纳米纤维素/环氧树脂复合物用作柔性有机太阳能电池基底
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摘要
为了解决柔性有机太阳能电池基底热膨胀系数大、基底热稳定性不佳的问题,采用纳米纤维素透明薄膜浸渍环氧树脂制得了复合材料,将该复合材料用作柔性有机太阳能电池基底。对其热学、光学、力学性能进行了表征和测试。结果表明:与纯环氧树脂相比,复合膜的热膨胀系数由4.6×10~(–5)K~(–1)下降至1.9×10~(–5)K~(–1),透光率可达89%,表面平滑(粗糙度2.15nm),机械性能良好。在该基础上,在复合基底上制备聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩):聚苯乙烯磺酸盐导电电极,将制得的电极分别在70℃和-15℃环境下放置3 h,然后对其进行了表面形貌、电导率等测试,结果表明,温度变化时电极材料与基底结合良好无开裂,电导率稳定(829～872 S/cm)。
In order to solve the problem of high expansion coefficient and poor thermal stability of the flexible organic solar cell substrates, cellulose nanofibrils reinforced epoxy resin composite as a flexible substrate of organic solar cell was prepared. The thermal, optical and mechanical properties of the composite were characterized and tested. The results showed the thermal expansion coefficient of the composite film was 1.9×10~(-5) K~(-1), lower than that of pure epoxy resin(4.6×10~(-5) K~(-1)). The composite film had outstanding light transmittance(89%), smooth surface(roughness 2.15 nm), and good mechanical properties.Subsequently, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate conductive electrode was deposited on the composite substrate.The prepared electrodes were placed at 70 ℃ and -15 ℃ for 3 h,respectively, and then tested for surface morphology, electrical conductivity, etc.The results proved that the electrode material was well combined with the substrate without cracking when the temperature changed,and the conductivity remained stable(829～872 S/cm).
In order to solve the problem of high expansion coefficient and poor thermal stability of the flexible organic solar cell substrates, cellulose nanofibrils reinforced epoxy resin composite as a flexible substrate of organic solar cell was prepared. The thermal, optical and mechanical properties of the composite were characterized and tested. The results showed the thermal expansion coefficient of the composite film was 1.9×10~(-5) K~(-1), lower than that of pure epoxy resin(4.6×10~(-5) K~(-1)). The composite film had outstanding light transmittance(89%), smooth surface(roughness 2.15 nm), and good mechanical properties.Subsequently, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate conductive electrode was deposited on the composite substrate.The prepared electrodes were placed at 70 ℃ and -15 ℃ for 3 h,respectively, and then tested for surface morphology, electrical conductivity, etc.The results proved that the electrode material was well combined with the substrate without cracking when the temperature changed,and the conductivity remained stable(829～872 S/cm).
引文
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[31]Isogai Akira,Saito Tsuguyuki,Fukuzumi Hayaka.TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers[J].Nanoscale,2011,3(1):71-85.
[32]Wagberg Lars,Decher Gero,Norgren Magnus,et al.The build-up of polyelectrolyte multilayers of microfibrillated cellulose and cationic polyelectrolytes[J].Langmuir the Acs Journal of Surfaces&Colloids,2008,24(3):784-795.
[33]Janardhnan Sreekumar,Sain Mohini M.Isolation of cellulose microfibrils-an enzymatic approach[J].Bioresources,2007,1(2):176-188.
[34]Wang Qian(王茜).Preparation and properties of cellulose nanofibers paper-based flexible electrochromic supercapacitors[D].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology(北京理工大学),2014.
[35]Fukuzumi Hayaka,Saito Tsuguyuki,Iwata Tadahisa,et al.Transparent and high gas barrier films of cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation[J].Biomacromolecules,2009,10(1):162-165.
[36]Yao Yonggang,Tao Jinsong,Zou Jianhua,et al.Light management in plastic-paper hybrid substrate towards high-performance optoelectronics[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2016,9(7):2278-2285.
[37]Okita Yusuke,Fujisawa Shuji,Saito Tsuguyuki,et al.TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils dispersed in organic solvents[J].Biomacromolecules,2011,12(2):518-522.
[38]Nogi Masaya,Yano Hiroyuki.Transparent nanocomposites based on cellulose produced by bacteria offer potential innovation in the electronics device industry[J].Advanced Materials,2010,20(10):1849-1852.
[39]Zeng Xiaoyan,Zhang Qikai,Yu Rongmin,et al.A new transparent conductor:silver nanowire film buried at the surface of a transparent polymer[J].Advanced Materials,2010,22(40):4484-4488.
[40]Nogi Masaya,Yano Hiroyuki.Optically transparent nanofiber sheets by deposition of transparent materials:a concept for a roll-to-roll processing[J].Applied Physics Letters,2009,94(23):374-376.
[41]Huang Jia,Zhu Hongli,Chen Yuchen,et al.Highly transparent and flexible nanopaper transistors[J].Acs Nano,2013,7(3):2106-2113.
[42]Fu Junjun(付俊俊),Tian Yan(田彦),Tao Jinsong(陶劲松).The surface groups and chemical modification of nanocrystalline cellulose[J].China Pulp&Paper(中国造纸),2018,37(1):50-59.
[43]Nogi Masaya,Iwamoto Shinichiro,Nakagaito Antonio Norio,et al.Optically transparent nanofiber paper[J].Advanced Materials,2010,21(16):1595-1598.
[44]Fan Xi,Wang Jinzhao,Wang Hanbin,et al.Bendable ITO-free organic solar cells with highly conductive and flexible PEDOT:PSSelectrodes on plastic substrates[J].Acs Applied Materials&Interfaces,2015,7(30):16287-16295.
[45]Liao Huaqiang,Wu Yiqiong,Wu Meiyu,et al.Aligned electrospun cellulose fibers reinforced epoxy resin composite films with high visible light transmittance[J].Cellulose,2012,19(1):111-119.
[2]Lungenschmied Christoph,Dennler Gilles,Neugebauer Helmut,et al.Flexible,long-lived,large-area,organic solar cells[J].Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells,2007,91(5):379-384.
[3]Bao Yunna(鲍允娜).Zinc-plated photoanode for the fabric-type dye-sensitized solar cells[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University(重庆大学),2015.
[4]Hanada Toru,NegishiTuyoto,Shiroishi Isao,et al.Plastic substrate with gas barrier layer and transparent conductive oxide thin film for flexible displays[J].Thin Solid Films,2010,518(11):3089-3092.
[5]Sun Mingxuan,Cui Xiaoli.Needle-shaped 3D dye-sensitized solar cells using anodized Ti wire and Pt nanoparticle/carbon fiber electrodes[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,223:74-78.
[6]Li Ming(李明),Mi Yiming(宓一鸣),Yan Zhi(言智).Solar cells prepared on different flexible substrates[J].Chinese Journal of Power Sources(电源技术),2013,37(8):1385-1387.
[7]Kim Se Hwan,Cheon Jun Hyuk,Kim Eung Bum,et al.Highperformance hydrogenated amorphous silicon TFT on flexible metal foil with polyimide planarization[J].Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids,2008,354:2529-2533.
[8]Chen Yuanfu,Mei Yongfeng,Kaltofen Rainer,et al.Towards flexible magnetoelectronics:buffer-enhanced and mechanically tunable GMRof Co/Cu multilayers on plastic substrates[J].Advanced Materials,2010,20(17):3224-3228.
[9]Yagyu Hitomi,Saito Tsuguyuki,Isogai Akira,et al.Chemical modification of cellulose nanofibers for the production of highly thermal resistant and optically transparent nanopaper for paper devices[J].Acs Applied Materials&Interfaces,2015,7(39):22012-22017.
[10]Chen Jinbo(陈进波).Design and preparation of new flexible high transparent paper material and its application research[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology(华南理工大学),2016.
[11]Fang Zhiqiang,Zhu Hongli,Yuan Yongbo,et al.Novel nanostructured paper with ultrahigh transparency and ultrahigh haze for solar cells[J].Nano Letters,2014,14(2):765-773.
[12]Zhang Yingchen(张迎晨),Wu Hongyan(吴红艳).Flexible or thin-film solar cells with epoxy resin base film and its preparation method:CN103897339A[P].2014-07-02.
[13]Weerasinghe Hasitha C,Huang Fuzhi,Cheng Yibing.Fabrication of flexible dye sensitized solar cells on plastic substrates[J].Nano Energy,2013,2(2):174-189.
[14]Ko Seung Hwan,Chung Jaewon,Pan Heng,et al.Fabrication of multilayer passive and active electric components on polymer using inkjet printing and low temperature laser processing[J].Sensors&Actuators A:Physical,2007,134(1):161-168.
[15]Zhou Shijie(周世杰).The modification of PEDOT:PSS films and its application in flexible organic light-emitting diodes and organic solar cells[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology(华南理工大学),2014.
[16]Zardetto Valerio,Brown Thomas M,Reale Andrea,et al.Substrates for flexible electronics:a practical investigation on the electrical,film flexibility,optical,temperature,and solvent resistance properties[J].Journal of Polymer Science,Part B:Polymer Physics,2011,49(9):638-648.
[17]Park Yong Seok,Kim Han Ki,Jeong Soon Wook,et al.Highly flexible indium zinc oxide electrode grown on PET substrate by cost efficient roll-to-roll sputtering process[J].Thin Solid Films,2010,518(11):3071-3074.
[18]Choi Myeon Cheon,Hwang Jae Chul,Kim Chiwan,et al.New colorless substrates based on polynorbornene-chlorinated polyimide copolymers and their application for flexible displays[J].Journal of Polymer Science,Part A:Polymer Chemistry,2010,48(8):1806-1814.
[19]Jin Jungho,Ko Ji Hoon,Yang Seung Cheol,et al.Rollable transparent glass-fabric reinforced composite substrate for flexible devices[J].Advanced Materials,2010,22(40):4510-4515.
[20]Jin Hyo Seong,Chang Jin Hae,Kim Jeong Cheol.Synthesis and characterization of colorless polyimide nanocomposite films containing pendant trifluoromethyl groups[J].Macromolecular Research,2008,16(6):503-509.
[21]Lv Jiankun(吕建坤),Ke Yucai(柯毓才),Qi Zongneng(漆宗能),et al.Synthesis and mechanical properties of epoxy/clay nanocomposites[J].Acta Materiae Compositae sinica(复合材料学报),2002,19(1):117-121.
[22]Zheng Yaping(郑亚萍),Ning Rongchang(宁荣昌).Progress of epoxy-nanocomposites[J].New Chemical Materials(化工新型材料),2000,28(3):17-18.
[23]Pan Jia(潘佳).Cellulose nanofibers-reinforced epoxy resin composite[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University(南京林业大学),2012.
[24]Kou Yanping(寇彦平).The influence of nanocellulose on structure and performanceof the modified epoxy resin system[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang A&F University(浙江农林大学),2015.
[25]Yan Ming(颜明),Song Bing(宋冰),Lu Hailong(陆海龙),et al.Preparation and characterization of cellulose-nanofbers/epoxy composites[J].China Pulp and Paper Industry(中华纸业),2016,37(14):23-26.
[26]Pan Jia(潘佳),Li Dagang(李大纲),Deng Qiaoyun(邓巧云),et al.Light transmittance study on cellulose nanofibers/epoxy resin composite film[J].China Plastics Industry(塑料工业),2012,40(9):108-111.
[27]Shimazaki Yuzuru,Miyazaki Yasuo,Takezawa Yoshitaka,et al.Excellent thermal conductivity of transparent cellulose nanofiber/epoxy resin nanocomposites[J].Biomacromolecules,2007,8(9):2976-2978.
[28]Ye Zhipeng(叶志鹏),Zhang Yan(张艳),Kou Yanping(寇彦平),et al.Effect of cellulose nanofiber on structure and mechanical properties of epoxy/poly(ε-caprolactone)blends[J].Polymer Materials Science and Engineering(高分子材料科学与工程),2015,31(11):91-96.
[29]Dong Yuancai(董元彩),Meng Wei(孟卫).Preparation and property of EP/TiO2 nanocomposite[J].China Plastics Industry(塑料工业),1999,27(6):37-38.
[30]Lu Jue,Askeland Per,Drzal Lawrence T.Surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose for epoxy composite applications[J].Polymer,2008,49(5):1285-1296.
[31]Isogai Akira,Saito Tsuguyuki,Fukuzumi Hayaka.TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers[J].Nanoscale,2011,3(1):71-85.
[32]Wagberg Lars,Decher Gero,Norgren Magnus,et al.The build-up of polyelectrolyte multilayers of microfibrillated cellulose and cationic polyelectrolytes[J].Langmuir the Acs Journal of Surfaces&Colloids,2008,24(3):784-795.
[33]Janardhnan Sreekumar,Sain Mohini M.Isolation of cellulose microfibrils-an enzymatic approach[J].Bioresources,2007,1(2):176-188.
[34]Wang Qian(王茜).Preparation and properties of cellulose nanofibers paper-based flexible electrochromic supercapacitors[D].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology(北京理工大学),2014.
[35]Fukuzumi Hayaka,Saito Tsuguyuki,Iwata Tadahisa,et al.Transparent and high gas barrier films of cellulose nanofibers prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation[J].Biomacromolecules,2009,10(1):162-165.
[36]Yao Yonggang,Tao Jinsong,Zou Jianhua,et al.Light management in plastic-paper hybrid substrate towards high-performance optoelectronics[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2016,9(7):2278-2285.
[37]Okita Yusuke,Fujisawa Shuji,Saito Tsuguyuki,et al.TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils dispersed in organic solvents[J].Biomacromolecules,2011,12(2):518-522.
[38]Nogi Masaya,Yano Hiroyuki.Transparent nanocomposites based on cellulose produced by bacteria offer potential innovation in the electronics device industry[J].Advanced Materials,2010,20(10):1849-1852.
[39]Zeng Xiaoyan,Zhang Qikai,Yu Rongmin,et al.A new transparent conductor:silver nanowire film buried at the surface of a transparent polymer[J].Advanced Materials,2010,22(40):4484-4488.
[40]Nogi Masaya,Yano Hiroyuki.Optically transparent nanofiber sheets by deposition of transparent materials:a concept for a roll-to-roll processing[J].Applied Physics Letters,2009,94(23):374-376.
[41]Huang Jia,Zhu Hongli,Chen Yuchen,et al.Highly transparent and flexible nanopaper transistors[J].Acs Nano,2013,7(3):2106-2113.
[42]Fu Junjun(付俊俊),Tian Yan(田彦),Tao Jinsong(陶劲松).The surface groups and chemical modification of nanocrystalline cellulose[J].China Pulp&Paper(中国造纸),2018,37(1):50-59.
[43]Nogi Masaya,Iwamoto Shinichiro,Nakagaito Antonio Norio,et al.Optically transparent nanofiber paper[J].Advanced Materials,2010,21(16):1595-1598.
[44]Fan Xi,Wang Jinzhao,Wang Hanbin,et al.Bendable ITO-free organic solar cells with highly conductive and flexible PEDOT:PSSelectrodes on plastic substrates[J].Acs Applied Materials&Interfaces,2015,7(30):16287-16295.
[45]Liao Huaqiang,Wu Yiqiong,Wu Meiyu,et al.Aligned electrospun cellulose fibers reinforced epoxy resin composite films with high visible light transmittance[J].Cellulose,2012,19(1):111-119.
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