
[23] Liu JJ,Man RL,Ma SX,et al. Atmospheric levels and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)bound to PM2. 5 in Guangzhou,China[J]. Mar Pollut Bull,2015,100(1):134-143.
[24] Deng WJ,Zheng HL,Tsui AK,et al. Measurement and health risk assessment of PM2. 5,flame retardants,carbonyls and black carbon in indoor and outdoor air in kindergartens in Hong Kong[J]. Environ Int,2016,96:65-74.