三江源国家公园大果圆柏生长衰退历史研究
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摘要
树木在极端事件干扰下会发生生长衰退,然而,目前尚缺乏对此类衰退长时间尺度监测的研究。树木生长衰退历史能够提供长时间尺度的森林动态数据,利于准确评估极端事件对树木生长的影响。本研究选用三江源国家公园曲麻莱县原生大果圆柏作为研究对象,利用树木年轮学方法研究其生长衰退历史。研究结果表明,研究区内大果圆柏径向生长与生长季(5—6月)水分条件和生长季前(前一年10月)的平均温度均显著正相关,与生长季平均温度显著负相关。过去近4个世纪,研究区大果圆柏在1685—1695年、1741—1749年、1815—1824年树轮指数呈明显的下降趋势。以10 a滑动平均树木生长变化百分率定义衰退,1686—1687年与1815—1817年,该大果圆柏森林树轮生长变化百分率达到-25%,表明1686—1697年,1815—1827年期间发生生长衰退。17世纪末小冰期和1815年印尼Tambora火山爆发及其引起的气候突变极有可能是这两次衰退事件的诱发原因,因此水热条件的急剧变化对树木生长具有关键的影响。20世纪50年代以来,在全球变暖背景下,曲麻莱县研究区内大果圆柏生长状况良好,几乎未发生生长抑制。该研究结果可为预测未来极端干扰对树木生长的影响提供依据,从而在区域林业管理中进行相应的森林保护,以维护三江源国家公园的生态功能。
Forest structure and function are subject to the risk of tree growth declines related to external disturbances. However, few researches have been done to monitor long time scale tree growth declines and thus it is hard to assess the effect of extreme events on forest. In this study, we found that tree growth in the Three-River-Source National Park, Qumalai Prefecture was positively correlated with previous October mean temperature and May—June precipitation while negatively correlated with May to June mean temperature. We utilized dendrochronological methods to study the history of tree growth declines with the samples collected from Juniperus tibetica forest in Qumalai Prefecture. By analyzing the radial growth trajectories, we identified tree ring indexes of the three periods, including 1685—1695, 1741—1749 and 1815—1824, showed a downward trend and two major events of intense tree growth decline happened in 1686—1697 and 1815—1827 in the past 372 years. Climate change resulted in "Little Ice Age" and Tambora eruption were most likely the reason for the two decline periods respectively and thus we concluded that rapid change of moisture and thermal conditions might play an essential role in tree growth. Since the 20 th century the J. tibetica forest has been in a good condition for its growth though it was getting warm and dry in the context of global warming. Our study results will help to anticipate the forest health in response to climatic and environmental change in the future. Targeted protection of trees is of great importance for maintaining forest ecosystem services in the Three-River-Source National Park.
Forest structure and function are subject to the risk of tree growth declines related to external disturbances. However, few researches have been done to monitor long time scale tree growth declines and thus it is hard to assess the effect of extreme events on forest. In this study, we found that tree growth in the Three-River-Source National Park, Qumalai Prefecture was positively correlated with previous October mean temperature and May—June precipitation while negatively correlated with May to June mean temperature. We utilized dendrochronological methods to study the history of tree growth declines with the samples collected from Juniperus tibetica forest in Qumalai Prefecture. By analyzing the radial growth trajectories, we identified tree ring indexes of the three periods, including 1685—1695, 1741—1749 and 1815—1824, showed a downward trend and two major events of intense tree growth decline happened in 1686—1697 and 1815—1827 in the past 372 years. Climate change resulted in "Little Ice Age" and Tambora eruption were most likely the reason for the two decline periods respectively and thus we concluded that rapid change of moisture and thermal conditions might play an essential role in tree growth. Since the 20 th century the J. tibetica forest has been in a good condition for its growth though it was getting warm and dry in the context of global warming. Our study results will help to anticipate the forest health in response to climatic and environmental change in the future. Targeted protection of trees is of great importance for maintaining forest ecosystem services in the Three-River-Source National Park.
引文
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[2] ANDEREGG W R L,MARTINEZ-VILALTA J,CAILLERET M,et al.When a tree dies in the forest:scaling climate-driven tree mortality to ecosystem water and carbon fluxes[J].Ecosystems,2016,19(6):1 133-1 147.
[3] CAILLERET M,JANSEN S,ROBERT E M R,et al.A synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality[J].Global Change Biology,2017,23(4):1 675-1 690.
[4] SHESTAKOVA T A,GUTIéRREZ E,KIRDYANOV A V,et al.Forests synchronize their growth in contrasting Eurasian regions in response to climate warming[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016,113(3):662-667.
[5] CHEN L,HUANG J G,ALAM S A,et al.Drought causes reduced growth of trembling aspen in western Canada[J].Global Change Biology,2017,23(7):2 887-2 902.
[6] 于伯华,吕昌河,吕婷婷,等.青藏高原植被覆盖变化的地域分异特征[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(3):391-397.
[7] ZHAO X,ZHOU D J,FANG J Y.Satellite-based studies on large-scale vegetation changes in China[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,2012,54(10):713-728.
[8] 孙庆龄,李宝林,许丽丽,等.2000—2013年三江源植被NDVI变化趋势及影响因素分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2016,18(12):1 707-1 716.
[9] 封晓辉,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.树木年轮在干扰历史重建中的应用[J].生态学报,2011,31(11):3 215-3 222.
[10] 王树芝,赵秀海.树轮生态学研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2010,23(2):17-21.
[11] LIANG E Y,LEUSCHNER C,DULAMSUREN C,et al.Global warming-related tree growth decline and mortality on the north-eastern Tibetan plateau[J].Climatic Change,2016,134(1/2):163-176.
[12] MOU Y M,FANG O Y,CHENG X H,et al.Recent tree growth decline unprecedented over the last four centuries in a Tibetan juniper forest[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2018,doi:10.1007/s11676-018-0856-6.
[13] FANG O Y,ZHANG Q B.Tree resilience to drought increases in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Global Change Biology,2019,25(1):245-253.
[14] FANG O Y,ALFARO R I,ZHANG Q B.Tree rings reveal a major episode of forest mortality in the late 18th century on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Global and Planetary Change,2018,163:44-50.
[15] 易湘生,尹衍雨,李国胜,等.青海三江源地区近50年来的气温变化[J].地理学报,2011,66(11):1 451-1 465.
[16] 黄小梅,肖丁木,秦宁生.大果圆柏(Juniperus tibetica)树轮记录的1606—2012年长江源区4—6月帕尔默干旱指数变化[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(4):784-792.
[17] LIANG E Y,SHAO X M,QIN N S.Tree-ring based summer temperature reconstruction for the source region of the Yangtze River on the Tibetan Plateau[J].Global and Planetary Change,2008,61(3/4):313-320.
[18] 叶秣麟,秦宁生,白爱娟,等.树轮宽度记录的长江源1470—2009年4～6月最高气温[J].第四纪研究,2015,35(5):1 102-1 111.
[19] 秦宁生,邵雪梅,靳立亚,等.青海南部高原圆柏年轮指示的近500年来气候变化[J].科学通报,2003,45(19):2 068-2 072.
[20] 秦宁生,靳立亚,时兴合,等.利用树轮资料重建通天河流域518年径流量[J].地理学报,2004,59(4):550-556.
[21] 《青海森林》编辑委员会.青海森林[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993:240-245.
[22] 伍杰,刘兆发,尹学明,等.甘孜高海拔地区大果圆柏育苗技术研究[J].四川林业科技,2011,32(6):117-120.
[23] COOK E R,KAIRIUKSTIS L A.Methods of dendrochronology:applications in the environmental sciences[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1990:51-55.
[24] FRITTS H C.Tree ring and climate[M].London:Academic Press,1976.
[25] SCHWEINGRUBER F H.Tree rings and environment dendroecology[M].Berne:Paul Haupt,1996.
[26] COOK E R,HOLMES R L.Users manual for ARSTAN.laboratory of tree-ring research[M].University of Arizona,Tucson,1986.
[27] PAYETTE S,FILION L,DELWAIDE A.Disturbance regime of a cold temperate forest as deduced from tree-ring patterns:the Tantaré ecological reserve,Quebec[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1990,20(8):1 228-1 241.
[28] NOWACKI G J,ABRAMS M D.Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks[J].Ecological Monographs,1997,67(2):225-249.
[29] AMOROSO M M,DANIELS L D,LARSON B C.Temporal patterns of radial growth in declining Austrocedrus chilensis forests in Northern Patagonia:the use of tree-rings as an indicator of forest decline[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2012,265:62-70.
[30] ZHANG Q B,EVANS M N,LYU L X.Moisture dipole over the Tibetan Plateau during the past five and a half centuries[J].Nature Communications,2015,6:8062.
[31] 董蕾,李吉跃.植物干旱胁迫下水分代谢、碳饥饿与死亡机理[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5 477-5 483.
[32] MANION P D.Tree disease concepts[M].Englewood Cliffes:Prentice-Hall,1991.
[33] BRéDA N,HUC R,GRANIER A,et al.Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought:a review of ecophysiological responses,adaptation processes and long-term consequences[J].Annals of Forest Science,2006,63(6):625-544.
[34] ADAMS H D,GERMINO M J,BRESHEARS D D,et al.Nonstructural leaf carbohydrate dynamics of Pinus edulis during drought-induced tree mortality reveal role for carbon metabolism in mortality mechanism[J].New Phytologist,2013,197(4):1 142-1 151.
[35] MCDOWELL N,POCKMAN W T,ALLEN C D,et al.Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought:why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?[J].New Phytologist,2008,178(4):719-739.
[36] 邵雪梅,范金梅.树轮宽资料所指示的川西过去气候变化[J].第四纪研究,1999(1):81-89.
[37] GUTIéRREZ E.Climate tree-growth relationships for Pinus uncinata Ram.in the Spanish pre-Pyrenees[J].Acta Oecologica,1991,12(2):213-225.
[38] LAZARUS B E,SCHABERG P G,DEHAYES D H,et al.Severe red spruce winter injury in 2003 creates unusual ecological event in the northeastern United States[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2004,34(8):1 784-1 788.
[39] LIANG E Y,ECKSTEIN D.Dendrochronological potential of the alpine shrub Rhododendron nivale on the south-eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Annals of Botany,2009,104(4):665-670.
[40] GOU X H,CHEN F H,YANG M X,et al.Asymmetric variability between maximum and minimum temperatures in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau:evidence from tree rings[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2008,51(1):41-55.
[41] LIU X H,QIN D H,SHAO X M,et al.Temperature variations recovered from tree-rings in the middle Qilian Mountain over the last millennium[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2005,48(4):521-529.
[42] YAO T D,XIE Z C,WU X L,et al.Climatic change since little ice age recorded by dunde ice cap[J].Science in China Series B-Chemistry,Life Sciences & Earth Sciences,1991,34(6):760-767.
[43] GE Q S,ZHENG J Y,FANG X Q,et al.Winter half-year temperature reconstruction for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River,China,during the past 2000 years[J].The Holocene,2003,13(6):933-940.
[44] MANN M E,BRADLEY R S,HUGHES M K.Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium:inferences,uncertainties,and limitations[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26(6):759-762.
[45] GALE J.Availability of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis at high altitudes:theoretical considerations[J].Ecology,1972,53(3):494-497.
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