经口罩过滤后的铀矿尘颗粒物呼吸暴露剂量评价
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摘要
铀矿尘中含有大量的长寿命α放射性核素,其对铀矿井下工人内照射剂量具有不容忽视的贡献。为研究经两种常用口罩过滤后的铀矿尘颗粒物的呼吸暴露风险,本文采用铀矿尘颗粒物的呼吸暴露风险评价模型和经两种常用口罩过滤后的铀矿尘颗粒物的粒径和浓度监测数据,对南方某铀矿井下工人进行了呼吸暴露风险评价,计算了铀矿尘颗粒物的呼吸暴露剂量和暴露风险指数。结果表明:1)在铀矿井下各典型作业场所中,独头巷道、采场和主风机房是铀矿井下工人所受呼吸暴露剂量较大的主要场所;2)佩戴纱布口罩和KN95口罩后铀矿尘所致剂量分别为0.14～2.01 mSv/a、0.03～0.53 mSv/a,佩戴KN95型口罩时的呼吸暴露剂量和暴露风险指数明显低于纱布口罩;3)当铀品位为0.01%～1%,铀矿尘质量浓度为0.01～0.2 mg/m~3时,铀矿井下工人所受的铀矿尘颗粒物的呼吸暴露剂量及呼吸暴露风险指数都随铀矿尘质量浓度的增加而增大。
A large number of long-lived α radioactive nuclides exist in uranium dust. Their contribution to uranium mine worker dose can not be ignored. The monitoring data of diameter and concentration of uranium dust particles after filtering with two commonly used masks were studied using the respiratory exposure risk evaluation model of uranium dust particles. The respiratory exposure dose and risk index were calculated for workers in a southern uranium mine. The results showed that: 1) Blind drift, stope and the main ventilation mashine room were the main places with more respiratory exposure dose than other places in uranium mine. 2) The respiratory exposure dose after using gauze mask and KN95 mask were 0.14-2.01 mSv/a and 0.03-0.53 mSv/a,respectively. The respiratory exposure dose and risk index for workers wearing KN95 masks was significantly lower than those wearing gauze mask. 3) When uranium grade was between 0.01% to 1% and uranium dust mass concentration was between 0.01 to 0.2 mg/m~3,the workers' respiratory exposure dose and risk index caused by the uranium ore dust particles were both increased with the increase of mass concentration of uranium dust.
A large number of long-lived α radioactive nuclides exist in uranium dust. Their contribution to uranium mine worker dose can not be ignored. The monitoring data of diameter and concentration of uranium dust particles after filtering with two commonly used masks were studied using the respiratory exposure risk evaluation model of uranium dust particles. The respiratory exposure dose and risk index were calculated for workers in a southern uranium mine. The results showed that: 1) Blind drift, stope and the main ventilation mashine room were the main places with more respiratory exposure dose than other places in uranium mine. 2) The respiratory exposure dose after using gauze mask and KN95 mask were 0.14-2.01 mSv/a and 0.03-0.53 mSv/a,respectively. The respiratory exposure dose and risk index for workers wearing KN95 masks was significantly lower than those wearing gauze mask. 3) When uranium grade was between 0.01% to 1% and uranium dust mass concentration was between 0.01 to 0.2 mg/m~3,the workers' respiratory exposure dose and risk index caused by the uranium ore dust particles were both increased with the increase of mass concentration of uranium dust.
引文
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[15] 方安平,叶卫平. Origin 8.0实用指南[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2009.FANG Anping, YE Weiping. A Practical Guide of Origin 8.0 [M]. Beijing:China Machine Press, 2009.
[16] 核工业标准化研究所. 电离射防护与辐射源安全基本标准:GB 18871—2002[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社,2002.Institute for Standardization of Nuclear Industry. Basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources:GB 18871—2002[S]. China Standards Press,2002.
[17] 王宗爽, 武婷, 段小丽, 等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1 171-1 174.WANG Zongshuang, WU Ting, DUAN Xiaoli, et al. Research on inhalation rate exposure factors of Chinese residents in environmental health risk assessment[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009,22(10):1 171-1 174.
[2] Jha S, Ghosh D K, Mishra U C. Assessment of exposure of miners to the α-rays of long-lived radionuclides associated with respirable ore dust in the Jaduguda U mine[J]. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2000, 48(3): 317-326.
[3] Tomasek L, Hulka J, Rulik P, et al. The New Uranium Mining Boom[M]. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012: 51-55.
[4] Vadim V Chumak. Assessment of effective dose with personal dosimeters: Account of the effect of anisotropy of workplace fields[J]. Radiation Measurements, 2008,43(26):655-658.
[5] USEPA. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment[M]. Federal Register, 1986, 51(185):33 992-34 003.
[6] 许海萍,张建英,张志剑,等.致癌和非致癌环境健康风险的预期寿命损失评价法[J].环境科学,2007(09):2 148-2 152.XU Haiping, ZHANG Jianying, ZHANG Zhijinn, et al. Method of loss of life expectancy for quantitate and compare the health risk caused by carcinogen and non-carcinogen pollutants[J]. Environmental Science, 2007(09):2 148-2 152.
[7] USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund Volume I human health evaluation manual (Part A):EPA/540/1-89/002[S].Washington DC: USEPA, 1989.
[8] 核工业北京化工冶金研究院.铀矿冶辐射防护规定:EJ 993—2008[S].国防科学技术工业委员会,2008.
[9] 王叶晴,段小丽,李天昕,等.空气污染健康风险评价中暴露参数的研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(2):104-108.WANG Yeqing, DUAN Xiaoli, LI Tianxin, et al. Research progress of exposure parameters in health risk assessment of air pollution[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2012,29(2):104-108.
[10] ICRP. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection[R]. ICPR Publication 66.Oxford, 1997.
[11] 张新生,王春普,詹乐音,等.铀矿尘所致人体内照射剂量研究[J].核电子学与探测技术, 2013,33(6): 731-734.ZHANG Xinsheng, WANG Chunpu, ZHAN Yueyin, et al. Study on radiation dose in human body caused by uranium ore dust[J]. Nuclear Electronics & Detection Technology, 2013,33(6): 731-734.
[12] 核工业北京化工冶金研究院.铀矿冶设施所造成的气态(载)放射性与有毒性源项的确定:EJ/T 1090—1998[S].国防科学技术工业委员会,1998.
[13] 李志,叶勇军,丁德馨,等.2种铀矿井下常用口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性研究[J].安全与环境学报,2015,15(5):64-68.LI Zhi, YE Yongjun, DING Dexin, et al. On the filtering characteristic features of the two kinds of common masks used in an underground uranium mines[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2015,15(5):64-68.
[14] 江俊廷,叶勇军,吴玉成,等.我国南方某铀矿井下典型工作场所气溶胶浓度分布特征调查[J].安全与环境学报,2015,15(5):82-86.JIANG Junting, YE Yongjun, WU Yucheng, et al. Investigation of the distributive status in-situ of the aerosol concentrations in typical working face under the uranium mine in China South[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2015,15(5):82-86.
[15] 方安平,叶卫平. Origin 8.0实用指南[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2009.FANG Anping, YE Weiping. A Practical Guide of Origin 8.0 [M]. Beijing:China Machine Press, 2009.
[16] 核工业标准化研究所. 电离射防护与辐射源安全基本标准:GB 18871—2002[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社,2002.Institute for Standardization of Nuclear Industry. Basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources:GB 18871—2002[S]. China Standards Press,2002.
[17] 王宗爽, 武婷, 段小丽, 等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1 171-1 174.WANG Zongshuang, WU Ting, DUAN Xiaoli, et al. Research on inhalation rate exposure factors of Chinese residents in environmental health risk assessment[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009,22(10):1 171-1 174.