基于点扫描的超分辨显微成像进展
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摘要
光学显微镜一直推动着现代科学技术的发展.随着科学的进步,对显微成像分辨率的要求在生物、材料等领域日渐凸显,而常规宽场显微成像一直面临着成像分辨率衍射受限的问题.1968年出现的共聚焦显微镜作为点扫描显微镜的开端第一次实现了远场下成像分辨率的突破,它具有层切性好、信噪比高等优点.在1994年出现的受激辐射荧光损耗显微镜将显微成像能力突破到2.8 nm左右,并成为目前效果最佳、应用较广泛的超分辨显微技术.荧光差分显微和饱和荧光吸收竞争等点扫描技术具有无荧光染剂限制、饱和光强低、光路简单等优势,并且能取得1/6波长的分辨能力,进而在超分辨显微领域仍有着发挥空间.Airyscan技术作为以上方法的补充可以弥补点扫描系统中由于探测小孔半径减小而带来的信号丢失,从而提高成像信噪比和分辨率,但阵列探测器成本较高.上述点扫描显微镜通过改变照明或者探测的方式实现了分辨率突破.本文详细讨论了点扫描超分辨方法的原理、成像效果及面临的瓶颈,并分析了点扫描超分辨显微镜在应用和技术上的趋势.
Optical microscope has been giving impetus to the development of modern technology.As the advancement of these techniques,high resolution microscopy becomes crucial in biological and material researches.However,the diffraction limit restricts the resolution of conventional microscopy.In 1968,confocal microscopy,the first pointwise scanning superresolution method,appeared.It improves the imaging resolution,enhances the contrast,and thus breaks through the diffraction limit.Since then many superresolution methods have come into being,among which the pointwise scanning superresolution method earns reputation for its high imaging resolution and contrast.The stimulated emission depletion microscopy becomes the most prominent method with an achievable resolution of about 2.4 nm and then widely used.Besides,the newly developed fluorescence emission difference microscopy(FED) and the saturated absorption competition microscopy(SAC) have their advantages of non-constraint on fluorescent dyes,low saturated beam power,simplified optical setups,while they achieve a resolution of lower than A/6.Further explorations of FED will be keen on vivo biological observations by using it,while that of SAC can concentrate on enhancing the resolution on a nanoscale and reducing the signal-to-noise ratio.In addition,the Airy scan technique in which a detector array is used for image acquisition,can serve as a complementary tool to further enhance the imaging quality of pointwise scanning superresolution method.The detector-array enables both the narrowed size of pinhole and the increasing of the acquired signal intensity by 1.84 folds.The other methods,e.g.superoscillation lens and high-index resolution enhancement by scattering,have the potentialities to obtain superresolved image in material science or deep tissues.After being developed in the past three decades,the superresolution methods now encounter a new bottleneck.Further improvement of the current methods is aimed at imaging depth,and being used more practically and diversely.In this review,we detailedly describe the above pointwise scanning superresolution methods,and explain their principles and techniques.In addition,the deficiencies and potentialities of these methods are presented in this review.Finally,we compare the existing methods and envision the next generation of the pointwise scanning superresolution methods.
Optical microscope has been giving impetus to the development of modern technology.As the advancement of these techniques,high resolution microscopy becomes crucial in biological and material researches.However,the diffraction limit restricts the resolution of conventional microscopy.In 1968,confocal microscopy,the first pointwise scanning superresolution method,appeared.It improves the imaging resolution,enhances the contrast,and thus breaks through the diffraction limit.Since then many superresolution methods have come into being,among which the pointwise scanning superresolution method earns reputation for its high imaging resolution and contrast.The stimulated emission depletion microscopy becomes the most prominent method with an achievable resolution of about 2.4 nm and then widely used.Besides,the newly developed fluorescence emission difference microscopy(FED) and the saturated absorption competition microscopy(SAC) have their advantages of non-constraint on fluorescent dyes,low saturated beam power,simplified optical setups,while they achieve a resolution of lower than A/6.Further explorations of FED will be keen on vivo biological observations by using it,while that of SAC can concentrate on enhancing the resolution on a nanoscale and reducing the signal-to-noise ratio.In addition,the Airy scan technique in which a detector array is used for image acquisition,can serve as a complementary tool to further enhance the imaging quality of pointwise scanning superresolution method.The detector-array enables both the narrowed size of pinhole and the increasing of the acquired signal intensity by 1.84 folds.The other methods,e.g.superoscillation lens and high-index resolution enhancement by scattering,have the potentialities to obtain superresolved image in material science or deep tissues.After being developed in the past three decades,the superresolution methods now encounter a new bottleneck.Further improvement of the current methods is aimed at imaging depth,and being used more practically and diversely.In this review,we detailedly describe the above pointwise scanning superresolution methods,and explain their principles and techniques.In addition,the deficiencies and potentialities of these methods are presented in this review.Finally,we compare the existing methods and envision the next generation of the pointwise scanning superresolution methods.
引文
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[59]Denk W,Strickler J H,Webb W W 1990 Science 24873
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[2]Stephenson J W 1877 Monthly Microsc.J.17 82
[3]Silfles J S,Schwartz S A,Davidson M W 2013http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/superresolution/diffractionbarrier.html[2017-3-1]
[4]Rayleigh L 1874 Philos.Mag.Ser.47 81
[5]Houston W V 1927 Phys.Rev.29 478
[6]Kirz J,Jacobsen C,Howells M 1995 Q.Rev.Biophys.28 33
[7]Petrán M,Hadravsky M,Egger M D,Galambos R 1968J.Opt.Soc.Am.A 58 661
[8]Hell S W,Wichmann J 1994 Opt.Lett.19 780
[9]Betzig E,Patterson G H,Sougrat R,Lindwasser O W,Olenych S,Bonifacino J S,Davidson M W,LippincottSchwartz J,Hess H F 2006 Science 313 1642
[10]Lindwasser O W,Olenych S,Bonifacino J S,Davidson M W,Lippincott-Schwartz J,Hess H F 2006 Science313 1642
[11]Rust M J,Bates M,Zhuang X 2006 Nat.Methods 3 793
[12]Douglass K M,Sieben C,Archetti A,Lambert A,Manley S 2016 Nat.Photon.10 705
[13]Shechtman Y,Weiss L E A,Backer S,Lee M Y,Moerner W E 2016 Nat.Photon.10 590
[14]Gustafsson M G 2000 J.Microsc.198 82
[15]Heintzmann R,Cremer C G 1999 Proceedings of SPIEThe International Society for Optical Engineering 35681399
[16]Mudry E,Belkebir K,Girard J,Savatier J,Moal E L,Nicoletti C,Allain M,Sentenac A 2012 Nat.Photon.6312
[17]Heintzmann R,Gustafsson M G L 2009 Nat.Photon.3362
[18]Webb R H 1996 Rep.Prog.Phys.59 427
[19]Sheppard C J,Wilson T 1981 J.Microsc.124 107
[20]Wilson T 2011 J.Microsc.154 143
[21]Ellinger P 2008 Biol.Rev.15 323
[22]Brakenhoff G J,Ht V D V,Spronsen E A,Nanninga N1989 J.Microsc.153 151
[23]Brakenhoff G J,Blom P,Barends P 1979 J.Microsc.117 219
[24]Borlinghaus R T,Kappel C 2016 Nat.Methods 13
[25]Kuang C,Li S,Liu W,Hao X,Gu Z,Wang Y,Ge J,Li H,Liu X 2013 Sci.Rep.3 1441
[26]Willig K I,Harke B,Medda R,Hell S W 2007 Nat.Methods 4 915
[27]Westphal V,Hell S W 2005 Phys.Rev.Lett.94 143903
[28]Rittweger E,Han K Y,Irvine S E,Eggeling C,Hell S W 2009 Nat.Photon.3 144
[29]Xie H,Liu Y,Jin D,Santangelo P J,Xi P 2013 J.Opt.Soc.Am.A 30 1640
[30]Hao X,Kuang C,Wang T,X Liu 2010 J.Opt.12 115707
[31]Hao X,Kuang C,Li Y,Liu X 2012 J.Optics 14 045702
[32]Zhang C,Li H,Wang S,Zhao W,Feng X,Wang K,Wang G,Bai J 2016 J.Laser Micro Nanoen.11 290
[33]Zhu B,Shen S,Zheng Y,Gong W,Si K 2016 Opt.Express 24 19138
[34]Hao X,Kuang C,Gu Z,Li S 2012 Commun.Photon.Conference 1 3
[35]Hell S W,Kroug M 1995 Appl.Phys.B 60 495
[36]Keller J 2006 Ph.D.Dissertation(Heidelberg:Heidelberg University)
[37]Wildanger D,Patton B R,Schill H,Marseglia L,Hadden J P,Knauer S,Schonle A,Rarity J G,O'Brien J L,Hell S W 2011 Adv.Mater.24 OP309
[38]Gigan S 2017 Nat.Photon.11 14
[39]Zhang P,Goodwin P M,Werner J H 2014 Opt.Express22 12398
[40]Yu W,Ji Z,Dong D,Yang X,Xiao Y,Gong Q,Xi P,Shi K 2015 Laser Photon.Rev.10 147
[41]Patton B R,Burke D,Owald D T J,Bewersdorf Gould J,Booth M J 2016 Opt.Express 24 8862
[42]Wang Y,Hao X,Liu X 2013 Opt.Engineer.52 093107
[43]Wildanger D,Rittweger E,Kastrup L,Hell S W 2008Opt.Express 16 9614
[44]Winter F R,Loidolt M,Westphal V,Butkevich A N,Gregor C,Sahl S J,Hell S W 2017 Sci.Rep.7 46492
[45]Reuss M,Engelhardt J,Hell S W 2010 Opt.Express 181049
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[47]Yang B,Przybilla F,Mestre M,Trebbia J B,Lounis B2014 Opt.Express 22 5581
[48]Chmyrov A,Leutenegger M,Grotjohann T,Schonle A,Kellerfindeisen J,Kastrup L,Jakobs S,Donnert G,Sahl S J,Hell S W 2017 Sci.Rep.7 44619
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[51]Gao P,Prunsche B,Zhou L,Nienhaus K,Nienhaus G U 2017 Nat.Photon.11 163
[52]Bordenave M D,Balzarottt F,Stefani F D,Hell S W2016 J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.49 365102
[53]Liu Y,Lu Y,Yang X,Zheng X,Wen S,Fan W,Vidal X,Zhao J,Liu D,Zhou Z 2017 Nature 543 229
[54]Yang X,Xie H,Alonas E,Liu Y,Chen X,Santangelo P J,Ren Q,Xi P,Jin D 2016 Light-Set.Appl.5 el6134
[55]Danzl J G,Sidenstein S C,Gregor C,Urban N T,Ilgen P,Jakobs S,Hell S W 2016 Nat.Photon.10 122
[56]Gottfert F,Pleiner T,Heine J,Westphal V,Gorlich D,Sahl S J,Hell S W 2017 Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 1142125
[57]Zhao G,Kabir M M,Toussaint K C,Kuang C,Zheng C,Yu Z,Liu X 2017 Optica 4 633
[58]Vesely P,Lucers H,Riehle M,Bereiterhahn J 1994 Cell Motility&the Cytoskeleton 29 231
[59]Denk W,Strickler J H,Webb W W 1990 Science 24873
[60]Wilson T,Hamilton D K 1984 J.Mod.Opt.31 453
[61]Heintzmann R,Sarafis V,Munroe P,Nailon J,Hanley Q S,Jovin T M 2013 Micron 34 293
[62]Dehez H,PichéM,De K Y 2013 Opt.Express 21 15912
[63]Wang D,Liu S,Chen Y,Song J,Liu W,Xiong M,Wang G,Peng X,Qu J 2016 Opt.Express 25 10276
[64]You S,Kuang C,Rong Z,Liu X 2014 Opt.Express 2226375
[65]Wang N,Kobayashi T 2014 Opt.Express 22 28819
[66]Wang N,Kobayashi T 2015 Opt.Express 23 13704
[67]Rong Z,Kuang C,Fang Y,Zhao G,Xu Y,Liu X 2015Opt.Commun.354 71
[68]Segawa S,Kozawa Y,Sato S 2014 Opt.Lett.39 3118
[69]Segawa S,Kozawa Y,Sato S 2014 Opt.Lett.39 4529
[70]Zhao G,Kuang C,Ding Z,Liu X 2016 Opt Express 2423596
[71]Korobchevskaya K,Peres C,Li Z,Antipov A,Sheppard C J,Diaspro A,Bianchini P 2016 Sci.Rep.6 25816
[72]Zhao G,Rong Z,Zheng C,Liu X,Kuang C 2016 J.Innov.Opt.Heal.Sci.9 1793
[73]Sheppard C J 1988 Optik 80 53
[74]Sheppard C J,Mehta S B,Heintzmann R 2013 Opt.Lett.38 2889
[75]Huff J 2015 Nat.Methods 12
[76]Muller C B,Enderlein J 2010 Phys.Rev.Lett.104198101
[77]Roth S,Sheppard C J,Kai W,Heintzmann R 2013 Opt.Nanoscopy 2 1
[78]York A G,Parekh S H,Nogare D D,Fischer R S,Temprine K,Mione M,Chitnis A B,Combs C A,Shroff H2012 Nat.Methods 9 749
[79]de Luca G M,Breedijk R M,Brandt R A,Zeelenberg C H,de Jong B E,Timmermans W,Azar L N,Hoebe R A,Stallinga S,Manders E M 2013 Biomed.Opt.Express 42644
[80]Sheppard C J,Roth S,Heintzmann R,Castello M,Vicidomini G,Chen R,Chen X,Diaspro A 2016 Opt.Express 24 27280
[81]Kuang C,Ma Y,Zhou R,Zheng G,Fang Y,Xu Y,Liu X,So P T 2016 Phys.Rev.Lett.117 028102
[82]Ge B,Wang Y,Huang Y,Kuang C,Fang Y,Xiu P,Rong Z,Liu X 2016 Opt.Lett.41 2013
[83]Schulz O,Pieper C,Clever M,Pfaff J,Ruhlandt A,Kehlenbach R H,Wouters F S,GroBhans J,Bunt G,Enderlein J 2013 Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 110 21000
[84]Wang P,Slipchenko M N,Mitchell J,Yang C,Potma E O,Xu X,Cheng J X 2013 Nat.Photon.7 449
[85]Jin N,Rahmat-Samii Y 2007 IEEE Trans.Antenn.Propag.55 556
[86]Rogers E T,Lindberg J,Roy T,Savo S,Chad J E,Dennis M R,Zheludev N I 2012 Nat.Mater.11 432
[87]van Putten E G,Akbulut D,Bertolotti J,Vos W L,Lagendijk A,Mosk A P 2011 Phys.Rev.Lett.106 193905
[88]Park J H,Park C,Yu H S,Park J,Han S,Shin J,Ko S H,Nam K T,Cho Y H,Park Y K 2013 Nat.Photon.7454
[89]Fang Z,Zhu X 2013 Adv.Mater.25 253840
[90]Zhang W,Fang Z,Zhu X 2016 Chem.Rev.117 5095
[91]Diekmann R,HelleOI,Oie C I,McCourt P,Huser T R,Schuttpelz M,Ahluwalia B S 2017 Nat.Photon.11322
[92]Roider C,Ritsch-Marte M,Jesacher A 2016 Opt.Lett.41 3825