论琳达·霍根《靠鲸生活的人》中的深层生态学思想
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摘要
作为美国本土裔女作家,琳达·霍根深受印第安传统生态观影响,她倡导一种深层生态的生活方式。在生态小说《靠鲸生活的人》中,霍根详细描写了人与自然关系的发展历程。敬畏生命、尊崇自然的印第安原始部落维持着和谐的生态平衡。在白人文化入侵和战争冲击下,部落遭遇身份危机和生态失衡。居民们通过回归自然、重新认同万物的价值,再次实现人与自然的和谐统一。这三个过程分别与深层生态学中的生物中心主义平等观、人类中心主义思想和生态自我的概念紧密相连。以《靠鲸生活的人》为镜,可见深层生态思想在当下的现实意义,为解决全球生态问题、开创新的生态文明提供新思路。
As an indigenous American woman writer, Linda Hogan's work is informed by longstanding Native ecological philosophies and traditions. Her work advocates a deep ecology. In her ecological novel People of the Whale, Hogan interrogates the shifting relationship between First Nations people and the natural world. Invasion, war and colonization disrupts traditions that revere life and ecological balance, prompting instead ecological imbalance and identity crises. Yet a reunion of the human and the natural is ultimately achieved through both an immersive return to nature and a renewed respect for all human and non-human entities. These three different human/nature relationships each corresponds to a specific concept: biocentric equality, anthropocentrism, and an ecological selfhood within deep ecology. Via its deep ecology, People of the Whale proffers new solutions to contemporary global environmental catastrophes.
As an indigenous American woman writer, Linda Hogan's work is informed by longstanding Native ecological philosophies and traditions. Her work advocates a deep ecology. In her ecological novel People of the Whale, Hogan interrogates the shifting relationship between First Nations people and the natural world. Invasion, war and colonization disrupts traditions that revere life and ecological balance, prompting instead ecological imbalance and identity crises. Yet a reunion of the human and the natural is ultimately achieved through both an immersive return to nature and a renewed respect for all human and non-human entities. These three different human/nature relationships each corresponds to a specific concept: biocentric equality, anthropocentrism, and an ecological selfhood within deep ecology. Via its deep ecology, People of the Whale proffers new solutions to contemporary global environmental catastrophes.
引文
Barsam,A.P.Reverence for Life:The Ethics of Albert Schweitzer for the Twenty-first Century.Syracuse:Syracuse UP,2002.
Hogan,Linda.The Woman Who Watches Over the World:A Native Memory.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2002.
---.People of the Whale.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2008.
Li,Runrun,and Cao Shuya.“Trauma and Recovery:An Analysis of People of the Whale from the Perspective of Trauma Theory.”Journal of Changzhou University(Social Sciences Edition)4(2015):80-84.[李润润、曹淑娅:《创伤·复原-创伤理论视域下的〈靠鲸生活的人〉》,《常州大学学报(社会科学版)》2015年第4期,第80-84页。]
Li,Shunchun.“For a New Ecology:On Gary Snyder’s Deep Ecology.”Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 5(2011):93-96.[李顺春:《开创新的生态文明-论加里·斯奈德的深层生态观》,《外语与外语教学》2011年第5期,第93-96页。]
Liu,Yuning.“On Rachel Carson’s Deep Ecological Consciousness in Silent Spring.”Journal of Yibin University 2(2007):23-26.[刘宇宁:《论〈寂静的春天〉中的深层生态学思想》,《宜宾学院学报》2007年第2期,第23-26页。]
Naess,Arne.“The Shallow and the Deep,Long-Range Ecology Movement:A Summary.”Deep Ecology for the Twenty First Century.Ed.George Sessions.Boston and London:Shambhala,1995.151-55.
Snyder,Gary.Axe Handles.San Francisco:North Point Press,1983.
Tylor,Edward Burnett.Primitive Culture.Trans.Lian Shusheng.Shanghai:Shanghai Literature and Arts Publishing Group,1988.[爱德华·泰勒:《原始文化》,连树声译,上海:上海文艺出版社,1988年。]
Zeng,Fanren.“The Exit of Anthropocentrism and the Rise of Ecological Aesthetics.”Literary Review 2(2012):107-12.[曾繁仁:《人类中心主义的退场与生态美学的兴起》,《文学评论》2012年第2期,第107-12页。]
Hogan,Linda.The Woman Who Watches Over the World:A Native Memory.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2002.
---.People of the Whale.New York:W.W.Norton&Company,2008.
Li,Runrun,and Cao Shuya.“Trauma and Recovery:An Analysis of People of the Whale from the Perspective of Trauma Theory.”Journal of Changzhou University(Social Sciences Edition)4(2015):80-84.[李润润、曹淑娅:《创伤·复原-创伤理论视域下的〈靠鲸生活的人〉》,《常州大学学报(社会科学版)》2015年第4期,第80-84页。]
Li,Shunchun.“For a New Ecology:On Gary Snyder’s Deep Ecology.”Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 5(2011):93-96.[李顺春:《开创新的生态文明-论加里·斯奈德的深层生态观》,《外语与外语教学》2011年第5期,第93-96页。]
Liu,Yuning.“On Rachel Carson’s Deep Ecological Consciousness in Silent Spring.”Journal of Yibin University 2(2007):23-26.[刘宇宁:《论〈寂静的春天〉中的深层生态学思想》,《宜宾学院学报》2007年第2期,第23-26页。]
Naess,Arne.“The Shallow and the Deep,Long-Range Ecology Movement:A Summary.”Deep Ecology for the Twenty First Century.Ed.George Sessions.Boston and London:Shambhala,1995.151-55.
Snyder,Gary.Axe Handles.San Francisco:North Point Press,1983.
Tylor,Edward Burnett.Primitive Culture.Trans.Lian Shusheng.Shanghai:Shanghai Literature and Arts Publishing Group,1988.[爱德华·泰勒:《原始文化》,连树声译,上海:上海文艺出版社,1988年。]
Zeng,Fanren.“The Exit of Anthropocentrism and the Rise of Ecological Aesthetics.”Literary Review 2(2012):107-12.[曾繁仁:《人类中心主义的退场与生态美学的兴起》,《文学评论》2012年第2期,第107-12页。]