闽中地区防御型土堡建筑特色分析
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摘要
以多角度的实地调研及总结归纳为基础,对闽中地区防御型土堡建筑进行的横向比较与纵向剖析的结果表明,闽中地区防御型土堡在建筑选址、理念和布局结构方面的特征最为显著。其与堡楼结合的土楼文化、堡居结合的客家文化和堡屋结合的围屋文化均有一定程度的关联与渊源,是多种防御型乡土建筑与地域特色相结合的建筑文化结晶。闽中土堡形制平面基本形为方形,随后出现了两角抹圆的"马蹄形"或四角抹圆的"圆形"土堡。结合土堡地形及现实情况,马蹄形土堡布局又可以衍变为"琵琶形",圆形土堡衍变成"官印形""曲线形"等不规则形式。此外,闽中地区土堡的空间布局类型之间特征差异并不显著,且存在相互融合转化的中间类型,因此无法严格区分。防御型土堡建筑具有独特的功能、空间特色和土堡形态内涵及空间特性相互协调的规律,对研究闽中地区防御型土堡建筑具有重要价值与意义。
The defensive earth fortresses in Central Fujian, which have more or less connection with the earth building culture originated from the integration of defensive earth fortresses with residential buildings, the Hakka culture originated from the combination of fortresses with dwellings and the enclosed house culture originated from the combination of fortresses with houses, are the crystallization of architectural culture originated from the combination of defensive native buildings with regional features. The plane of Central Fujian's defensive earth fortresses was basically square originally, and "horseshoe-shaped" with two round corners or circular with four round corners later. And further later the "horseshoe-shaped" earth fortresses evolved into a pipa shape based on local landforms and social reality and the round earth fortresses evolved into a chop shape, curve shape, and other irregular shapes. With the exception of this, Central Fujian's earth fortresses had little obvious difference from one to another in spatial arrangement and could integrate and transformed each other, and therefore they could not be strictly distinguished. Analyzing the characteristics of the defensive earth fortresses in function and spatial arrangement is aimed to revealing the law followed by the morphological connotation and spatial coordination of the earth fortresses and thus enriching the research value and meaning of the defensive earth fortresses in Central Fujian.
The defensive earth fortresses in Central Fujian, which have more or less connection with the earth building culture originated from the integration of defensive earth fortresses with residential buildings, the Hakka culture originated from the combination of fortresses with dwellings and the enclosed house culture originated from the combination of fortresses with houses, are the crystallization of architectural culture originated from the combination of defensive native buildings with regional features. The plane of Central Fujian's defensive earth fortresses was basically square originally, and "horseshoe-shaped" with two round corners or circular with four round corners later. And further later the "horseshoe-shaped" earth fortresses evolved into a pipa shape based on local landforms and social reality and the round earth fortresses evolved into a chop shape, curve shape, and other irregular shapes. With the exception of this, Central Fujian's earth fortresses had little obvious difference from one to another in spatial arrangement and could integrate and transformed each other, and therefore they could not be strictly distinguished. Analyzing the characteristics of the defensive earth fortresses in function and spatial arrangement is aimed to revealing the law followed by the morphological connotation and spatial coordination of the earth fortresses and thus enriching the research value and meaning of the defensive earth fortresses in Central Fujian.
引文
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[2]朱婧婷.大田县土堡保护与发展研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2016.
[3]黄慧颖.福建土堡的动态保护与活化利用[D].厦门:华侨大学,2013.
[4]大田县地方志编纂委员会.大田县志[M].北京:中华书局,1996.
[5]郑东军,张玉坤.河南地区传统聚落与坚寨建筑[J].建筑师,2005,(3):24-27.
[6](唐)房玄龄.晋书[M].北京:中华书局,1974.
[7]安显楼.基于RMP分析的福建土堡建筑美学传承探析[J].湖南科技学院学报,2018,(5):144-146.
[8]戴志坚.福建古堡民居略识[J].福建建筑,1998,(增刊):116-118.
[9]薛力.福建永安青水福临堡初探[J].建筑师,2009,(6):41-54.
[10]朱怿.泉州传统民居基本类型的空间分析及其类设计研究[D].厦门:华侨大学,2002.
[11]林秀弘.福建土堡建筑特色及其对比研究[J].中外建筑,2017,(5):60-64.
[12]陈伟强.闽中土堡空间形态及其类设计研究[D].厦门:华侨大学,2010.
[13]王绚.传统堡寨聚落研究[D].天津:天津大学,2006.
[14]戴志坚,曾茜.闽中土堡的建筑特色探源[J].中国名城,2009,(11):51-57.
[15]关慧姗.福建永安安贞堡的设计与建造探讨[D].南京:东南大学,2017.
[16]李少君.图解黄帝宅经[M].西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2008.
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