再生水项目国民经济评价体系研究
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摘要
随着水资源供需矛盾加剧,再生水回用已成为缓解水资源供给压力和改善环境的重要手段,而再生水项目国民经济评价是项目投入的先决条件。首先,结合再生水项目特点,采用有无对比法构建了包括经济效益、环境效益和社会效益的再生水项目国民经济评价体系;其次,运用机会成本法、当量因子法对西安市污水处理厂的外部效益进行测算;再次,引入社会折现率、影子价格、影子工资等国民经济评价参数对再生水项目的费用效益进行调整;最后对其进行了国民经济评价。结果表明,该再生水项目的静态投资回收期1.20 a,动态投资回收期1.32 a,净现值9.13亿元,效益费用比达到8.15,而只考虑其直接经济效益的动态投资回收期则为8.67 a,表明该项目具有较好的国民经济效益,同时,对其评价时应重点考虑再生水回用带来的外部效益,并为其他项目环境经济评价提供了参考。
With the intensification of the contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources, reclaimed water reuse has become an important means to ease the pressure on water supply and improve the environment. The national economic evaluation of reclaimed water projects is a prerequisite for project investment. The paper, firstly, combined with the characteristics of reclaimed water projects, a national economic evaluation system for reclaimed water projects including economic benefits, environmental benefits, and social benefits was constructed using the contrast method. Secondly, the paper uses the opportunity cost method and the equivalent factor method to measure the external benefits of Xi'an sewage treatment plant. Thirdly, this paper introduces national economic evaluation parameters such as social discount rates, shadow prices, and shadow wages to adjust the cost-effectiveness of recycled water projects. Finally the paper conducted a national economic evaluation. The results show that the static investment recovery period of the reclaimed water project is 1.20 years, the dynamic investment recovery period is 1.32 years, the net present value is 913 million yuan, and the benefit-cost ratio reaches 8.15,while the dynamic investment recovery period only considering its direct economic benefit is 8.67 years, which indicate that the project has good national economic benefits, and at the same time, the external benefits brought about by reuse of recycled water should be taken into consideration when evaluating the project. The study would provide a reference for the environmental economic evaluation of other projects.
With the intensification of the contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources, reclaimed water reuse has become an important means to ease the pressure on water supply and improve the environment. The national economic evaluation of reclaimed water projects is a prerequisite for project investment. The paper, firstly, combined with the characteristics of reclaimed water projects, a national economic evaluation system for reclaimed water projects including economic benefits, environmental benefits, and social benefits was constructed using the contrast method. Secondly, the paper uses the opportunity cost method and the equivalent factor method to measure the external benefits of Xi'an sewage treatment plant. Thirdly, this paper introduces national economic evaluation parameters such as social discount rates, shadow prices, and shadow wages to adjust the cost-effectiveness of recycled water projects. Finally the paper conducted a national economic evaluation. The results show that the static investment recovery period of the reclaimed water project is 1.20 years, the dynamic investment recovery period is 1.32 years, the net present value is 913 million yuan, and the benefit-cost ratio reaches 8.15,while the dynamic investment recovery period only considering its direct economic benefit is 8.67 years, which indicate that the project has good national economic benefits, and at the same time, the external benefits brought about by reuse of recycled water should be taken into consideration when evaluating the project. The study would provide a reference for the environmental economic evaluation of other projects.
引文
[1]段涛.城市再生水的自主定价问题及定价方法研究[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(4):719-725.Duan Tao.Study on the independent pricing problem and method of urban recycled water[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(4):719-725.
[2]封志明,杨艳昭,游珍.中国人口分布的水资源限制性与限制度研究[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(10):1637-1648.Feng Zhiming,Yang Yanzhao,You Zhen.Research on the water resources restriction on population distribution in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(10):1637-1648.
[3]Fu H L,Liu X J.Research on the phenomenon of Chinese residents’spiritual contagion for the reuse of recycled water based on SC-IAT[J].Water,2017,9:846.
[4]宋健峰,吴艳,郑垂勇.再生水资源供需循环系统模型分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(2):112-117.Song Jianfeng,Wu Yan,Zheng Chuiyong.Water recycle and water resources'supply and demand system model[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(2):112-117.
[5]褚可邑.对MPS与SNA核算体系的比较分析[J].深圳大学学报:人文社会科学版,1996,13(2):17-23.Chu Keyi.A comparative analysis of MPS and SNA accounting systems[J].Journal of Shenzhen University:Humanities and Social Science,1996,13(2):17-23.
[6]孙鹤.从MPS体系到SNA体系[J].经济问题探索,1997(1):23-26.Sun He.From the MPS system to the SNA system[J].The Exploration of Economic Problems,1997(1):23-26.
[7]Payne J E.US disaggregate fossil fuel consumption and real GDP:an empirical note[J].Energy Sources Part B:Economics Planning&Policy,2011,6(1):63-68.
[8]Abanda F H,Ng’Ombe A,Keivani R,et al.The link between renewable energy production and gross domestic product in Africa:a comparative study between 1980 and2008[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(4):2147-2153.
[9]郭丽英,雷敏,刘晓琼.基于能值分析法的绿色GDP核算研究:以陕西省商洛市为例[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(9):1523-1533.Guo Liying,Lei Min,Liu Xiaoqiong.Green GDP accounting research based on energy analysis method:a case study of Shangluo City in Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(9):1523-1533.
[10]金雨泽,黄贤金.基于资源环境价值视角的江苏省绿色GDP核算实证研究[J].地域研究与开发,2014,33(4):131-135.Jin Yuze,Huang Xianjin.Accounting of the green GDP in Jiangsu Province based on values of resources and environment[J].Areal Research and Development,2014,33(4):131-135.
[11]李闻一,钟里卉,祝麟.城镇污水处理项目成本效益分析[J].财会月刊,2015(5):67-70.Li Wenyi,Zhong Lihui,Zhu Lin.Cost and benefit analysis of urban sewage treatment project[J].Finance and Accounting Monthly,2015(5):67-70.
[12]刘晓君,魏莹军.分散式污水再生水回用工程的经济性分析[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(12):5226-5230.Liu Xiaojun,Wei Yingjun.Economic analysis of decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse projects[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2014,8(12):5226-5230.
[13]范育鹏,陈卫平.北京市再生水利用生态环境效益评估[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):4003-4008.Fan Yupeng,Chen Weiping.Assessment of ecological environment benefits of reclaimed water reuse in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(10):4003-4008.
[14]张曦.南方城市污水处理工程国民经济评价研究[J].建筑经济,2006(8):26-28.Zhang Xi.Study on national economic evaluation of urban sewage treatment projects in southern China[J].Construction Economy,2006(8):26-28.
[15]高旭阔.城市再生水资源价值评价[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014.Gao Xukuo.Evaluation of the Value of Urban Reclaimed Water Resources[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2014.
[16]李梅,黄廷林.再生水资源成本价格模型的构建[J].西安建筑科技大学学报:自然科学版,2004,36(2):160-162.Li Mei,Huang Tinglin.Building of the price model of reclaimed water resources[J].Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology:Natural Science Edition,2004,36(2):160-162.
[17]胡胜利,杨侃,蒋立伟,等.再生水利用系统经济评价的费用-效益模型及应用[J].水电能源科学,2017(4):58-62.Hu Shengli,Yang Kan.Jiang Liwei,et al.Cost benefit model and its application for economic evaluation of reclaimed water system[J].Water Resources and Power,2017(4):58-62.
[18]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.Xie Gaodi,Zhen Lin,Lu Chunxia,et al.Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China[J]].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(5):911-919.
[19]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.Xie Gaodi,Zhang Caixia,Zhang Leiming,et al.Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[20]国家发展改革委,建设部.建设项目经济评价方法与参数[M].北京:中国计划出版社,2006.
[21]刘晓君,韩思茹,罗西.基于成本加成的再生水阶梯定价方法研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2014(6):29-33.Liu Xiaojun,Han Siru,Luo Xi.Research on ladder pricing method of reclaim water based on cost-plus[J].Journal of Water Resources and Engineering,2014(6):29-33.
[22]张雯,石建会,周亚旭,等.西安市某污水处理厂升级改造工程设计与运行[J].给水排水,2015(8):48-50.Zhang Wen,Shi Jianhui,Zhou Yaxu,et al.Design and operation of upgrading and rebuilding project of a wastewater treatment plant in Xi’an City[J].China Water and Wastewater,2015(8):48-50.
[23]李俊奇,张颖夏,向璐璐,等.中小型城市污水处理厂技术经济调查与分析[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(10):13-16.Li Junqi,Zhang Yingxia,Xiang Lulu,et al.Technical and economic investigation and analysis of the middle/small scale wastewater treatment plants[J].China Water and Wastewater,2006,22(10):13-16.
[2]封志明,杨艳昭,游珍.中国人口分布的水资源限制性与限制度研究[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(10):1637-1648.Feng Zhiming,Yang Yanzhao,You Zhen.Research on the water resources restriction on population distribution in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(10):1637-1648.
[3]Fu H L,Liu X J.Research on the phenomenon of Chinese residents’spiritual contagion for the reuse of recycled water based on SC-IAT[J].Water,2017,9:846.
[4]宋健峰,吴艳,郑垂勇.再生水资源供需循环系统模型分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(2):112-117.Song Jianfeng,Wu Yan,Zheng Chuiyong.Water recycle and water resources'supply and demand system model[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(2):112-117.
[5]褚可邑.对MPS与SNA核算体系的比较分析[J].深圳大学学报:人文社会科学版,1996,13(2):17-23.Chu Keyi.A comparative analysis of MPS and SNA accounting systems[J].Journal of Shenzhen University:Humanities and Social Science,1996,13(2):17-23.
[6]孙鹤.从MPS体系到SNA体系[J].经济问题探索,1997(1):23-26.Sun He.From the MPS system to the SNA system[J].The Exploration of Economic Problems,1997(1):23-26.
[7]Payne J E.US disaggregate fossil fuel consumption and real GDP:an empirical note[J].Energy Sources Part B:Economics Planning&Policy,2011,6(1):63-68.
[8]Abanda F H,Ng’Ombe A,Keivani R,et al.The link between renewable energy production and gross domestic product in Africa:a comparative study between 1980 and2008[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(4):2147-2153.
[9]郭丽英,雷敏,刘晓琼.基于能值分析法的绿色GDP核算研究:以陕西省商洛市为例[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(9):1523-1533.Guo Liying,Lei Min,Liu Xiaoqiong.Green GDP accounting research based on energy analysis method:a case study of Shangluo City in Shaanxi Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(9):1523-1533.
[10]金雨泽,黄贤金.基于资源环境价值视角的江苏省绿色GDP核算实证研究[J].地域研究与开发,2014,33(4):131-135.Jin Yuze,Huang Xianjin.Accounting of the green GDP in Jiangsu Province based on values of resources and environment[J].Areal Research and Development,2014,33(4):131-135.
[11]李闻一,钟里卉,祝麟.城镇污水处理项目成本效益分析[J].财会月刊,2015(5):67-70.Li Wenyi,Zhong Lihui,Zhu Lin.Cost and benefit analysis of urban sewage treatment project[J].Finance and Accounting Monthly,2015(5):67-70.
[12]刘晓君,魏莹军.分散式污水再生水回用工程的经济性分析[J].环境工程学报,2014,8(12):5226-5230.Liu Xiaojun,Wei Yingjun.Economic analysis of decentralized wastewater reclamation and reuse projects[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2014,8(12):5226-5230.
[13]范育鹏,陈卫平.北京市再生水利用生态环境效益评估[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):4003-4008.Fan Yupeng,Chen Weiping.Assessment of ecological environment benefits of reclaimed water reuse in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(10):4003-4008.
[14]张曦.南方城市污水处理工程国民经济评价研究[J].建筑经济,2006(8):26-28.Zhang Xi.Study on national economic evaluation of urban sewage treatment projects in southern China[J].Construction Economy,2006(8):26-28.
[15]高旭阔.城市再生水资源价值评价[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2014.Gao Xukuo.Evaluation of the Value of Urban Reclaimed Water Resources[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2014.
[16]李梅,黄廷林.再生水资源成本价格模型的构建[J].西安建筑科技大学学报:自然科学版,2004,36(2):160-162.Li Mei,Huang Tinglin.Building of the price model of reclaimed water resources[J].Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology:Natural Science Edition,2004,36(2):160-162.
[17]胡胜利,杨侃,蒋立伟,等.再生水利用系统经济评价的费用-效益模型及应用[J].水电能源科学,2017(4):58-62.Hu Shengli,Yang Kan.Jiang Liwei,et al.Cost benefit model and its application for economic evaluation of reclaimed water system[J].Water Resources and Power,2017(4):58-62.
[18]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.Xie Gaodi,Zhen Lin,Lu Chunxia,et al.Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China[J]].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(5):911-919.
[19]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.Xie Gaodi,Zhang Caixia,Zhang Leiming,et al.Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(8):1243-1254.
[20]国家发展改革委,建设部.建设项目经济评价方法与参数[M].北京:中国计划出版社,2006.
[21]刘晓君,韩思茹,罗西.基于成本加成的再生水阶梯定价方法研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2014(6):29-33.Liu Xiaojun,Han Siru,Luo Xi.Research on ladder pricing method of reclaim water based on cost-plus[J].Journal of Water Resources and Engineering,2014(6):29-33.
[22]张雯,石建会,周亚旭,等.西安市某污水处理厂升级改造工程设计与运行[J].给水排水,2015(8):48-50.Zhang Wen,Shi Jianhui,Zhou Yaxu,et al.Design and operation of upgrading and rebuilding project of a wastewater treatment plant in Xi’an City[J].China Water and Wastewater,2015(8):48-50.
[23]李俊奇,张颖夏,向璐璐,等.中小型城市污水处理厂技术经济调查与分析[J].中国给水排水,2006,22(10):13-16.Li Junqi,Zhang Yingxia,Xiang Lulu,et al.Technical and economic investigation and analysis of the middle/small scale wastewater treatment plants[J].China Water and Wastewater,2006,22(10):13-16.
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