缺氮和恢复供氮对香蕉苗生长和根系形态参数的影响
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摘要
【目的】探讨缺氮及恢复供氮对香蕉苗生长及其根系形态参数的影响,为香蕉苗期形态诊断和氮肥管理提供依据。【方法】通过石英砂培养试验,对比研究了缺氮程度和恢复供氮后香蕉苗表型性状、地上部和根系的干物质质量、根系形态参数等的变化。【结果】缺氮后香蕉苗呈现明显的缺氮症状;恢复供氮32 d后,香蕉苗缺氮症状消失,表型恢复正常性状。但是,缺氮程度、缺后恢复供氮对香蕉生长的影响不同,轻度缺氮不会抑制地上部生长,反而刺激根系生长,显著增加了根系干物质质量;中度缺氮时,明显抑制了香蕉苗生长,地上部干物质质量降低了19.25%,而根系干物质质量无明显变化,缺氮对根系的促生作用减弱。缺氮后,香蕉苗的总根长和直径<2 mm细根的根长明显减小,轻度、中度缺氮时,香蕉苗的总根长分别为正常处理的58.3%和49.7%。但是,缺氮明显增加了香蕉苗平均根直径、总体积和直径>2 mm的根系体积,轻度、中度缺氮期,香蕉苗的平均直径和总体积分别为正常处理的1.85倍和2.01倍、1.62倍和1.31倍。缺氮香蕉苗恢复供氮32 d后,缺氮表型性状完全消失,地上部和整株干物质质量分别增加了6.08%和5.24%;根系趋向正常生长,总根长特别是细根长度显著增加,平均根直径和总体积显著降低,但是,复氮处理的香蕉苗的干物质质量、根系长度、平均根直径和总体积仍达不到正常处理香蕉苗的水平。【结论】香蕉缺氮的表型性状能及时反映香蕉的氮素营养状况,缺氮对香蕉表型性状的影响通过及时补充氮肥可在短期恢复,但干物质质量、根系生长的恢复期滞后于表型性状恢复期。在香蕉栽培过程,香蕉苗期要综合考虑土壤肥力和营养特性合理施肥,避免先缺再补的施肥措施。
【Objective】The purpose of the paper was to understand the effects of nitrogen deficiency and restoration of nitrogen nutrients on banana seedling growth,root morphological parameters and development of typical deficiency symptoms in order to provide theoretical basis for banana N nutrition diagnosis and fertilization.【Methods】The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 treatments.The treatments were supplied in quartz sand culture in a pot experiment.The three treatments were banana supplied complete Hoagland nutrient solution(control,T1),minus nitrogen(-N) nutrient solution(T2) and restoration of nitrogen involving resupply whole nutrients solution after N deficiency symptoms were observed(T3).Each banana seedling with 6 green leaves was transplanted to a pot of 13 cm(bottom) to 16 cm(top) in diameter and 15 cm in height.The banana seedling was rinsed with deionized water for one week before treatments were implemented.T1,T2 and T3 had 90,33 and 15 pots as 90,33 and 15 repetitions respectively.The banana seedlings of the control were irrigated with modi-fied complete Hoagland nutrient solution,in which the molar ratio of N and K2O changed into 1:2.T2 supplied Hoagland nutrient solution of N deficiency.T3 was applied with Hoagland nutrient solution of N deficiency until typical mild N deficiency symptoms developed in 50 percent of banana seedlings,when they were supplied complete Hoagland nutrient solution.Morphological characteristics of banana seedlings were observed every day after the treatments.The nitrogen deficiency symptoms and time of its appearance were recorded in detail.Chlorosis of the leaves was obvious,which was regarded as mild nitrogen deficiency symptoms.When the plants showed slow and weak growth,they were considered to have moderate nitrogen deficiency symptom.Stagnated plant growth with some dead leaves was classified as severe nitrogen deficiency symptom.Sampling of seedlings showing mild and moderate nitrogen deficiency was conducted at 31 days and 67 days after nitrogen deficiency treatment,respectively,when mild and moderate nitrogen deficiency symptoms in 50 percent of banana seedlings in T2 were observed.Banana shoot and root samples were collected from T1 and T2.Sampling time of T3 was 32 days after the recovery of nitrogen supply,when nitrogen deficiency symptoms in 50 percent of banana seedling disappeared.Banana shoot and root samples were collected from all the treatments.The fresh weight,dry weight and water content of shoot and root were measured.The root morphological parameters were analyzed with WinRHIZO software.The length,surface area,volume,mean root diameter of total root and root with diameters of <2.0 mm,2.0 mm to 4.5 mm and >4.5 mm were tested.【Results】Nitrogen mild deficiency symptoms could be observed 7 days after N deficiency treatment.The leaves developed a chlorosis in mature leaves,which then became evident in middle leaves.Moderate nitrogen deficiency symptoms in banana seedlings were observed with the time of nitrogen deficiency.Banana seedlings began to grow slowly,and then new sprouting leaves became smaller.The height and circumference of the stems increased slowly.Thus the banana seedlings became small and thin.The growth of the seedlings became extremely slow and then stagnated with the development of severe nitrogen deficiency symptom.The lower leaves died faster,and the number of dead leaves increased while the number of green leaves decreased.Phenotypic characters of banana seedlings returned to normal and symptoms of nitrogen deficiency disappeared 32 days after recovery of nitrogen supply.However,the effects of N deficiency severity and N deficiency-resupply on shoots and roots of banana seedlings were different.Mild nitrogen deficiency inhibited the shoot growth of banana seedlings.There was no difference in the dry matter of shoots between N deficiency treatment and the control.On the contrary,mild nitrogen deficiency stimulated root growth.Compared with the control,the dry matter of roots significantly increased.Moderate nitrogen deficiency significantly inhibited the growth of banana seedlings.Compared with the control,the dry matter of shoots decreased by 19.25%.However the effect of nitrogen deficiency on root growth was weak and the dry matter of roots had no obvious difference from the control.32 days after N deficiency-resupply,the morphological symptoms of N deficiency disappeared completely,and the dry matter of shoots and whole plants increased by 6.08% and 5.24%,respectively,but still was significantly lower than those of the control.Compared with the control,total root length of N deficiency decreased significantly.Total root length of N deficiency was 58.3% of the control at mild N deficiency period and 49.3% at moderate N deficiency period.The length of fine roots with a diameter <2 mm decreased.Average root diameter and total root volume of N deficiency increased obviously.The average root diameter and total root volume of N deficiency were 1.85 times and 2.01 times of the control,respectively.The volume of the roots >2 mm in diameter increased.However,the difference in average root diameter and total root volume between the N deficiency and the control became smaller with the increase of nitrogen stress time.The roots tended to be normal when improved Hoagland complete nutrient solution was resupplied to the banana seedlings experiencing N deficiency.Compared to N deficiency,the total root length,especially the length of fine roots with a diameter >2 mm increased significantly and the average root diameter,total root volume in N deficiency-resupply treatment decreased significantly.However there was a significant difference between the N deficiency-resupply and the control.【Conclusion】The phenotypic symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in banana can reflect the nitrogen nutrition status of banana in time.The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency can be restored in a short time by timely supplementation of nitrogen fertilizer,but the recovery period of dry matter and root growth lags behind the recovery phenotypic symptoms.In banana cultivation,banana seedlings should be properly fertilized based on soil fertility and nutritional characteristics,so as to avoid apply N fertilizer after significant N deficiency symptoms develop.
【Objective】The purpose of the paper was to understand the effects of nitrogen deficiency and restoration of nitrogen nutrients on banana seedling growth,root morphological parameters and development of typical deficiency symptoms in order to provide theoretical basis for banana N nutrition diagnosis and fertilization.【Methods】The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 treatments.The treatments were supplied in quartz sand culture in a pot experiment.The three treatments were banana supplied complete Hoagland nutrient solution(control,T1),minus nitrogen(-N) nutrient solution(T2) and restoration of nitrogen involving resupply whole nutrients solution after N deficiency symptoms were observed(T3).Each banana seedling with 6 green leaves was transplanted to a pot of 13 cm(bottom) to 16 cm(top) in diameter and 15 cm in height.The banana seedling was rinsed with deionized water for one week before treatments were implemented.T1,T2 and T3 had 90,33 and 15 pots as 90,33 and 15 repetitions respectively.The banana seedlings of the control were irrigated with modi-fied complete Hoagland nutrient solution,in which the molar ratio of N and K2O changed into 1:2.T2 supplied Hoagland nutrient solution of N deficiency.T3 was applied with Hoagland nutrient solution of N deficiency until typical mild N deficiency symptoms developed in 50 percent of banana seedlings,when they were supplied complete Hoagland nutrient solution.Morphological characteristics of banana seedlings were observed every day after the treatments.The nitrogen deficiency symptoms and time of its appearance were recorded in detail.Chlorosis of the leaves was obvious,which was regarded as mild nitrogen deficiency symptoms.When the plants showed slow and weak growth,they were considered to have moderate nitrogen deficiency symptom.Stagnated plant growth with some dead leaves was classified as severe nitrogen deficiency symptom.Sampling of seedlings showing mild and moderate nitrogen deficiency was conducted at 31 days and 67 days after nitrogen deficiency treatment,respectively,when mild and moderate nitrogen deficiency symptoms in 50 percent of banana seedlings in T2 were observed.Banana shoot and root samples were collected from T1 and T2.Sampling time of T3 was 32 days after the recovery of nitrogen supply,when nitrogen deficiency symptoms in 50 percent of banana seedling disappeared.Banana shoot and root samples were collected from all the treatments.The fresh weight,dry weight and water content of shoot and root were measured.The root morphological parameters were analyzed with WinRHIZO software.The length,surface area,volume,mean root diameter of total root and root with diameters of <2.0 mm,2.0 mm to 4.5 mm and >4.5 mm were tested.【Results】Nitrogen mild deficiency symptoms could be observed 7 days after N deficiency treatment.The leaves developed a chlorosis in mature leaves,which then became evident in middle leaves.Moderate nitrogen deficiency symptoms in banana seedlings were observed with the time of nitrogen deficiency.Banana seedlings began to grow slowly,and then new sprouting leaves became smaller.The height and circumference of the stems increased slowly.Thus the banana seedlings became small and thin.The growth of the seedlings became extremely slow and then stagnated with the development of severe nitrogen deficiency symptom.The lower leaves died faster,and the number of dead leaves increased while the number of green leaves decreased.Phenotypic characters of banana seedlings returned to normal and symptoms of nitrogen deficiency disappeared 32 days after recovery of nitrogen supply.However,the effects of N deficiency severity and N deficiency-resupply on shoots and roots of banana seedlings were different.Mild nitrogen deficiency inhibited the shoot growth of banana seedlings.There was no difference in the dry matter of shoots between N deficiency treatment and the control.On the contrary,mild nitrogen deficiency stimulated root growth.Compared with the control,the dry matter of roots significantly increased.Moderate nitrogen deficiency significantly inhibited the growth of banana seedlings.Compared with the control,the dry matter of shoots decreased by 19.25%.However the effect of nitrogen deficiency on root growth was weak and the dry matter of roots had no obvious difference from the control.32 days after N deficiency-resupply,the morphological symptoms of N deficiency disappeared completely,and the dry matter of shoots and whole plants increased by 6.08% and 5.24%,respectively,but still was significantly lower than those of the control.Compared with the control,total root length of N deficiency decreased significantly.Total root length of N deficiency was 58.3% of the control at mild N deficiency period and 49.3% at moderate N deficiency period.The length of fine roots with a diameter <2 mm decreased.Average root diameter and total root volume of N deficiency increased obviously.The average root diameter and total root volume of N deficiency were 1.85 times and 2.01 times of the control,respectively.The volume of the roots >2 mm in diameter increased.However,the difference in average root diameter and total root volume between the N deficiency and the control became smaller with the increase of nitrogen stress time.The roots tended to be normal when improved Hoagland complete nutrient solution was resupplied to the banana seedlings experiencing N deficiency.Compared to N deficiency,the total root length,especially the length of fine roots with a diameter >2 mm increased significantly and the average root diameter,total root volume in N deficiency-resupply treatment decreased significantly.However there was a significant difference between the N deficiency-resupply and the control.【Conclusion】The phenotypic symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in banana can reflect the nitrogen nutrition status of banana in time.The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency can be restored in a short time by timely supplementation of nitrogen fertilizer,but the recovery period of dry matter and root growth lags behind the recovery phenotypic symptoms.In banana cultivation,banana seedlings should be properly fertilized based on soil fertility and nutritional characteristics,so as to avoid apply N fertilizer after significant N deficiency symptoms develop.
引文
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[3]廖志气,林电,郑丽燕,程宁宁,朱治强.海南岛香蕉园土壤肥力现状及变化趋势分析[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(1):107-111.LIAO Zhiqi,LIN Dian,ZHENG Liyan,CHENG Ningning,ZHU Zhiqiang.Study on present situation of soil fertility in banana gardens of Hainan and its changing tendency[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(1):107-111.
[4]林电,郑丽燕,廖志气,朱治强.海南香蕉园土壤肥力研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(2):26-29.LIN Dian,ZHENG Liyan,LIAO Zhiqi,ZHU Zhiqiang.Soil fertility in banana plantation in Hainan province[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China,2007(2):26-29.
[5]魏守兴,黄丽娜,谢子四,李志阳,林敏霞,罗石荣,陈业渊.漳州主要长期蕉园土壤肥力分析与施肥建议[J].热带作物学报,2013,34(12):2336-2341.WEI Shouxing,HUANG Lina,XIE Zisi,LI Zhiyang,LIN Minxia,LUO Shirong,CHEN Yeyuan.Analysis for soil fertility and recommendations for fertilization of main aged banana gardens in Zhangzhou[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2013,34(12):2336-2341.
[6]魏守兴,谢子四,李志阳,谢建吉,罗石荣,陈业渊.广西主要蕉园土壤肥力调查及评价[J].热带作物学报,2012,33(8):1371-1377.WEI Shouxing,XIE Zisi,LI Zhiyang,XIE Jianji,LUO Shirong,CHEN Yeyuan.Soil fertility investigation and evaluation for Banana gardens in Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2012,33(8):1371-1377.
[7]陈鸿洁,王树明.河口平地蕉园土壤肥力状况分析[J].热带农业科技,2006,29(4):30-32.CHEN Hongjie,WANG Shuming.Soil fertility analysis of flat banana plantation in Hekou[J].Tropical Agricultural Science&Technology,2006,29(4):30-32.
[8]杨苞梅,姚丽贤,李国良,何兆桓,周修冲,周昌敏,涂仕华.广东省香蕉主产区蕉园土壤养分的吸附特性研究[J].土壤通报,2008,39(6):1315-1320.YANG Baomei,YAO Lixian,LI Guoliang,HE Zhaohuan,ZHOU Xiuchong,ZHOU Changmin,TU Shihua.Evaluation on characteristics of nutrient absorption of soils in banana plantation in Guangdong province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2008,39(6):1315-1320.
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