天基激光清除空间碎片任务分析
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摘要
从天基激光技术参数和空间碎片清除需求两方面对天基激光碎片清除任务展开研究。基于激光支持爆轰波的传播机理,分析激光烧蚀推力的变化规律,揭示了短脉宽激光适用于碎片清除任务的原理,推导建立了激光烧蚀碎片的推力模型。对影响推力的典型激光参数进行研究,比较归纳了激光功率密度和光斑直径的通用求解模型,构建了最佳耦合条件下碎片速度增量与冲量耦合系数、脉冲个数之间的数学模型。从碎片尺寸和轨道区域两方面分析了将太阳同步轨道1～10cm碎片作为清除对象的必要性,基于清除任务的合理性提出天基激光和碎片在"偶遇"条件下的作用模式,给出了清除距离和清除时间窗口。运用轨道动力学知识建立了基于近地点高度增量的天基激光碎片清除效果评估模型,案例分析表明了天基激光清除碎片的可行性。研究成果可为相关技术研究和任务设计提供参考。
This paper studies the mission of space debris removal with space-based laser debris from the two aspects of space-based laser technology parameters and space debris removal demand.Based on the transmission mechanism of laser supported detonation wave,the change rule of laser ablation thrust is analyzed,the principle that the short pulse width laser is suitable for the task of debris removal is revealed,and the thrust model of laser ablating debris is derived.The typical laser parameters affecting the thrust are studied.The general solution model of laser power density and light spot diameter are comparing summarized.The mathematical model among debris velocity increment and impulse coupling coefficient and the pulse number is built for the optimum coupling condition.From two aspects of debris size and orbital area,the necessity that the sun synchronous orbit 1～10 cm debris will be as the removal object is analyzed.The operation model under the condition of the encounter of space-based laser and debris is proposed based on the rationality of removal mission.The removal distance and time window is proposed.The evaluation model of the debris removal effect with spacebased laser is established based on the high increment of perigee by the orbital dynamics knowledge.The case analysis shows the feasibility with the space-based laser to remove debris.The research results can provide reference for relevant technical research and mission design.
This paper studies the mission of space debris removal with space-based laser debris from the two aspects of space-based laser technology parameters and space debris removal demand.Based on the transmission mechanism of laser supported detonation wave,the change rule of laser ablation thrust is analyzed,the principle that the short pulse width laser is suitable for the task of debris removal is revealed,and the thrust model of laser ablating debris is derived.The typical laser parameters affecting the thrust are studied.The general solution model of laser power density and light spot diameter are comparing summarized.The mathematical model among debris velocity increment and impulse coupling coefficient and the pulse number is built for the optimum coupling condition.From two aspects of debris size and orbital area,the necessity that the sun synchronous orbit 1～10 cm debris will be as the removal object is analyzed.The operation model under the condition of the encounter of space-based laser and debris is proposed based on the rationality of removal mission.The removal distance and time window is proposed.The evaluation model of the debris removal effect with spacebased laser is established based on the high increment of perigee by the orbital dynamics knowledge.The case analysis shows the feasibility with the space-based laser to remove debris.The research results can provide reference for relevant technical research and mission design.
引文
[1]HAKIMA H,BAZZOCCHI M C,EMAMI M R.A deorbiter CubeSat for active orbital debris removal[J].Advances in Space Research,2018,61(9):2377-2392.
[2]ADILOV N,ALEXANDER J P,CUNNINGHAM B M.An economic“Kessler Syndrome”:a dynamic model of earth orbit debris[J].Economics Letters,2018,166:79-82.
[3]KESSLER D J,JOHNSON N L,LIOU J C,et al.The kessler syndrome:implications to future space operations[C]∥Proc.of the 33rd Annual American Astronautical Society,Rocky Mountain Section,Guidance and Control Conference,2010:6-10.
[4]HAKIMA H,EMAMI M R.Assessment of active methods for removal of LEO debris[J].Acta Astronautica,2018,144:225-243.
[5]ESMILLER B,JACQUELARD C,ECKEL H A et al.Space debris removal by ground-based lasers:main conclusions of the European project CLEANSPACE[J].Applied Optics,2014,53(31):I45-I54.
[6]PHIPPS C,BIRKAN M,ECKEL H A,et al.Review:laser-ablation propusion[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2010,26(4):609-637.
[7]LIEDAHL D,RUBENCHIK A,LIBBY S,et al.Pulsed laser interactions with space debris:target shape effects[J].Advanced Space Research,2013,52(5):895-915.
[8]CHENG J,PERRIE W,EDWARDSON S P,et al.Effects of laser operating parameters on metals micromachining with ultrafast lasers[J].Applied Surface Science,2009,256(5):1514-1520.
[9]SCHARRING S,LORBEER R A,ECKEL H A.Heat accumulation in laser-based removal of space debris[J].AIAA Journal,2018,56(6):2506-2508.
[10]PHIPPS C R.ORION:challenges and benefits[C]∥Proc.of the International Society for Optical Engineering,3343:575-582.
[11]EARLY J T,BIBEAU C,PHIPPS C.Space debris de-orbiting by vaporization impulse using short pulse laser[C]∥Proc.of the International Society for Optical Engineering,2004:441-452.
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[13]常浩,金星,洪延姬,等.地基激光清除空间碎片过程建模与仿真[J].航空学报,2012,33(6):994-1001.CHANG H,JIN X,HONG Y J,et al.Modeling and simulation on ground-based lasers cleaning space debris[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2012,33(6):994-1001.
[14]王成林,张艳,王鲲鹏.地基激光清除空间碎片的策略[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2015,41(11):2137-2143.WANG C L,ZHANG Y,WANG K P.Strategy of removing space debris using ground-based lasers[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2015,41(11):2137-2143.
[15]SCHALL W.Laser radiation for cleaning space debris from lower earth orbits[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2002,39(1):81-91.
[16]PHIPPS C R.L’ADROIT-a spaceborne ultraviolet laser system for space debris clearing[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,104(1):243-255.
[17]CHOI H,SANG R S P.Assessment study of small space debris removal by laser satellites[J].Recent Patents on Space Technology,2012,2(2):116-122.
[18]PHIPPS C.A laser-optical system to re-enter or lower low earth orbit space debris[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,93:418-429.
[19]SHEN S,JIN X,CHANG H.Cleaning space debris with a space-based laser system[J].China Journal Aeronautics,2014,27(4):805-811.
[20]SOULARD R,QUINN M N,TAJIMA T,et al.ICAN:a novel laser architecture for space debris removal[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,105(1):192-200.
[21]韩威华,甘庆波,何洋,等.天基激光清理低轨空间碎片的最佳角度分析与过程设计[J].航空学报,2015,36(3):749-756.HAN W H,GAN Q B,HE Y,et al.Optimal direction and a process design of removing of low Earth orbit debris with space-based lasers[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2015,36(3):749-756.
[22]PHIPPS C R.Removing orbital debris with lasers[J].Advances in Space Research,2012,49(9):1283-1300.
[23]陆建,倪晓武,贺安之.激光与材料相互作用物理学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1996.LU J,NI X W,HE A Z.Physics of laser-material interaction[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,1996.
[24]赵翔,苏伟.基于激光驱动的飞片速度的理论计算[J].激光与红外,2011,41(7):753-757.ZHAO X,SU W.Theoretic calculation of laser-driven flyer plate’s velocity[J].Laser&Infrared,2011,41(7):753-757.
[25]AUTRIC M.Thermomechanical effects in laser-matter interaction[C]∥Proc.of the SPIE,1998:354-362.
[26]李传胪.新概念武器[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2000.LI C L.New concept weapons[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2000.
[27]窦志国,张广兆,常浩.空间碎片清除的地基激光传输过程建模及计算[J].创新技术,2013(8):31-32.DOU Z G,ZHANG G Z,CHANG H.Modeling and calculation of ground-based laser transmission process for space debris removal[J].Science and Technology Innovation Herald,2013(8):31-32.
[28]PHIPPS C R.A laser optical system to re-enter or lower low Earth orbit space debris[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,93:418-429.
[29]赵新宇,乔彦峰,郭汝海,等.中波红外激光器的远场近场测试方法及应用[J].红外与激光工程,2012,41(1):49-52.ZHAO X Y,QIAO Y F,GUO R H,et al.Method of near-and far-field measurement and application for mid-infrared laser[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2012,41(1):49-52.
[30]习锋杰,许晓军.DARPA的轨道碎片清除还是激光反卫?[J].先进防御技术,2010(5):10-30.XI F J,XU X J.DARPAR orbit debris cleaning or laser antisatellite?[J].Advanced Defense Technology,2010(5):10-30.
[31]BRIAN W.Overview of the legal and policy challenges of orbital debris removal[J].Space Policy,2011,27(1):38-43.
[32]BASTIDA B,KRAG H.Strategies for active removal in LEO[C]∥Proc.of the 5th European Conference on Space Debris,2009.
[2]ADILOV N,ALEXANDER J P,CUNNINGHAM B M.An economic“Kessler Syndrome”:a dynamic model of earth orbit debris[J].Economics Letters,2018,166:79-82.
[3]KESSLER D J,JOHNSON N L,LIOU J C,et al.The kessler syndrome:implications to future space operations[C]∥Proc.of the 33rd Annual American Astronautical Society,Rocky Mountain Section,Guidance and Control Conference,2010:6-10.
[4]HAKIMA H,EMAMI M R.Assessment of active methods for removal of LEO debris[J].Acta Astronautica,2018,144:225-243.
[5]ESMILLER B,JACQUELARD C,ECKEL H A et al.Space debris removal by ground-based lasers:main conclusions of the European project CLEANSPACE[J].Applied Optics,2014,53(31):I45-I54.
[6]PHIPPS C,BIRKAN M,ECKEL H A,et al.Review:laser-ablation propusion[J].Journal of Propulsion and Power,2010,26(4):609-637.
[7]LIEDAHL D,RUBENCHIK A,LIBBY S,et al.Pulsed laser interactions with space debris:target shape effects[J].Advanced Space Research,2013,52(5):895-915.
[8]CHENG J,PERRIE W,EDWARDSON S P,et al.Effects of laser operating parameters on metals micromachining with ultrafast lasers[J].Applied Surface Science,2009,256(5):1514-1520.
[9]SCHARRING S,LORBEER R A,ECKEL H A.Heat accumulation in laser-based removal of space debris[J].AIAA Journal,2018,56(6):2506-2508.
[10]PHIPPS C R.ORION:challenges and benefits[C]∥Proc.of the International Society for Optical Engineering,3343:575-582.
[11]EARLY J T,BIBEAU C,PHIPPS C.Space debris de-orbiting by vaporization impulse using short pulse laser[C]∥Proc.of the International Society for Optical Engineering,2004:441-452.
[12]RUBENCHIK A M,BARTY C P J,BEACH R J,et al.Laser systems for orbital debris removal[C]∥Proc.of the AIP Conference,2010:347-353.
[13]常浩,金星,洪延姬,等.地基激光清除空间碎片过程建模与仿真[J].航空学报,2012,33(6):994-1001.CHANG H,JIN X,HONG Y J,et al.Modeling and simulation on ground-based lasers cleaning space debris[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2012,33(6):994-1001.
[14]王成林,张艳,王鲲鹏.地基激光清除空间碎片的策略[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2015,41(11):2137-2143.WANG C L,ZHANG Y,WANG K P.Strategy of removing space debris using ground-based lasers[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2015,41(11):2137-2143.
[15]SCHALL W.Laser radiation for cleaning space debris from lower earth orbits[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2002,39(1):81-91.
[16]PHIPPS C R.L’ADROIT-a spaceborne ultraviolet laser system for space debris clearing[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,104(1):243-255.
[17]CHOI H,SANG R S P.Assessment study of small space debris removal by laser satellites[J].Recent Patents on Space Technology,2012,2(2):116-122.
[18]PHIPPS C.A laser-optical system to re-enter or lower low earth orbit space debris[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,93:418-429.
[19]SHEN S,JIN X,CHANG H.Cleaning space debris with a space-based laser system[J].China Journal Aeronautics,2014,27(4):805-811.
[20]SOULARD R,QUINN M N,TAJIMA T,et al.ICAN:a novel laser architecture for space debris removal[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,105(1):192-200.
[21]韩威华,甘庆波,何洋,等.天基激光清理低轨空间碎片的最佳角度分析与过程设计[J].航空学报,2015,36(3):749-756.HAN W H,GAN Q B,HE Y,et al.Optimal direction and a process design of removing of low Earth orbit debris with space-based lasers[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2015,36(3):749-756.
[22]PHIPPS C R.Removing orbital debris with lasers[J].Advances in Space Research,2012,49(9):1283-1300.
[23]陆建,倪晓武,贺安之.激光与材料相互作用物理学[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1996.LU J,NI X W,HE A Z.Physics of laser-material interaction[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,1996.
[24]赵翔,苏伟.基于激光驱动的飞片速度的理论计算[J].激光与红外,2011,41(7):753-757.ZHAO X,SU W.Theoretic calculation of laser-driven flyer plate’s velocity[J].Laser&Infrared,2011,41(7):753-757.
[25]AUTRIC M.Thermomechanical effects in laser-matter interaction[C]∥Proc.of the SPIE,1998:354-362.
[26]李传胪.新概念武器[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2000.LI C L.New concept weapons[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2000.
[27]窦志国,张广兆,常浩.空间碎片清除的地基激光传输过程建模及计算[J].创新技术,2013(8):31-32.DOU Z G,ZHANG G Z,CHANG H.Modeling and calculation of ground-based laser transmission process for space debris removal[J].Science and Technology Innovation Herald,2013(8):31-32.
[28]PHIPPS C R.A laser optical system to re-enter or lower low Earth orbit space debris[J].Acta Astronautica,2014,93:418-429.
[29]赵新宇,乔彦峰,郭汝海,等.中波红外激光器的远场近场测试方法及应用[J].红外与激光工程,2012,41(1):49-52.ZHAO X Y,QIAO Y F,GUO R H,et al.Method of near-and far-field measurement and application for mid-infrared laser[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2012,41(1):49-52.
[30]习锋杰,许晓军.DARPA的轨道碎片清除还是激光反卫?[J].先进防御技术,2010(5):10-30.XI F J,XU X J.DARPAR orbit debris cleaning or laser antisatellite?[J].Advanced Defense Technology,2010(5):10-30.
[31]BRIAN W.Overview of the legal and policy challenges of orbital debris removal[J].Space Policy,2011,27(1):38-43.
[32]BASTIDA B,KRAG H.Strategies for active removal in LEO[C]∥Proc.of the 5th European Conference on Space Debris,2009.