基于RZWQM模型模拟太行山低山丘陵区农田土壤硝态氮迁移及淋溶规律
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摘要
太行山低山丘陵区是华北平原地下水补给区,近年来山区农田面积增加,农田过量氮肥投入造成地下水硝酸盐浓度逐年升高,因此,研究典型农田土壤氮淋溶过程对保护补给区地下水具有重要意义.本文以位于太行山低山丘陵区的中国科学院太行山生态试验站冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田为研究对象,应用根区水质模型(root zone water quality model,RZWQM)对太行山低山丘陵区2015～2016年冬小麦-夏玉米的1个轮作周期内1m土壤剖面水分和硝态氮运移进行模拟.结果表明,土壤硝态氮淋溶主要发生在夏玉米季(雨季),当全年施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时,夏玉米季硝态氮淋失量达到59. 9 kg·hm~(-2),而冬小麦生长季硝态氮淋失量仅为2. 12 kg·hm~(-2).不同施氮量和不同降水年型下玉米季土壤硝态氮淋溶模拟结果表明,当施氮量为0、300和450 kg·hm~(-2)时,2016年(丰水年)极端降水后,玉米季土壤硝态氮潜在淋失量分别为10. 5、59. 9和136. 5kg·hm~(-2);当全年施氮量为300 kg·hm~(-2)时,2013(枯水年)、2015(平水年)和2016年(丰水年)玉米季硝态氮淋失量分别占轮作周期总施氮量的9%、10%和20%;当全年施氮量为450 kg·hm~(-2)时,2013(枯水年)、2015(平水年)和2016年(丰水年)玉米季硝态氮淋失量分别占总施氮量的11%、17%和30%,表明大降水事件不仅对地下水形成大量补给,很大程度上也增加了累积在农田土壤中的硝态氮淋溶损失,增加了对区域地下水硝酸盐潜在污染威胁.
Taihang Mountain region is the recharge area for groundwater in the North China Plain( NCP). In recent years,the elevated nitrate concentration in the groundwater in the Taihang Mountain has often been associated with the increased area of farmland and the excessive application of nitrogen. Thus,it is significant to study the soil nitrogen leaching process in typical farmland. In this study,the root zone water quality model( RZWQM) was used to simulate the nitrate nitrogen leaching of winter wheat/summer maize rotation systems in the Hilly Ecosystem Experimental Station in Taihang Mountain. The results showed that during the 2015-2016 winter wheat/summer maize season,the nitrate nitrogen from the soil leaching occurred mainly in the summer maize season( rainy season),with the nitrate nitrogen leaching amount reaching 59. 9 kg·hm~(-2),while the nitrate nitrogen leaching amount during the winter wheat season was only 2. 12 kg·hm~(-2). The soil nitrate nitrogen leaching condition was simulated using the RZWQM model for different nitrogen contents and years with different rainfall. Significant linear correlations were observed between nitrogen use and nitrate leaching in winter wheat/summer maize rotation systems. In summary,the results showed that the nitrate nitrogen leaching values were 10. 5,59. 9,and 136. 5 kg·hm~(-2) for nitrogen fertilizer applications of 0,300,and 450 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,during extreme precipitation in a wet year( 2015). The value of nitrate nitrogen leaching in the maize season of 2013( dry year),2015( normal year),and 2016( wet year)accounted for 9%,10%,and 20% for the 300 kg·hm~(-2) of nitrogen fertilizer applied,respectively. However,the value of nitrate nitrogen leaching in the maize season of 2013( dry year),2015( normal year),and 2016( wet year) accounted for 11%,17% and30% of the 450 kg·hm~(-2) of nitrogen fertilizer applied. These results show that extreme precipitation events not only greatly recharge the groundwater,but also increase the leaching of accumulated nitrate nitrogen and potential nitrate contamination in the groundwater.
Taihang Mountain region is the recharge area for groundwater in the North China Plain( NCP). In recent years,the elevated nitrate concentration in the groundwater in the Taihang Mountain has often been associated with the increased area of farmland and the excessive application of nitrogen. Thus,it is significant to study the soil nitrogen leaching process in typical farmland. In this study,the root zone water quality model( RZWQM) was used to simulate the nitrate nitrogen leaching of winter wheat/summer maize rotation systems in the Hilly Ecosystem Experimental Station in Taihang Mountain. The results showed that during the 2015-2016 winter wheat/summer maize season,the nitrate nitrogen from the soil leaching occurred mainly in the summer maize season( rainy season),with the nitrate nitrogen leaching amount reaching 59. 9 kg·hm~(-2),while the nitrate nitrogen leaching amount during the winter wheat season was only 2. 12 kg·hm~(-2). The soil nitrate nitrogen leaching condition was simulated using the RZWQM model for different nitrogen contents and years with different rainfall. Significant linear correlations were observed between nitrogen use and nitrate leaching in winter wheat/summer maize rotation systems. In summary,the results showed that the nitrate nitrogen leaching values were 10. 5,59. 9,and 136. 5 kg·hm~(-2) for nitrogen fertilizer applications of 0,300,and 450 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,during extreme precipitation in a wet year( 2015). The value of nitrate nitrogen leaching in the maize season of 2013( dry year),2015( normal year),and 2016( wet year)accounted for 9%,10%,and 20% for the 300 kg·hm~(-2) of nitrogen fertilizer applied,respectively. However,the value of nitrate nitrogen leaching in the maize season of 2013( dry year),2015( normal year),and 2016( wet year) accounted for 11%,17% and30% of the 450 kg·hm~(-2) of nitrogen fertilizer applied. These results show that extreme precipitation events not only greatly recharge the groundwater,but also increase the leaching of accumulated nitrate nitrogen and potential nitrate contamination in the groundwater.
引文
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[11]赵焕,王仕琴,孔晓乐,等.华北低山丘陵区潴龙河流域地下水水质特征及成因分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(2):17-24.Zhao H,Wang S Q,Kong X L,et al. A study of the water quality characteristics and factors in the Zhulong river basin in the hilly region of North China[J]. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2016,43(2):17-24.
[12] Dechmi F J, Burguete J, Skhiri A. SWAT application in intensive irrigation systems:Model modification,calibration and validation[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,470-471:227-238.
[13] Lam Q D,Schmalz B,Fohrer N. Modelling point and diffuse source pollution of nitrate in a rural lowland catchment using the SWAT mode[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(2):317-325.
[14] Knisel W G,Turtola E. Gleams model application on a heavy clay soil in Finland[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2000,43(3):285-309.
[15]王吉苹,曹文志.应用GLEAMS模型评估我国东南地区农业小流域硝态氮的渗漏淋失[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(1):28-32.Wang J P,Cao W Z. Assessing nitrate leaching with GLEAMS model in an agricultural small catchment in Southeast China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(1):28-32.
[16] Farida D,Javier B,Ahmed S. SWAT application in intensive irrigation systems:model modification,calibration and validation[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,470-471:227-238.
[17]韩宁,陈维梁,高扬,等.基于SWAT与DNDC模型对比研究亚热带流域氮淋溶与输出过程[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2317-2325.Han N,Chen W L,Gao Y,et al. Comparative study of SWAT and DNDC applied to N leach and export from subtropical watershed[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2317-2325.
[18]李发东,宋帅,蔡文静,等.陆地生态系统水体中硝酸盐行为过程模拟原理、进展及存在问题[J].南水北调与水利科技,2013,11(2):86-93.Li F D,Song S,Cai W J,et al. Review of process-based models of nitrate fate and their developments and limitations in terrestrial ecosystems[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2013,11(2):86-93.
[19] Han J G,Li Z B,Li P,et al. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in runoff from a purple soil in an agricultural watershed[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):757-762.
[20] Cameira M R,Fernando R M,Ahuja L R,et al. Using RZWQM to simulate the fate of nitrogen in field soil-crop environment in the Mediterranean region[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2007,90(1-2):121-136.
[21] Hu C,Saseendran S A,Green T R,et al. Evaluating nitrogen and water management in a double-cropping system using RZWQM[J]. Vadose Zone Journal,2006,5(1):493-505.
[22]肖登攀,韩淑敏,杨艳敏,等.太行山低山丘陵区不同地表类型降雨入渗产流规律研究[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(5):35-39.Xiao D P,Han S M,Yang Y M,et al. Study on rainfallinfiltration-runoff under typical ground surfaces conditions in the hilly regions of Taihang mountain[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(5):35-39.
[23] Wang H J,Sun J Q,Chen H P,et al. Extreme climate in China:facts,simulation and projection[J]. Meteorologische Zeitschrift,2012,21(3):279-304.
[24] Zhang D B,Yao P W,Na Z,et al. Soil water balance and water use efficiency of dryland wheat in different precipitation years in response to green manure approach[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:26856.
[25] Fang Q X,Malone R W,Ma L,et al. Modeling the effects of controlled drainage, N rate and weather on nitrate loss to subsurface drainage[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2012,103:150-161.
[26] Li Y,White R,Chen D L,et al. A spatially referenced water and nitrogen management model(WNMM)for(irrigated)intensive cropping systems in the North China Plain[J].Ecological Modelling,2007,203(3-4):395-423.
[27]房全孝.根系水质模型中土壤与作物参数优化及其不确定性评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(10):118-123.Fang Q X. Optimizing and uncertainty evaluation of soil and crop parameters in root zone water quality model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(10):118-123.
[28] Constantin J,Beaudoin N,Launay M,et al. Long-term nitrogen dynamics in various catch crop scenarios:test and simulations with STICS model in a temperate climate[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2012,147:36-46.
[29] Perego A,Basile A,Bonfante A,et al. Nitrate leaching under maize cropping systems in Po Valley(Italy)[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2012,147:57-65.
[30] Asadi M E,Clemente R S,Gupta A D,et al. Impacts of fertigation via sprinkler irrigation on nitrate leaching and corn yield in an acid-sulphate soil in Thailand[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2002,52(3):197-213.
[31]夏梦洁,马乐乐,师倩云,等.黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期土壤硝态氮淋溶与降水年型间的关系[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(8):1537-1546.Xia M J,Ma L L,Shi Q Y,et al. The relationship of NO3--N leaching and rainfall types during summer fallow in the Loess Plateau dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(8):1537-1546.
[2] Pena-Haro S,Pulido-Velazquez M,Sahuquillo A. A hydroeconomic modelling framework for optimal management of groundwater nitrate pollution from agriculture[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2009,373(1-2):193-203.
[3]欧阳威,蔡冠清,黄浩波,等.小流域农业面源氮污染时空特征及与土壤呼吸硝化关系分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2411-2418.Ouyang W,Cai G Q,Huang H B, et al. Temporal-spatial distribution of agricultural diffuse nitrogen pollution and relationship with soil respiration and nitrification[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(6):2411-2418.
[4] Li Y,Liu H J,Huang G H,et al. Nitrate nitrogen accumulation and leaching pattern at a winter wheat:summer maize cropping field in the North China Plain[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(2):118.
[5]丁晓雯,沈珍瑶.涪江流域农业非点源污染空间分布及污染源识别[J].环境科学,2012,33(11):4025-4032.Ding X W,Shen Z Y. Spatial distribution and pollution source identification of agricultural non-point source pollution in Fujiang watershed[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(11):4025-4032.
[6] Zhu Z L, Chen D L. Nitrogen fertilizer use in ChinaContributions to food production,impacts on the environment and best management strategies[J]. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,63(2-3):117-127.
[7] Li X X,Hu C S,Delgado J A,et al. Increased nitrogen use efficiencies as a key mitigation alternative to reduce nitrate leaching in north China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2007,89(1-2):137-147.
[8] Mack U D,Feger K H,Gong Y S,et al. Soil water balance and nitrate leaching in winter wheat-summer maize double-cropping systems with different irrigation and N fertilization in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2005,168(4):454-460.
[9] Wang Y Q,Zhou L. Observed trends in extreme precipitation events in China during 1961-2001 and the associated changes in large-scale circulation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32(9):L09707.
[10]曹建生,刘昌明,张万军,等.太行山区坡地水文地质特性与渗流集蓄技术研究[J].水科学进展,2005,16(2):216-221.Cao J S,Liu C M,Zhang W J,et al. Slope hydrogeology and collecting seepage water techniques in gneiss area in the Taihang mountains[J]. Advances in Water Science,2005,16(2):216-221.
[11]赵焕,王仕琴,孔晓乐,等.华北低山丘陵区潴龙河流域地下水水质特征及成因分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(2):17-24.Zhao H,Wang S Q,Kong X L,et al. A study of the water quality characteristics and factors in the Zhulong river basin in the hilly region of North China[J]. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2016,43(2):17-24.
[12] Dechmi F J, Burguete J, Skhiri A. SWAT application in intensive irrigation systems:Model modification,calibration and validation[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,470-471:227-238.
[13] Lam Q D,Schmalz B,Fohrer N. Modelling point and diffuse source pollution of nitrate in a rural lowland catchment using the SWAT mode[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(2):317-325.
[14] Knisel W G,Turtola E. Gleams model application on a heavy clay soil in Finland[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2000,43(3):285-309.
[15]王吉苹,曹文志.应用GLEAMS模型评估我国东南地区农业小流域硝态氮的渗漏淋失[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(1):28-32.Wang J P,Cao W Z. Assessing nitrate leaching with GLEAMS model in an agricultural small catchment in Southeast China[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(1):28-32.
[16] Farida D,Javier B,Ahmed S. SWAT application in intensive irrigation systems:model modification,calibration and validation[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2012,470-471:227-238.
[17]韩宁,陈维梁,高扬,等.基于SWAT与DNDC模型对比研究亚热带流域氮淋溶与输出过程[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2317-2325.Han N,Chen W L,Gao Y,et al. Comparative study of SWAT and DNDC applied to N leach and export from subtropical watershed[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2317-2325.
[18]李发东,宋帅,蔡文静,等.陆地生态系统水体中硝酸盐行为过程模拟原理、进展及存在问题[J].南水北调与水利科技,2013,11(2):86-93.Li F D,Song S,Cai W J,et al. Review of process-based models of nitrate fate and their developments and limitations in terrestrial ecosystems[J]. South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2013,11(2):86-93.
[19] Han J G,Li Z B,Li P,et al. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in runoff from a purple soil in an agricultural watershed[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(5):757-762.
[20] Cameira M R,Fernando R M,Ahuja L R,et al. Using RZWQM to simulate the fate of nitrogen in field soil-crop environment in the Mediterranean region[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2007,90(1-2):121-136.
[21] Hu C,Saseendran S A,Green T R,et al. Evaluating nitrogen and water management in a double-cropping system using RZWQM[J]. Vadose Zone Journal,2006,5(1):493-505.
[22]肖登攀,韩淑敏,杨艳敏,等.太行山低山丘陵区不同地表类型降雨入渗产流规律研究[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(5):35-39.Xiao D P,Han S M,Yang Y M,et al. Study on rainfallinfiltration-runoff under typical ground surfaces conditions in the hilly regions of Taihang mountain[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(5):35-39.
[23] Wang H J,Sun J Q,Chen H P,et al. Extreme climate in China:facts,simulation and projection[J]. Meteorologische Zeitschrift,2012,21(3):279-304.
[24] Zhang D B,Yao P W,Na Z,et al. Soil water balance and water use efficiency of dryland wheat in different precipitation years in response to green manure approach[J]. Scientific Reports,2016,6:26856.
[25] Fang Q X,Malone R W,Ma L,et al. Modeling the effects of controlled drainage, N rate and weather on nitrate loss to subsurface drainage[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2012,103:150-161.
[26] Li Y,White R,Chen D L,et al. A spatially referenced water and nitrogen management model(WNMM)for(irrigated)intensive cropping systems in the North China Plain[J].Ecological Modelling,2007,203(3-4):395-423.
[27]房全孝.根系水质模型中土壤与作物参数优化及其不确定性评价[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(10):118-123.Fang Q X. Optimizing and uncertainty evaluation of soil and crop parameters in root zone water quality model[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(10):118-123.
[28] Constantin J,Beaudoin N,Launay M,et al. Long-term nitrogen dynamics in various catch crop scenarios:test and simulations with STICS model in a temperate climate[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2012,147:36-46.
[29] Perego A,Basile A,Bonfante A,et al. Nitrate leaching under maize cropping systems in Po Valley(Italy)[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2012,147:57-65.
[30] Asadi M E,Clemente R S,Gupta A D,et al. Impacts of fertigation via sprinkler irrigation on nitrate leaching and corn yield in an acid-sulphate soil in Thailand[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2002,52(3):197-213.
[31]夏梦洁,马乐乐,师倩云,等.黄土高原旱地夏季休闲期土壤硝态氮淋溶与降水年型间的关系[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(8):1537-1546.Xia M J,Ma L L,Shi Q Y,et al. The relationship of NO3--N leaching and rainfall types during summer fallow in the Loess Plateau dryland[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(8):1537-1546.