西沙群岛永乐环礁瀉湖沉积速率及地球化学特征
|
摘要
西沙群岛环礁海底沉积物的沉积速率及其地球化学特征是环礁沉积地貌环境演化研究的重要指标。为了探讨永乐环礁晚全新世以来沉积速率的变化和常量化学元素垂向分布与变化特征,我们在西沙群岛永乐环礁瀉湖内进行了详细的取样,开展了重力柱状样的AMS14 C同位素测年和沉积物地球化学分析。永乐环礁晚全新世海底沉积物沉积速率约0.778mm/a;根据沉积物常量地球化学含量测试,CaO含量最高,其次是MgO,其他元素含量均小于1%,可以将常量元素组分分为5类。CaCO3含量和MgO/Al2O3含量比值都非常高,说明本区沉积物的来源主要为生物成因,极少量来自其他物质输入;与晚全新世气候相比,总体上永乐环礁瀉湖沉积速率随SST增加而升高。
A gravity core,labeled as Core YLD01,was collected from the lagoon of the Yongle Atoll.AMS14 C isotopic dating and geochemical analysis were carried out aiming to reveal the changes in sedimentation rate during Holocene as well as the vertical variation in major chemical elements with time.The AMS14 C isotope dating suggests that the sedimentation rate in the lagoon of Yongle Atoll is about 0.778 mm/a since the Holocene.Geochemical composition of the sediments indicated that CaO dominates the lagoonal deposits followed by MgO,and the others are all lower than 1 %.The major elements can be grouped into five categories.Both the CaCO3 content and the ratio of MgO/Al2 O3 are very high,indicating that the major source of sediments is from native organisms.Other source of materials from outside is very little.Compared the data with Late Holocene climatic change,the sedimentation rate of the lagoonal deposits was obviously increased with the rise of SST on the Yongle Atoll.
A gravity core,labeled as Core YLD01,was collected from the lagoon of the Yongle Atoll.AMS14 C isotopic dating and geochemical analysis were carried out aiming to reveal the changes in sedimentation rate during Holocene as well as the vertical variation in major chemical elements with time.The AMS14 C isotope dating suggests that the sedimentation rate in the lagoon of Yongle Atoll is about 0.778 mm/a since the Holocene.Geochemical composition of the sediments indicated that CaO dominates the lagoonal deposits followed by MgO,and the others are all lower than 1 %.The major elements can be grouped into five categories.Both the CaCO3 content and the ratio of MgO/Al2 O3 are very high,indicating that the major source of sediments is from native organisms.Other source of materials from outside is very little.Compared the data with Late Holocene climatic change,the sedimentation rate of the lagoonal deposits was obviously increased with the rise of SST on the Yongle Atoll.
引文
[1] Levitan M A,Stein R.History of sedimentation rates in the sea-ice sedimentation zone during the last 130ka[J].Lithology and Mineral Resources,2008,43(1):65-75.
[2] Baiyegunhi Christopher,Liu Kuiwu,Gwavava Oswald.Sedimentation rate and subsidence history of the southeastern Karoo Basin,South Africa,using 1Dbackstripping method[J].Arab J.Geosci.,2017,10:225.
[3]许冬,龙江平,等.海南岛近海海域7个沉积岩芯的现代沉积速率及其分布特征[J].海洋学研究,2008,26(3):9-17.[XU Dong,LONG Jiangping,et al.The modern sedimentation rate and the distribution character of 7cores in Hainan Island offshore[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2008,26(3):9-17.]
[4]黄维,汪品先.末次冰期以来南海深水区的沉积速率[J].中国科学D辑,1998(28):13-17.[HUANG Wei, WANG Pinxian.Sedimentary Rates in the Deep Waters of the South China Sea Since the Last Ice Age[J].Science in China(Series D),1998(28):13-17.]
[5]张志忠,李双林,董岩翔,等.浙江近岸海域沉积物沉积速率及地球化学[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(3):15-24.[ZHANG Zhizhong,LI Shuanglin,DONG Yanxiang,et al.Deposition rate and geochemical characters of sediments in Zhejiang offshore[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2005,25(3):15-24.]
[6]李传顺,江波,李安春,等.冲绳海槽西南端中全新世以来的沉积速率与物源分析[J].科学通报,2009,54(9):1303-1310.[LI Chuanshun,JIANG Bo,LI Ancun,et al.Sedimentation rates and provenance analysis in the Southwestern Okinawa Trough since the mid-Holocene[J].Chinese Sci.Bull.,2009,54(9):1303-1310.]
[7]陈芳,苏新,Nurnberg D,等.南海东沙海域末次冰期最盛期以来的沉积特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(6):9-17.[CHEN Fang,SU Xin,Nurnberg D,et al.Lithologic features of sediments characterized by high sedimentation rates since the last glacial maximum from Dongsha area of the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2006,26(6):9-17.]
[8]李粹中.南海深海沉积物14C测年和近代沉积速率的研究[J].海洋学报,1990,12(3):340-346.[LI Cuizhong.A study on the 14C dating and modern sedimentary rates of deep-sea sediments in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1990,12(3):340-346.]
[9]王律江,Sarnthein M.南海北部陆坡近四万年的高分辨率古海洋学记录[J].第四纪研究,1999,29(1):27-31.[WANG Lvjiang,Sarnthein M.High-resolution paleoceanographic records during the last 40 000years from the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Quaternary Sciences,1999,29(1):27-31.]
[10]徐尚,王英民,彭学超,等.台湾峡谷HD133和HD77柱状样的沉积构成和发育背景[J].沉积学报,2013,31(2):325-330.[XU Shang,WANG Yingmin,PENG Xuechao,et al.Depositional Elements and Settings of HD133 and HD77cores in the Taiwan Canyon[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(2):325-330.]
[11]徐兆凯,崔镇勇,等.日本海西南陆坡全新世对马暖流演化的沉积学和地球化学记录[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2010,30(1):55-64.[XU Zhaokai,CHUI Jinyong,et al.Evolution of the tsushima warm current during the Holocene:sedimentological and geochemical recordson the southwestern slope of East/Japan Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2010,30(1):55-64.]
[12] Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and History of the South China Sea[C]//The tectonics and geological evolution of Southeast Asia Seas and islands.American Geophysical Union Monography,1983,23:89-104.
[13]朱伟林,王振峰,米立军,等.南海西沙西科1井层序地层格架与礁生长单元特征[J].地球科学,2015,40(4):677-687.[ZHU Weilin,WANG Zhenfeng,Mi Lijun,et al.Sequence Stratigraphic framework and reef growth unit of well Xike-1from Xisha Islands,South China Sea[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2015,40(4):677-687.]
[14]吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930.[WU Shiguo,QIN Yunshan.The research of deepwater depositional system in the northern South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930.]
[15] Southon J,Kashgarian M,Fontugne M,et al.Marine reservoir corrections for the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia[J].Radiocarbon,2002,44:167-180.
[16] Stuiver M,Reimer P J.Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program[J].Radiocarbon,1993,35:215-230.
[17] Stuiver M,Reime,P J,Reimer R W.2018,CALIB 7.1[WWW program]at http://calib.org,accessed 2018-2-9.
[18]赵焕庭,温孝胜,王丽荣.南沙群岛永暑礁环礁-湖的沉积速率与气候变化[J].热带地理,2000,20(4):247-249.[ZHAO Huanting,WEN Xiaosheng,WANG Lirong.Climate change and the depositional velocity in the lagoon of Yongshu atoll,Nansha Islands[J].Tropical Geography,2000,20(4):247-249.]
[19]乔培军,邵磊.南海南部末次冰期以来的沉积物特点及其古环境意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(2):73-78.[QIAO PeiJun,SHAO Lei.Characteristics of sediments in the southern South China Sea since the last glaciation and their paleoenvironmental significance[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2003,23(2):73-78.]
[20]颜文,古森昌,等.南海97-37柱样的主元素特征及其潜在的古环境指示作用[J].热带海洋学报,2002,21(2):75-83.[YAN Wen,GU Senchang,et al.Characteristics of major elements of sediments in core 97-37from southern South China Sea and its potential implications to paleoenvironment[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2002,21(2):75-83.]
[21]赵宏樵,韩喜彬,等.南海北部191柱状沉积物主元素特征及其古环境意义[J].海洋学报,2008,30(6):85-93.[ZHAO Hongqiao,HAN Xibin,et al.Charicteristics of main elements and their palaeoenvironment significance of Core 191in the northern South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,30(6):85-93.]
[22]何建林.R型聚类分析的简便计算算法[J].物化探计算技术.1985,7(3):259-263.[HE Jianlin.A simple and convenient computing method of the r-model cluster analysis[J].Computing Techniques for Ceophysical and Geochemical Exploration,1985,7(3):259-263.]
[23]章伟艳,张富元,等.南海深水区晚更新世以来沉积速率_沉积通量与物质组成[J].沉积学报,2002,20(4):668-674.[ZHANG Weiyan,ZHANG Fuyuan,et al.Constituents of Matter and Sedimentation Fluxes and Sedimentation Rates of Deep-water Sedimentation during the Late Pleistocene in the South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2002,20(4):668-674.]
[24]竺可桢.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究[J].中国科学,1973(2):168-189.[ZHU Kezhen.A preliminary study on climate change in China in the last 5000years[J].Science in China,1973(2):168-189.]
[25]晏宏,孙立广,邵达,等.砗磲记录的南海西沙晚全新世温暖期的高海温特征[J].科学通报,2014,59:1761-1768.[YAN Hong.SUN Liguang,SHAO Da,et al.Higher sea surface temperature[J].in the northern South China Sea during the natural warm periods of late Holocene than recent decades[J].Chin Sci Bull,2014,59,doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0317-3.]
[26] Ma T Y.On the growth rate of reef corals and its relation to sea water temperature[J].Palaeontolgia Sinica(Seires B),1937,6:21-22.
[27]张会领,余克服,施祺,等.珊瑚生长率重建西沙海域中晚全新世海温变化[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(6):1296-1305.[ZHANG HuiLing,YU Kefu,SHI Qi,et al.Sea surface temperature variations during the mid-late Holocene reconstructed by porites coral growth rates in the Xisha Islands[J].Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(6):1296-1305.]
[2] Baiyegunhi Christopher,Liu Kuiwu,Gwavava Oswald.Sedimentation rate and subsidence history of the southeastern Karoo Basin,South Africa,using 1Dbackstripping method[J].Arab J.Geosci.,2017,10:225.
[3]许冬,龙江平,等.海南岛近海海域7个沉积岩芯的现代沉积速率及其分布特征[J].海洋学研究,2008,26(3):9-17.[XU Dong,LONG Jiangping,et al.The modern sedimentation rate and the distribution character of 7cores in Hainan Island offshore[J].Journal of Marine Sciences,2008,26(3):9-17.]
[4]黄维,汪品先.末次冰期以来南海深水区的沉积速率[J].中国科学D辑,1998(28):13-17.[HUANG Wei, WANG Pinxian.Sedimentary Rates in the Deep Waters of the South China Sea Since the Last Ice Age[J].Science in China(Series D),1998(28):13-17.]
[5]张志忠,李双林,董岩翔,等.浙江近岸海域沉积物沉积速率及地球化学[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,25(3):15-24.[ZHANG Zhizhong,LI Shuanglin,DONG Yanxiang,et al.Deposition rate and geochemical characters of sediments in Zhejiang offshore[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2005,25(3):15-24.]
[6]李传顺,江波,李安春,等.冲绳海槽西南端中全新世以来的沉积速率与物源分析[J].科学通报,2009,54(9):1303-1310.[LI Chuanshun,JIANG Bo,LI Ancun,et al.Sedimentation rates and provenance analysis in the Southwestern Okinawa Trough since the mid-Holocene[J].Chinese Sci.Bull.,2009,54(9):1303-1310.]
[7]陈芳,苏新,Nurnberg D,等.南海东沙海域末次冰期最盛期以来的沉积特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(6):9-17.[CHEN Fang,SU Xin,Nurnberg D,et al.Lithologic features of sediments characterized by high sedimentation rates since the last glacial maximum from Dongsha area of the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2006,26(6):9-17.]
[8]李粹中.南海深海沉积物14C测年和近代沉积速率的研究[J].海洋学报,1990,12(3):340-346.[LI Cuizhong.A study on the 14C dating and modern sedimentary rates of deep-sea sediments in the South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1990,12(3):340-346.]
[9]王律江,Sarnthein M.南海北部陆坡近四万年的高分辨率古海洋学记录[J].第四纪研究,1999,29(1):27-31.[WANG Lvjiang,Sarnthein M.High-resolution paleoceanographic records during the last 40 000years from the northern slope of the South China Sea[J].Quaternary Sciences,1999,29(1):27-31.]
[10]徐尚,王英民,彭学超,等.台湾峡谷HD133和HD77柱状样的沉积构成和发育背景[J].沉积学报,2013,31(2):325-330.[XU Shang,WANG Yingmin,PENG Xuechao,et al.Depositional Elements and Settings of HD133 and HD77cores in the Taiwan Canyon[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2013,31(2):325-330.]
[11]徐兆凯,崔镇勇,等.日本海西南陆坡全新世对马暖流演化的沉积学和地球化学记录[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2010,30(1):55-64.[XU Zhaokai,CHUI Jinyong,et al.Evolution of the tsushima warm current during the Holocene:sedimentological and geochemical recordson the southwestern slope of East/Japan Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2010,30(1):55-64.]
[12] Taylor B,Hayes D E.Origin and History of the South China Sea[C]//The tectonics and geological evolution of Southeast Asia Seas and islands.American Geophysical Union Monography,1983,23:89-104.
[13]朱伟林,王振峰,米立军,等.南海西沙西科1井层序地层格架与礁生长单元特征[J].地球科学,2015,40(4):677-687.[ZHU Weilin,WANG Zhenfeng,Mi Lijun,et al.Sequence Stratigraphic framework and reef growth unit of well Xike-1from Xisha Islands,South China Sea[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2015,40(4):677-687.]
[14]吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930.[WU Shiguo,QIN Yunshan.The research of deepwater depositional system in the northern South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930.]
[15] Southon J,Kashgarian M,Fontugne M,et al.Marine reservoir corrections for the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia[J].Radiocarbon,2002,44:167-180.
[16] Stuiver M,Reimer P J.Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program[J].Radiocarbon,1993,35:215-230.
[17] Stuiver M,Reime,P J,Reimer R W.2018,CALIB 7.1[WWW program]at http://calib.org,accessed 2018-2-9.
[18]赵焕庭,温孝胜,王丽荣.南沙群岛永暑礁环礁-湖的沉积速率与气候变化[J].热带地理,2000,20(4):247-249.[ZHAO Huanting,WEN Xiaosheng,WANG Lirong.Climate change and the depositional velocity in the lagoon of Yongshu atoll,Nansha Islands[J].Tropical Geography,2000,20(4):247-249.]
[19]乔培军,邵磊.南海南部末次冰期以来的沉积物特点及其古环境意义[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(2):73-78.[QIAO PeiJun,SHAO Lei.Characteristics of sediments in the southern South China Sea since the last glaciation and their paleoenvironmental significance[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2003,23(2):73-78.]
[20]颜文,古森昌,等.南海97-37柱样的主元素特征及其潜在的古环境指示作用[J].热带海洋学报,2002,21(2):75-83.[YAN Wen,GU Senchang,et al.Characteristics of major elements of sediments in core 97-37from southern South China Sea and its potential implications to paleoenvironment[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2002,21(2):75-83.]
[21]赵宏樵,韩喜彬,等.南海北部191柱状沉积物主元素特征及其古环境意义[J].海洋学报,2008,30(6):85-93.[ZHAO Hongqiao,HAN Xibin,et al.Charicteristics of main elements and their palaeoenvironment significance of Core 191in the northern South China Sea[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2008,30(6):85-93.]
[22]何建林.R型聚类分析的简便计算算法[J].物化探计算技术.1985,7(3):259-263.[HE Jianlin.A simple and convenient computing method of the r-model cluster analysis[J].Computing Techniques for Ceophysical and Geochemical Exploration,1985,7(3):259-263.]
[23]章伟艳,张富元,等.南海深水区晚更新世以来沉积速率_沉积通量与物质组成[J].沉积学报,2002,20(4):668-674.[ZHANG Weiyan,ZHANG Fuyuan,et al.Constituents of Matter and Sedimentation Fluxes and Sedimentation Rates of Deep-water Sedimentation during the Late Pleistocene in the South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2002,20(4):668-674.]
[24]竺可桢.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究[J].中国科学,1973(2):168-189.[ZHU Kezhen.A preliminary study on climate change in China in the last 5000years[J].Science in China,1973(2):168-189.]
[25]晏宏,孙立广,邵达,等.砗磲记录的南海西沙晚全新世温暖期的高海温特征[J].科学通报,2014,59:1761-1768.[YAN Hong.SUN Liguang,SHAO Da,et al.Higher sea surface temperature[J].in the northern South China Sea during the natural warm periods of late Holocene than recent decades[J].Chin Sci Bull,2014,59,doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0317-3.]
[26] Ma T Y.On the growth rate of reef corals and its relation to sea water temperature[J].Palaeontolgia Sinica(Seires B),1937,6:21-22.
[27]张会领,余克服,施祺,等.珊瑚生长率重建西沙海域中晚全新世海温变化[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(6):1296-1305.[ZHANG HuiLing,YU Kefu,SHI Qi,et al.Sea surface temperature variations during the mid-late Holocene reconstructed by porites coral growth rates in the Xisha Islands[J].Quaternary Sciences,2014,34(6):1296-1305.]