城市土壤中铅分布特征及环境风险
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摘要
结合近年中国城市土壤重金属污染研究成果,从城市土壤中重金属铅(Pb)的空间分布、有效态、源解析及环境风险等方面进行探讨。研究表明,人类活动对中国城市土壤中重金属Pb的扰动强烈,中国南部和东部城市的土壤中重金属Pb含量较其他地区高,主要源自城市发展过程中的交通运输、工业生产等人类活动;属于轻度污染等级的分布区域较广,但中国城市土壤重金属Pb严重污染的情况较少。根据城市土壤地球化学特征、环境风险状况采取针对性的风险管控和修复措施,对于提高城市土壤环境质量具有重要意义。
This paper investigated the spatial distribution,chemical bound forms,source analysis and environmental risks of heavy metal Pb in urban soil based on the recent research on heavy metal pollution in urban soil in China.Results show that human activities have a strong disturbance to heavy metal Pb in Chinese urban soil,and the content of heavy metal Pb in soil in the southern and eastern cities of China is higher than that in other areas,mainly from such human activities astransportation and industrial activities.Pollution levels of Pb in urban soil in most cities are at the mild grade while only very few cities were severely polluted.Targeted risk control and reclamation activities can be taken according to the geo-chemical characteristics and environmental risks,which is of great significance to the quality improvement of urban soil environment.
This paper investigated the spatial distribution,chemical bound forms,source analysis and environmental risks of heavy metal Pb in urban soil based on the recent research on heavy metal pollution in urban soil in China.Results show that human activities have a strong disturbance to heavy metal Pb in Chinese urban soil,and the content of heavy metal Pb in soil in the southern and eastern cities of China is higher than that in other areas,mainly from such human activities astransportation and industrial activities.Pollution levels of Pb in urban soil in most cities are at the mild grade while only very few cities were severely polluted.Targeted risk control and reclamation activities can be taken according to the geo-chemical characteristics and environmental risks,which is of great significance to the quality improvement of urban soil environment.
引文
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[19]YANG Z,LU W,LONG Y,et al.Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2011,108(1):27-38.
[20]QING X,YUTONG Z,SHENGGAO L.Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city(Anshan),Liaoning,Northeast China[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2015,120:377-385.
[21]WANG X,QIN Y.Some characteristics of the distribution of heavy metals in urban topsoil of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geochemistry&Health,2007,29(1):11-19.
[22]LIN M,GUI H,WANG Y,et al.Pollution characteristics,source apportionment,and health risk of heavy metals in street dust of Suzhou,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2017,24(2):1987-1998.
[23]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1991,12(4):12-19.WEI Fusheng,CHEN Jingsheng,WU Yanyu,et al.Background value of elements in soil of China[J].Environmental Science,1991,12(4):12-19.
[24]CHENG H,LI M,ZHAO C,et al.Overview of trace metals in the urban soil of 31metropolises in China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139(1):31-52.
[25]高飞霞,邹天森,张金良,等.中国城市土壤环境铅含量分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2015,28(2):1-5.GAO Feixia,ZOU Tiansen,ZHANG Jinliang,et al.Lead concentration in urban soils of China[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2015,28(2):1-5.
[26]王莹,陈玉成,李章平.我国城市土壤重金属的污染格局分析[J].环境化学,2012,31(6):763-770.WANG Ying,CHEN Yucheng,LI Zhangping.Contamination pattern of heavy metals in Chinese urban soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(6):763-770.
[27]谢小进,康建成,李卫江.上海市不同工业类型土壤重金属含量差异性分析[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1777-1782.XIE Xiaojin,KANG Jiancheng,LI Weijiang.Analysis on differences of heavy metal concentrations in different types of industrial soil in Shanghai[J].Ecology and Environment,2009,18(5):1777-1782.
[28]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖,等.南京城市土壤重金属含量及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1):123-126.LU Ying,GONG Zitong,ZHANG Ganlin,et al.The concentration and chemical speciation of Pb in Nanjing urban soils[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(1):123-126.
[29]WU S,PENG S,ZHANG X,et al.Levels and health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban soils in Dongguan,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2015,148:71-78.
[30]陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清.福建省土壤元素背景值及其特征[J].福建环境,1991,8(3):107-109.CHEN Zhenjin,CHEN Chunxiu,LIU Yongqing.Background value and characteristics of soil elements in Fujian Province[J].Fujian Environment,1991,8(3):107-109.
[31]ZHANG C,YANG Y,LI W,et al.Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in urban soils in Wuhan,central China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2015,187(9):556-572.
[32]LI J,PU L,ZHU M,et al.Spatial pattern of heavy metal concentration in the soil of rapid urbanization area:A case of Ehu Town,Wuxi City,Eastern China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(8):3355-3362.
[33]HU W,HUANG B,HE Y,et al.Assessment of potential health risk of heavy metals in soils from a rapidly developing region of China[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2016,22(1):211-225.
[34]GUO G,WU F,XIE F,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(3):410-418.
[35]CHEN X,LU X,LI L Y,et al.Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban topsoil from inside the Xi’an second ringroad,NW China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68(7):1979-1988.
[36]PAN L B,MA J,WANG X L,et al.Heavy metals in soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province,China:Levels,sources and spatial distribution[J].Chemosphere,2016,148:248-254.
[37]XIA D,WANG B,YU Y,et al.Combination of magnetic parameters and heavy metals to discriminate soil-contamination sources in Yinchuan:A typical oasis city of Northwestern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,485-486:83-92.
[38]尹鑫,周广柱,王翠珍,等.者海铅锌渣中重金属的赋存形态及环境风险评价[J].地球与环境,2016,44(4):478-483.YIN Xin,ZHOU Guangzhu,WANG Cuizhen,et al.Speciation and risk assessment for heavy metals in lead and zinc slag at Zhehai,China[J].Earth&Environment,2016,44(4):478-483.
[39]BROOKINS D G.Eh-pH diagrams for geochemistry[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988,53(3):763.
[40]SPARKS D.Environment soil chemistry[M].New York:Academic Press,2003:245-266.
[41]曹心德,魏晓欣,代革联.土壤重金属复合污染及其化学钝化修复技术研究进展[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(7):1441-1453.CAO Xinde,WEI Xiaoxin,DAI Gelian.Combined pollution of multiple heavy metals and their chemical immobilization in contaminated soils:A review[J].Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control,2011,5(7):1441-1453.
[42]付煜恒,张惠灵,王宇.磷酸盐对铅镉复合污染土壤的钝化修复研究[J].环境工程,2017,35(9):176-180.FU Yuheng,ZHANG Huiling,WANG Yu.Immobilization of soil contaminated by lead and cadmium using phosphate[J].Environmental Engineering,2017,35(9):176-180.
[43]孙瑞瑞,陈华清,李杜康.基于土壤中铅化学形态的生态风险评价方法比较[J].安全与环境工程,2015,22(5):47-51.SUN Ruirui,CHEN Huaqing,LI Dukang.Comparison of ecological risk assessment methods based on the chemical forms of lead in soil[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,2015,22(5):47-51.
[2]MAHAR A,WANG P,ALI A,et al.Challenges and opportunities in the phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils:A review[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2016,126:111-121.
[3]GUNEY M,ZAGURY G J,DOGAN N,et al.Exposure assessment and risk characterization from trace elements following soil ingestion by children exposed to playgrounds,parks and picnic areas[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,182(1):656-664.
[4]任慧敏,王金达,张学林.外源铅化合物在土壤中的转化[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(2):235-240.REN Huimin,WANG Jinda,ZHANG Xuelin.Transformation of the external source lead compounds in soil[J].China Environmental Science,2007,27(2):235-240.
[5]CHENG H,HU Y.Lead(Pb)isotopic fingerprinting and its applications in lead pollution studies in China:A review[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158(5):1134.
[6]张一修,王济,秦樊鑫,等.贵阳市道路灰尘和土壤重金属来源识别比较[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):204-212.ZHANG Yixiu,WANG Ji,QIN Fanxin,et al.Comparison of sources of metals in road-dust and soil in Guiyang[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(1):204-212.
[7]胡碧峰,王佳昱,傅婷婷,等.空间分析在土壤重金属污染研究中的应用[J].土壤通报,2017,48(4):1014-1024.HU Bifeng,WANG Jiayu,FU Tingting,et al.Application of spatial analysis on soul heavy metal contamination:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(4):1014-1024.
[8]宣斌,王济,段志斌,等.铅同位素示踪土壤重金属污染源解析研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(11):17-21.XUAN Bin,WANG Ji,DUAN Zhibin,et al.Advances in application of lead isotope to tracing soil heavy metal pollution[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,40(11):17-21.
[9]高志友,尹观.铅同位素在示踪城市环境污染源研究中的应用[J].广东微量元素科学,2005,12(7):17-21.GAO Zhiyou,YIN Guan.Application of lead isotopes in tracing urban environmental pollution sources[J].Guangdong Trace Elements Science,2005,12(7):17-21.
[10]LEGRET M,PAGOTTO C.Evaluation of pollutant loadings in the runoff waters from a major rural highway[J].Science of the Total Environment,1999,235(1/2/3):143-150.
[11]张孝飞,林玉锁,俞飞,等.城市典型工业区土壤重金属污染状况研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2005,14(4):512-515.ZHANG Xiaofei,LIN Yusuo,YU Fei,et al.Pollution of heavy metals in urban soils of typical industrial and surrounding residential area in Nanjing City[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtza Basin,2005,14(4):512-515.
[12]XIA X,CHEN X,LIU R,et al.Heavy metals in urban soils with various types of land use in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(2/3):2043-2050.
[13]刘玉燕,刘敏.上海城市土壤中重金属含量及赋存形态[J].城市环境与城市生态,2008,21(2):34-37.LIU Yuyan,LIU Min.Contents and chemical form of heavy metals of urban soils in Shanghai[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2008,21(2):34-37.
[14]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖.南京城市土壤Pb的含量及其化学形态[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(2):156-160.LU Ying,GONG Zitong,ZHANG Ganlin.The concentration and chemical speciation of Pb in Nanjing urban soils[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2002,22(2):156-160.
[15]ZHANG X,LIN F,WONG M,et al.Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County,China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2009,154(1/4):439-449.
[16]CUI Z,QIAO S,BAO Z,et al.Contamination and distribution of heavy metals in urban and suburban soils in Zhangzhou City,Fujian,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,64(6):1607-1615.
[17]LU Y,JIA C,ZHANG G,et al.Spatial distribution and source of potential toxic elements(PTEs)in urban soils of Guangzhou,China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(4):329.
[18]MA L,YANG Z,LI L,et al.Source identification and risk assessment of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils of Changsha,a mine-impacted city in Southern China[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research,2016,23(17):17058-17066.
[19]YANG Z,LU W,LONG Y,et al.Assessment of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoil from Changchun City,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2011,108(1):27-38.
[20]QING X,YUTONG Z,SHENGGAO L.Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city(Anshan),Liaoning,Northeast China[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,2015,120:377-385.
[21]WANG X,QIN Y.Some characteristics of the distribution of heavy metals in urban topsoil of Xuzhou,China[J].Environmental Geochemistry&Health,2007,29(1):11-19.
[22]LIN M,GUI H,WANG Y,et al.Pollution characteristics,source apportionment,and health risk of heavy metals in street dust of Suzhou,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2017,24(2):1987-1998.
[23]魏复盛,陈静生,吴燕玉,等.中国土壤环境背景值研究[J].环境科学,1991,12(4):12-19.WEI Fusheng,CHEN Jingsheng,WU Yanyu,et al.Background value of elements in soil of China[J].Environmental Science,1991,12(4):12-19.
[24]CHENG H,LI M,ZHAO C,et al.Overview of trace metals in the urban soil of 31metropolises in China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139(1):31-52.
[25]高飞霞,邹天森,张金良,等.中国城市土壤环境铅含量分析[J].城市环境与城市生态,2015,28(2):1-5.GAO Feixia,ZOU Tiansen,ZHANG Jinliang,et al.Lead concentration in urban soils of China[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2015,28(2):1-5.
[26]王莹,陈玉成,李章平.我国城市土壤重金属的污染格局分析[J].环境化学,2012,31(6):763-770.WANG Ying,CHEN Yucheng,LI Zhangping.Contamination pattern of heavy metals in Chinese urban soils[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(6):763-770.
[27]谢小进,康建成,李卫江.上海市不同工业类型土壤重金属含量差异性分析[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(5):1777-1782.XIE Xiaojin,KANG Jiancheng,LI Weijiang.Analysis on differences of heavy metal concentrations in different types of industrial soil in Shanghai[J].Ecology and Environment,2009,18(5):1777-1782.
[28]卢瑛,龚子同,张甘霖,等.南京城市土壤重金属含量及其影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(1):123-126.LU Ying,GONG Zitong,ZHANG Ganlin,et al.The concentration and chemical speciation of Pb in Nanjing urban soils[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(1):123-126.
[29]WU S,PENG S,ZHANG X,et al.Levels and health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban soils in Dongguan,China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2015,148:71-78.
[30]陈振金,陈春秀,刘用清.福建省土壤元素背景值及其特征[J].福建环境,1991,8(3):107-109.CHEN Zhenjin,CHEN Chunxiu,LIU Yongqing.Background value and characteristics of soil elements in Fujian Province[J].Fujian Environment,1991,8(3):107-109.
[31]ZHANG C,YANG Y,LI W,et al.Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in urban soils in Wuhan,central China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2015,187(9):556-572.
[32]LI J,PU L,ZHU M,et al.Spatial pattern of heavy metal concentration in the soil of rapid urbanization area:A case of Ehu Town,Wuxi City,Eastern China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(8):3355-3362.
[33]HU W,HUANG B,HE Y,et al.Assessment of potential health risk of heavy metals in soils from a rapidly developing region of China[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2016,22(1):211-225.
[34]GUO G,WU F,XIE F,et al.Spatial distribution and pollution assessment of heavy metals in urban soils from southwest China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(3):410-418.
[35]CHEN X,LU X,LI L Y,et al.Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in urban topsoil from inside the Xi’an second ringroad,NW China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68(7):1979-1988.
[36]PAN L B,MA J,WANG X L,et al.Heavy metals in soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province,China:Levels,sources and spatial distribution[J].Chemosphere,2016,148:248-254.
[37]XIA D,WANG B,YU Y,et al.Combination of magnetic parameters and heavy metals to discriminate soil-contamination sources in Yinchuan:A typical oasis city of Northwestern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,485-486:83-92.
[38]尹鑫,周广柱,王翠珍,等.者海铅锌渣中重金属的赋存形态及环境风险评价[J].地球与环境,2016,44(4):478-483.YIN Xin,ZHOU Guangzhu,WANG Cuizhen,et al.Speciation and risk assessment for heavy metals in lead and zinc slag at Zhehai,China[J].Earth&Environment,2016,44(4):478-483.
[39]BROOKINS D G.Eh-pH diagrams for geochemistry[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1988,53(3):763.
[40]SPARKS D.Environment soil chemistry[M].New York:Academic Press,2003:245-266.
[41]曹心德,魏晓欣,代革联.土壤重金属复合污染及其化学钝化修复技术研究进展[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(7):1441-1453.CAO Xinde,WEI Xiaoxin,DAI Gelian.Combined pollution of multiple heavy metals and their chemical immobilization in contaminated soils:A review[J].Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control,2011,5(7):1441-1453.
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