杭州地区大气CO_2体积分数变化特征及影响因素
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摘要
选取2015年8月至2016年9月杭州城区、远郊地区在线观测CO_2体积分数,分析杭州地区CO_2体积分数的城郊差异,并结合风向、CO_2体积分数周末效应、二十国集团(G20)峰会期间CO_2体积分数变化过程分析,探讨杭州城市对CO_2体积分数的影响程度.结果表明,杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的日变化分布以单峰型形态为主,植物光合作用/呼吸作用和大气输送条件的日变化是主要的影响因素;城郊CO_2体积分数差值表现为双峰形态,人为排放对城郊CO_2体积分数差值的日变化分布存在重要影响.CO_2体积分数日变化幅度在春夏季节远郊地区大于城区,秋季则反之.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的季节变化趋势基本一致,均表现为冬、春季高,夏季低;城郊CO_2体积分数差值冬季最高,夏季最低.杭州地区CO_2体积分数高值的输送方向与周边城市区域的分布方向一致.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数均呈现周末效应,尤其在城区,机动车排放对工作日-周末CO_2体积分数的日变化分布存在影响.杭州城区CO_2平均体积分数比远郊地区高9.3×10-6,G20峰会期间人为源排放的减少有效地降低了大气CO_2体积分数,尤其对市区的削减效果更为明显.
In situ measurement of CO_2 concentration( volume fraction) was carried out in both urban and rural areas of Hangzhou from August 2015 to September 2016. The characteristics of CO_2 concentration at the urban site were compared to those at the rural site,and the factors affecting CO_2 concentration in Hangzhou were analyzed via wind direction, weekday-weekend difference in CO_2 concentration,and evolution of CO_2 concentration during the G20 summit. The results revealed that the diurnal variation of CO_2 concentration in both the urban and rural areas presented a single peak curve most of the time,which resulted from the daily evolution of plant photosynthesis/respiration and atmospheric transport conditions. The diurnal variation of the difference in CO_2 concentration observed at the urban and rural sites showed a bimodal peak curve,because anthropogenic emissions played a more important role. The diurnal amplitude of CO_2 concentration in rural area was higher than that in urban area in spring and summer,but lower in autumn. The seasonal variation of CO_2 concentration in both the urban and rural areas showed the same trend,with higher values appearing in winter and spring and lower values in summer. The difference in CO_2 concentration observed at the urban and rural sites reached its highest level in winter,and dropped to its lowest in summer. The wind direction induction of high CO_2 concentration was consistent with the location of the surrounding urban areas. A weekday-weekend difference in CO_2 concentration was observed in Hangzhou,especially in urban area,as traffic emissions had an impact on the weekday-weekend difference in diurnal distribution of CO_2 concentration. The average volume fraction of CO_2 in urban area of Hangzhou was 9. 3 × 10-6 higher than that in rural area,and the reduction of anthropogenic emissions during the G20 summit reduced the atmospheric CO_2 concentration effectively,especially in urban area.
In situ measurement of CO_2 concentration( volume fraction) was carried out in both urban and rural areas of Hangzhou from August 2015 to September 2016. The characteristics of CO_2 concentration at the urban site were compared to those at the rural site,and the factors affecting CO_2 concentration in Hangzhou were analyzed via wind direction, weekday-weekend difference in CO_2 concentration,and evolution of CO_2 concentration during the G20 summit. The results revealed that the diurnal variation of CO_2 concentration in both the urban and rural areas presented a single peak curve most of the time,which resulted from the daily evolution of plant photosynthesis/respiration and atmospheric transport conditions. The diurnal variation of the difference in CO_2 concentration observed at the urban and rural sites showed a bimodal peak curve,because anthropogenic emissions played a more important role. The diurnal amplitude of CO_2 concentration in rural area was higher than that in urban area in spring and summer,but lower in autumn. The seasonal variation of CO_2 concentration in both the urban and rural areas showed the same trend,with higher values appearing in winter and spring and lower values in summer. The difference in CO_2 concentration observed at the urban and rural sites reached its highest level in winter,and dropped to its lowest in summer. The wind direction induction of high CO_2 concentration was consistent with the location of the surrounding urban areas. A weekday-weekend difference in CO_2 concentration was observed in Hangzhou,especially in urban area,as traffic emissions had an impact on the weekday-weekend difference in diurnal distribution of CO_2 concentration. The average volume fraction of CO_2 in urban area of Hangzhou was 9. 3 × 10-6 higher than that in rural area,and the reduction of anthropogenic emissions during the G20 summit reduced the atmospheric CO_2 concentration effectively,especially in urban area.
引文
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[28]Liu M,Zhu X Y,Pan C,et al.Spatial variation of near-surface CO2concentration during spring in Shanghai[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016,7(1):31-39.
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[33]Crawford B,Grimmond C S B,Christen A.Five years of carbon dioxide fluxes measurements in a highly vegetated suburban area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(4):896-905.
[34]Lietzke B,Vogt R.Variability of CO2concentrations and fluxes in and above an urban street canyon[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,74:60-72.
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[2]徐家平,李旭辉,肖薇,等.青奥会期间基于δ13C观测的大气CO2来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4514-4523.Xu J P,Li X H,Xiao W,et al.13C-based sources partitioning of atmospheric CO2during Youth Olympic Games,Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4514-4523.
[3]Ciais P,Sabine C,Bala G,et al.Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles[A].In:Stocker T F,Qin D,Plattner G K,et al(Eds.).Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[C].Cambridge,United Kingdom,New York,NY,USA:Cambridge University Press,2013.
[4]Bergeron O,Strachan I B.CO2sources and sinks in urban and suburban areas of a northern mid-latitude city[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(8):1564-1573.
[5]潘晨,朱希扬,贾文晓,等.上海市近地面CO2浓度及其与下垫面特征的定量关系[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(7):2123-2130.Pan C,Zhu X Y,Jia W X,et al.Near surface CO2concentration and its quantitative relationship with character of underlying surface in Shanghai City,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(7):2123-2130.
[6]窦军霞,刘伟东,苗世光,等.北京城郊地区二氧化碳通量特征[J].生态学报,2015,35(15):5228-5238.Dou J X,Liu W D,Miao S G,et al.Carbon dioxide fluxes in a suburban area of Beijing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(15):5228-5238.
[7]Ward H C,Kotthaus S,Grimmond C S B,et al.Effects of urban density on carbon dioxide exchanges:observations of dense urban,suburban and woodland areas of southern England[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,198:186-200.
[8]International Energy Agency.Energy Technology Perspectives2016-towards sustainable urban energy systems[EB/OL].http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/,2016-06-01.
[9]Rosenzweig C,Solecki W,Hammer S A,et al.Cities lead the way in climate-change action[J].Nature,2010,467(7318):909-911.
[10]George K,Ziska L H,Bunce J A,et al.Elevated atmospheric CO2concentration and temperature across an urban-rural transect[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(35):7654-7665.
[11]Kilkki J,Aalto T,Hatakka J,et al.Atmospheric CO2observations at Finnish urban and rural sites[J].Boreal Environment Research,2015,20(2):227-242.
[12]Briber B M,Hutyra L R,Dunn A L,et al.Variations in atmospheric CO2mixing ratios across a Boston,MA urban to rural gradient[J].Land,2013,2(3):304-327.
[13]Hutyra L R,Duren R,Gurney K R,et al.Urbanization and the carbon cycle:current capabilities and research outlook from the natural sciences perspective[J].Earth's Future,2014,2(10):473-495.
[14]Pan C,Zhu X Y,Wei N,et al.Spatial variability of daytime CO2concentration with landscape structure across urbanization gradients,Shanghai,China[J].Climate Research,2016,69(2):107-116.
[15]赵德华,欧阳琰,齐家国,等.夏季南京市中心-郊区-城市森林梯度上的近地层大气特征[J].生态学报,2009,29(12):6654-6663.Zhao D H,Ouyang Y,Qi J G,et al.Near-surface atmospheric properties along an urban center-suburban-urban forest gradient in summer in Nanjing City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(12):6654-6663.
[16]Jacobson M Z.Enhancement of local air pollution by urban CO2domes[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(7):2497-2502.
[17]Kumar M K,Nagendra S M S.Characteristics of ground level CO2concentrations over contrasting land uses in a tropical urban environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,115:286-294.
[18]Ru M Y,Tao S,Smith K,et al.Direct energy consumption associated emissions by rural-to-urban migrants in Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(22):13708-13715.
[19]夏玲君,周凌晞,刘立新,等.北京上甸子站大气CO2及δ13C(CO2)本底变化[J].环境科学,2016,37(4):1248-1255.Xia L J,Zhou L X,Liu L X,et al.Monitoring atmospheric CO2andδ13C(CO2)background levels at Shangdianzi Station in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(4):1248-1255.
[20]刘晓曼,程雪玲,胡非.北京城区二氧化碳浓度和通量的梯度变化特征——Ⅰ浓度与虚温[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(5):1502-1512.Liu X M,Cheng X L,Hu F.Gradient characteristics of CO2concentration and flux in Beijing urban area partⅠ:concentration and virtual temperature[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2015,58(5):1502-1512.
[21]朱希扬,潘晨,刘敏,等.上海春季近地面大气CO2浓度空间分布特征及其影响因素分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(9):1443-1450.Zhu X Y,Pan C,Liu M,et al.Spatial characteristics of near surface CO2concentration and analysis on its influencing factors in spring in Shanghai City[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(9):1443-1450.
[22]李燕丽,穆超,邓君俊,等.厦门秋季近郊近地面CO2浓度变化特征研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(5):2018-2024.Li Y L,Mu C,Deng J J,et al.Near surface atmospheric CO2variations in autumn at suburban Xiamen,China[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(5):2018-2024.
[23]高韵秋,刘寿东,胡凝,等.南京夏季城市冠层大气CO2浓度时空分布规律的观测[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2367-2373.Gao Y Q,Liu S D,Hu N,et al.Direct observation on the temporal and spatial patterns of the CO2concentration in the atmospheric of Nanjing urban canyon in summer[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2367-2373.
[24]陈超,杨乐,徐鸿,等.杭州市主要温室气体浓度变化特征[J].环境污染与防治,2014,36(1):69-72,96.Chen C,Yang L,Xu H,et al.Concentration variety characteristics of main greenhouse gases in Hangzhou[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2014,36(1):69-72,96.
[25]谭鑫,朱新胜,谢旻,等.江西千烟洲区域大气二氧化碳浓度观测研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(6):859-865.Tan X,Zhu X S,Xie M,et al.Monitoring of CO2concentration in the atmosphere over Qianyanzhou Area,Jiangxi[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(6):859-865.
[26]方双喜,周凌晞,臧昆鹏,等.光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)法观测我国4个本底站大气CO2[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(3):624-629.Fang S X,Zhou L X,Zang K P,et al.Measurement of atmospheric CO2mixing ratio by cavity ring-down spectroscopy(CRDS)at the 4 background stations in China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(3):624-629.
[27]李燕丽,邢振雨,穆超,等.移动监测法测量厦门春秋季近地面CO2的时空分布[J].环境科学,2014,35(5):1671-1679.Li Y L,Xing Z Y,Mu C,et al.Spatial and temporal variations of near surface atmospheric CO2with mobile measurements in fall and spring in Xiamen,China[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(5):1671-1679.
[28]Liu M,Zhu X Y,Pan C,et al.Spatial variation of near-surface CO2concentration during spring in Shanghai[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016,7(1):31-39.
[29]杭州市统计局.2016年杭州统计年鉴[EB/OL].http://tjj.hangzhou.gov.cn/,2016-09-23.
[30]高松.夏季上海城区大气中二氧化碳浓度特征及相关因素分析[J].中国环境监测,2011,27(2):70-76.Gao S.Analysis of characteristics and affecting factors of atmospheric CO2concentration in urban area in summer,Shanghai[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2011,27(2):70-76.
[31]Song T,Wang Y S.Carbon dioxide fluxes from an urban area in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,106:139-149.
[32]Liu H Z,Feng J W,Jrvi L,et al.Four-year(2006-2009)eddy covariance measurements of CO2flux over an urban area in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(17):7881-7892.
[33]Crawford B,Grimmond C S B,Christen A.Five years of carbon dioxide fluxes measurements in a highly vegetated suburban area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(4):896-905.
[34]Lietzke B,Vogt R.Variability of CO2concentrations and fluxes in and above an urban street canyon[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,74:60-72.
[35]European Commission,Joint Research Centre(JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency(PBL).Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR),release version 4.2 FT2010[EB/OL].http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=42FT2010,2013-10.
[36]Worden H M,Cheng Y F,Pfister G,et al.Satellite-based estimates of reduced CO and CO2emissions due to traffic restrictions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39(14):L14802.