英国乡村景观价值认知转变下的保护历程分析及启示
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摘要
梳理了近200年英国乡村景观价值认知的发展脉络,分析了三次价值认知转变下,英国乡村景观保护的发展历程。借鉴英国乡村景观保护与发展的经验和方法,提出实现我国的乡村振兴离不开乡村多元价值的协调和多功能的融合、乡村景观特征的维系、乡村景观资源的协同管理以及乡村社区居民的参与四个途径的联合作用。
This paper sorts out the development context of English rural landscape value cognition in the past200 years and analyzes the development course of English rural landscape protection under the three changes of value cognition. Drawing on the experiences and methods of rural landscape protection and development in UK, this paper puts forward that the realization of rural revitalization in China cannot be separated from the rural multi-value coordination and multi-function integration, the maintenance of rural landscape characteristics, the coordinated management of rural landscape resources and the participation of rural community residents.
This paper sorts out the development context of English rural landscape value cognition in the past200 years and analyzes the development course of English rural landscape protection under the three changes of value cognition. Drawing on the experiences and methods of rural landscape protection and development in UK, this paper puts forward that the realization of rural revitalization in China cannot be separated from the rural multi-value coordination and multi-function integration, the maintenance of rural landscape characteristics, the coordinated management of rural landscape resources and the participation of rural community residents.
引文
[1]列依,韩锋.乡村景观[J].中国园林,2012(5):19-21.
[2]米切尔.风景与权利[M].杨丽,万信琼,译.南京:译林出版社,2014:12,16,93.
[3]达比.风景与认同:英国民族与阶级地理[M].张剑飞,赵红英,译.南京:译林出版社,2011:85,89.
[4]MEINIGDW.The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscape[M].New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1979:92.
[5]WOODS M.Rural geography[M].London:SAGEpublications,2005:47,174.
[6]彼得·丹尼尔斯,迈克尔·布莱德萧,丹尼斯·萧,等.人文地理学导论:21世纪的议题[M].邹劲风,顾露雯,译.南京:南京大学出版社,2014:392,405.
[7]WILSON G A.From productivism to post-productivism...and back again?Exploring the(un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2001,26(1):77-102.
[8]GRENVILLEJ.Managing the Historical Rural Landscape[M].London and New York:Routledge,1999:117.
[9]PIORRA,MüLLERK.Rural Lndscapes and Agricultural Policies in Europe[M].Berlin:Springer,2009:xix.
[10]PEDROLI B,CORREIA T P,PRIMDAHL J.Challenges for a shared European Countryside of uncertain future:To ward samoder ncommunity-basedl and scape perspective[J].Landscape Research,2016,41(4):450-460.
[11]AGNOLETTI M.Rural landscape,nature conservation and culture:Some notes on research trends and management approaches from a(southern)European perspective[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,126(6):66-73.
[12]朱宏宇.园林与如画:18世纪英国如画园林思想的流变[J].建筑师,2006(1):83-90.
[13]安德鲁斯.寻找如画美:英国的风景美学与旅游1760-1800[M].张箭飞,韦照周,译.南京:译林出版社,2014:2.
[14]阿姆斯特朗,韩锋.景观遗产:西方的自然、精神灵性与审美[J].中国园林,2017(1):55-60.
[15]威廉斯.乡村与城市[M].韩子满,刘戈,徐珊珊,译.北京:商务印书馆,2013:13,65.
[16]张意.风景与资本的逻辑:文化地理学视野中的18-19世纪的英国“如画风景”[J].中外文化与文论,2016(3):22-30.
[17]安德鲁斯.风景与西方艺术[M].张翔,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2014:24,31.
[18]COSGROVE D E.Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape[M].Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,1984:17-19.
[19]朱宏宇.英国18世纪园林艺术:如画美学理念下的园林史研究[D].南京:东南大学,2006:22-30.
[20]田密蜜,方茂青.“如画”观念影响下的英国乡村园林景观营造途径与方法[J].浙江工业大学学报(社会科学版),2017(1):113-116.
[21]苗向东.英国的灵魂在乡村[J].思维与智慧,2016(25):30-31.
[22]俞田荣.环境伦理学[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2008:91.
[23]盖伦特,云蒂,基德,等.乡村规划导论[M].闫琳,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015:7,38,43,66.
[24]贾丁斯.环境伦理学[M].林官明,杨爱明,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002:241.
[25]卡逊.寂静的春天[M].吕瑞兰,李长生,译.长春:吉林人民出版社,1997:4-52.
[26]徐嵩龄.环境伦理学进展:评论与阐释[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999:161.
[27]CLOKEP,LITTLEJ.Contested countryside cultures:Otherness,marginalization and rurality[M].London and New York:Routledge,1997:67.
[28]WILSON G A,RIGG J.'Post-productivist'agricultural regimes and the south:Discordant concepts?[J].Progress in Human Geography,2003,27(6):681-707.
[29]赵永琪,田银生,陶伟.1994-2014年西方乡村研究:从乡村景观到乡村社会[J].国际城市规划,2017(1):74-81.
[30]CLOKE P.Country backwater to virtual village?rural studies and‘The cultural turn’[J].Journal of Rural Studies,1997,13(4):367-375.
[31]CLOKE P,MARSDEN T,MOONEY P.The Handbook of Rural Studies[M].London and New York:SAGEpublications,2006:21.
[32]闫琳.英国乡村发展历程分析及启发[J].北京规划建设,2010(1):24-29.
[33]艾伯克隆比,叶亚乐.英格兰乡村的保护[J].城市与区域规划研究,2016(2):124-160.
[34]万涛,吴纳维.英格兰乡村保护委员会及乡村保护运动对中国乡村规划和发展的启示[J].国际城市规划,2016(9):1-11.
[35]吴源林.英国保护乡村运动八十年[J].世界博览,2007(4):48-53.
[36]AMATI M,YOKOHARI M.Temporal changes and local variations in the functions of London’s green belt[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,75(1/2):125-142.
[37]HOWKINS A.The death of rural England:A social history of the countryside since 1900[M].London and New York:Routledge,2003:144.
[38]龙花楼,胡智超,邹健.英国乡村发展政策演变及启示[J].地理研究,2010,29(08):1369-1378.
[39]UK National Parks.History of the National Parks[EB/OL].[2018-12-28].http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/.
[40]于立.英国乡村发展政策的演变及启示[J].中国乡村发现,2016(6):144-150.
[41]Campaign to Protect Rural England.Green Belt Facts[EB/OL].(2018-05)[2018-12-28].http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/.
[42]Campaign to Protect Rural England.State of the Green Belt 2018[EB/OL].(2018-08)[2018-12-28].http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/.
[43]UK National Parks.The Aims and Purposes of National Park[EB/OL].[2018-12-28].http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/.
[44]田丰.英国保护区体系研究及经验借鉴[D].上海:同济大学,2008:58.
[45]The Countryside Agency.Landscape Character Assessment Guidance for England and Scotland[EB/OL].www.countryside.gov.uk/.
[46]任有权.文化视角下的英国城乡关系[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2015(6):111-122.
[47]Department for Environment,Food&Rural Affairs.RDPE programme document 2014 to 2020[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rdpeprogramme-document-2014-to-2020.
[48]SANDBACH J,SANDBACH J,WILLS J.A Government White Paper:Our Countryside:The Future-a Fair Deal for Rura England[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Municipal Engineer,2001,145(1):81-91.
[49]Department for Environment,Food&Rural Affairs,Natural England,and The Rt Hon Elizabeth Truss MP.2010 to 2015 government policy:rural economy and community[EB/OL].(2013-04-09)[2018-12-28].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-rural-economy-and-community/.
[50]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中华人民共和国2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2018-02-28)[2018-12-28].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201802/t20180228_1585631.html.
[51]中华人民共和国中央人民政府.中共中央国务院关于实施乡村振兴战略的意见[EB/OL].(2018-02-04)[2018-12-28].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-02/04/content_5263807.htm.
(1)最初指定的10个国家公园包括:湖区、峰区、达特穆尔、斯诺登尼亚、彭布罗克郡海岸、北约克高沼、埃克斯穆尔、约克郡山谷、诺桑伯兰及布雷肯山。
(2)空间规划不同于传统的土地利用规划,其整合了开发和用地政策,关注于不同计划,政策和项目之间的“协调”问题,并通过不同参与主体的共同协商来实现项目[23]。
[2]米切尔.风景与权利[M].杨丽,万信琼,译.南京:译林出版社,2014:12,16,93.
[3]达比.风景与认同:英国民族与阶级地理[M].张剑飞,赵红英,译.南京:译林出版社,2011:85,89.
[4]MEINIGDW.The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscape[M].New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1979:92.
[5]WOODS M.Rural geography[M].London:SAGEpublications,2005:47,174.
[6]彼得·丹尼尔斯,迈克尔·布莱德萧,丹尼斯·萧,等.人文地理学导论:21世纪的议题[M].邹劲风,顾露雯,译.南京:南京大学出版社,2014:392,405.
[7]WILSON G A.From productivism to post-productivism...and back again?Exploring the(un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2001,26(1):77-102.
[8]GRENVILLEJ.Managing the Historical Rural Landscape[M].London and New York:Routledge,1999:117.
[9]PIORRA,MüLLERK.Rural Lndscapes and Agricultural Policies in Europe[M].Berlin:Springer,2009:xix.
[10]PEDROLI B,CORREIA T P,PRIMDAHL J.Challenges for a shared European Countryside of uncertain future:To ward samoder ncommunity-basedl and scape perspective[J].Landscape Research,2016,41(4):450-460.
[11]AGNOLETTI M.Rural landscape,nature conservation and culture:Some notes on research trends and management approaches from a(southern)European perspective[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,126(6):66-73.
[12]朱宏宇.园林与如画:18世纪英国如画园林思想的流变[J].建筑师,2006(1):83-90.
[13]安德鲁斯.寻找如画美:英国的风景美学与旅游1760-1800[M].张箭飞,韦照周,译.南京:译林出版社,2014:2.
[14]阿姆斯特朗,韩锋.景观遗产:西方的自然、精神灵性与审美[J].中国园林,2017(1):55-60.
[15]威廉斯.乡村与城市[M].韩子满,刘戈,徐珊珊,译.北京:商务印书馆,2013:13,65.
[16]张意.风景与资本的逻辑:文化地理学视野中的18-19世纪的英国“如画风景”[J].中外文化与文论,2016(3):22-30.
[17]安德鲁斯.风景与西方艺术[M].张翔,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2014:24,31.
[18]COSGROVE D E.Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape[M].Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,1984:17-19.
[19]朱宏宇.英国18世纪园林艺术:如画美学理念下的园林史研究[D].南京:东南大学,2006:22-30.
[20]田密蜜,方茂青.“如画”观念影响下的英国乡村园林景观营造途径与方法[J].浙江工业大学学报(社会科学版),2017(1):113-116.
[21]苗向东.英国的灵魂在乡村[J].思维与智慧,2016(25):30-31.
[22]俞田荣.环境伦理学[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2008:91.
[23]盖伦特,云蒂,基德,等.乡村规划导论[M].闫琳,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015:7,38,43,66.
[24]贾丁斯.环境伦理学[M].林官明,杨爱明,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2002:241.
[25]卡逊.寂静的春天[M].吕瑞兰,李长生,译.长春:吉林人民出版社,1997:4-52.
[26]徐嵩龄.环境伦理学进展:评论与阐释[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999:161.
[27]CLOKEP,LITTLEJ.Contested countryside cultures:Otherness,marginalization and rurality[M].London and New York:Routledge,1997:67.
[28]WILSON G A,RIGG J.'Post-productivist'agricultural regimes and the south:Discordant concepts?[J].Progress in Human Geography,2003,27(6):681-707.
[29]赵永琪,田银生,陶伟.1994-2014年西方乡村研究:从乡村景观到乡村社会[J].国际城市规划,2017(1):74-81.
[30]CLOKE P.Country backwater to virtual village?rural studies and‘The cultural turn’[J].Journal of Rural Studies,1997,13(4):367-375.
[31]CLOKE P,MARSDEN T,MOONEY P.The Handbook of Rural Studies[M].London and New York:SAGEpublications,2006:21.
[32]闫琳.英国乡村发展历程分析及启发[J].北京规划建设,2010(1):24-29.
[33]艾伯克隆比,叶亚乐.英格兰乡村的保护[J].城市与区域规划研究,2016(2):124-160.
[34]万涛,吴纳维.英格兰乡村保护委员会及乡村保护运动对中国乡村规划和发展的启示[J].国际城市规划,2016(9):1-11.
[35]吴源林.英国保护乡村运动八十年[J].世界博览,2007(4):48-53.
[36]AMATI M,YOKOHARI M.Temporal changes and local variations in the functions of London’s green belt[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,75(1/2):125-142.
[37]HOWKINS A.The death of rural England:A social history of the countryside since 1900[M].London and New York:Routledge,2003:144.
[38]龙花楼,胡智超,邹健.英国乡村发展政策演变及启示[J].地理研究,2010,29(08):1369-1378.
[39]UK National Parks.History of the National Parks[EB/OL].[2018-12-28].http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/.
[40]于立.英国乡村发展政策的演变及启示[J].中国乡村发现,2016(6):144-150.
[41]Campaign to Protect Rural England.Green Belt Facts[EB/OL].(2018-05)[2018-12-28].http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/.
[42]Campaign to Protect Rural England.State of the Green Belt 2018[EB/OL].(2018-08)[2018-12-28].http://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/.
[43]UK National Parks.The Aims and Purposes of National Park[EB/OL].[2018-12-28].http://www.nationalparks.gov.uk/.
[44]田丰.英国保护区体系研究及经验借鉴[D].上海:同济大学,2008:58.
[45]The Countryside Agency.Landscape Character Assessment Guidance for England and Scotland[EB/OL].www.countryside.gov.uk/.
[46]任有权.文化视角下的英国城乡关系[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2015(6):111-122.
[47]Department for Environment,Food&Rural Affairs.RDPE programme document 2014 to 2020[EB/OL].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rdpeprogramme-document-2014-to-2020.
[48]SANDBACH J,SANDBACH J,WILLS J.A Government White Paper:Our Countryside:The Future-a Fair Deal for Rura England[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Municipal Engineer,2001,145(1):81-91.
[49]Department for Environment,Food&Rural Affairs,Natural England,and The Rt Hon Elizabeth Truss MP.2010 to 2015 government policy:rural economy and community[EB/OL].(2013-04-09)[2018-12-28].https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-rural-economy-and-community/.
[50]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中华人民共和国2017年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL].(2018-02-28)[2018-12-28].http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/201802/t20180228_1585631.html.
[51]中华人民共和国中央人民政府.中共中央国务院关于实施乡村振兴战略的意见[EB/OL].(2018-02-04)[2018-12-28].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-02/04/content_5263807.htm.
(1)最初指定的10个国家公园包括:湖区、峰区、达特穆尔、斯诺登尼亚、彭布罗克郡海岸、北约克高沼、埃克斯穆尔、约克郡山谷、诺桑伯兰及布雷肯山。
(2)空间规划不同于传统的土地利用规划,其整合了开发和用地政策,关注于不同计划,政策和项目之间的“协调”问题,并通过不同参与主体的共同协商来实现项目[23]。