3个时期莫莫格国家级自然保护区景观格局和湿地水文连通性变化及其驱动因素分析
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摘要
利用遥感影像数据的分类解译结果,从湿地面积时空变化、景观破碎度变化和水文连接度等角度,对1992年、2005年和2015年莫莫格国家级自然保护区的景观格局变化特征和湿地水文连通性变化进行定量分析,研究了该保护区湿地的景观格局和水文连通性;利用长时间序列的年降水量、年平均气温、年径流量和年平均水位数据,探讨了气候、水文和人类活动对该区湿地的影响因素。研究结果表明,与1992年相比,2015年莫莫格保护区湿地总面积共减少了45.99 km2,其中,沼泽和洪泛湿地的面积分别减少了95.27 km2和52.76 km2;与1992年相比,2005年和2015年湿地景观明显破碎化,尤其以沼泽区景观破碎最严重;与1992年相比,受湿地景观破碎的影响,2005年和2015年湿地水文连接性变差。极端干旱和洪水事件直接影响整个莫莫格湿地的水源补给和水域覆盖面积;河流径流量和水位变化直接导致其与周边洪泛湿地的水力联系发生改变,进而影响洪泛湿地的消长;研究区的人类活动主要是保护区内的湿地开垦和流域内的水利工程建设。
Using interpreting data from Land satellite TM images on September 2, 1992, September 6, 2005 and October 4, 2015, the changes of landscape patterns and hydrological connectivity of the wetlands in the Momoge National Natural Wetland Reserve were studied. The hydro-meteorological data from 1980 to 2014 including annual precipitation, mean annual air temperature, annual runoff and mean annual water level were analyzed to determin possible natural driving factors. The results showed that the total area of the wetlands in the reserve in 2015 decreased by 45.99 km2, and the total areas of marshes and flood plain had decreased by 95.27 km2and52.76 km2 compared with those in 1992, respectively. The fragmentation indices indicated that Momoge's wetlands were apt to insolated and fractured in 2005 and 2015 compared with those in 1992, especially in the marsh area. Accordingly, wetland hydrological connectivity was degraded. The drought and flood events controlled the water availability of the wetlands. The stability of runoff and water level from near linked rivers altered the hydrological connectivity of the wetlands, especially in flood plain. Human activities mainly including land reclamation and building hydraulic infrastructure also played vital role in transforming wetlands.
Using interpreting data from Land satellite TM images on September 2, 1992, September 6, 2005 and October 4, 2015, the changes of landscape patterns and hydrological connectivity of the wetlands in the Momoge National Natural Wetland Reserve were studied. The hydro-meteorological data from 1980 to 2014 including annual precipitation, mean annual air temperature, annual runoff and mean annual water level were analyzed to determin possible natural driving factors. The results showed that the total area of the wetlands in the reserve in 2015 decreased by 45.99 km2, and the total areas of marshes and flood plain had decreased by 95.27 km2and52.76 km2 compared with those in 1992, respectively. The fragmentation indices indicated that Momoge's wetlands were apt to insolated and fractured in 2005 and 2015 compared with those in 1992, especially in the marsh area. Accordingly, wetland hydrological connectivity was degraded. The drought and flood events controlled the water availability of the wetlands. The stability of runoff and water level from near linked rivers altered the hydrological connectivity of the wetlands, especially in flood plain. Human activities mainly including land reclamation and building hydraulic infrastructure also played vital role in transforming wetlands.
引文
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[17]李树生,安雨,王雪宏,等.不同地表水水位下莫莫格湿地植物群落物种组成和数量特征[J].湿地科学,2015,13(4):466-471.
[2]肖红叶,张明祥,肖蓉.莫莫格湿地主要生态服务功能动态评价[J].湿地科学,2014,12(4):451-458.
[3]Grill G,Lehner B,Lumsdon A E,et al.An index-based framework for assessing patterns and trends in river fragmentation and flow regulation by global dams at multiple scales[J].Environmental Research Letters,2015,10(1):55-60.
[4]李胜男,王根绪,邓伟.湿地景观格局与水文过程研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(6):1012-1020.
[5]张爱静.水文过程对黄河口湿地景观格局演变的驱动机制研究[D].中国水利水电科学研究院,2013.
[6]闫丹丹.松花江下游沿江湿地水文连通性恢复研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2014.
[7]赵贤豹.湿地生态系统水文连接度研究[D].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2008.
[8]张欧阳,卜惠峰,王翠平,等.长江流域水系连通性对河流健康的影响[J].人民长江,2010,41(2):1-5,17.
[9]卢晓宁,邓伟.洪水对湿地系统的作用[J].湿地科学,2005,3(2):136-42.
[10]Jiang P,Cheng L,Li M,et al.Analysis of landscape fragmentation processes and driving forces in wetlands in arid areas:A case study of the middle reaches of the Heihe River,China[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,46(17):240-252.
[11]徐涵秋.利用改进的归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)提取水体信息的研究[J].遥感学报,2005,9(5):589-595.
[12]李兴学,贾汀,李云鹤,等.2013年嫩江松花江黑龙江流域防汛抗洪思考[J].中国水利,2014,(15):37-40.
[13]王伟,王维胜,张德辉,等.白鹤GEF项目成果系列丛书——莫莫格保护区水资源管理计划[M].澳门特别行政区:读图时代出版社,2009.
[14]崔丽娟,张岩,张曼胤,等.湿地水文过程效应及其调控技术[J],世界林业研究,2011,24(2):10-14.
[15]Bracken L J,Croke J.The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems[J].Hydrol.Process,2007,21(13):1749-1763.
[16]王国平,张玉霞.白云花水库建设对科尔沁湿地生态环境的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版),2001,32(4):449-452.
[17]李树生,安雨,王雪宏,等.不同地表水水位下莫莫格湿地植物群落物种组成和数量特征[J].湿地科学,2015,13(4):466-471.
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