利用GPS资料和块体模型对巴颜喀拉块体划分合理性的初步探究和构造意义
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摘要
利用GPS速度场资料和块体模型分别建立巴颜喀拉块体的两种块体模型并反演其滑动速率,模型Ⅰ中巴颜喀拉块体包括东昆仑断裂带西段地区,模型Ⅱ中则不包括该地区。GPS反演结果显示,模型Ⅱ较模型Ⅰ合理,这一合理性包括了模型Ⅱ中阿尔金断裂带西南尾端较大的拉张速率与较小的走滑速率;模型Ⅱ中东昆仑断裂带中段滑动速率约为8~9mm/a,与10mm/a的研究结果更为接近;模型Ⅰ中东昆仑断裂带西段具有较大的走滑速率与挤压速率,也与现今地震活动与震源机制相矛盾;但模型Ⅱ中巴颜喀拉块体在玛尔盖茶卡断裂带滑动速率较大,认为可能与风火山断裂带处的滑动速率较小有关,因此进一步舍去该断裂带,建立新的模型Ⅲ,所得结果与各断裂研究结果较为近似。巴颜喀拉块体南边界风火山断裂带目前活动较弱,下地壳软弱物质可能已经进入巴颜喀拉块体部分地区;风火山断裂带向东经玉树—甘孜—鲜水河断裂带,在下地壳流动与重力滑塌作用下左旋速率逐渐增大。
We first establish two kinematic models of the Bayan Har block and inverse the slip rate of the boundary faults using a block model and GPS data.Model I includes the west segment of the East Kunlun fault and its surrounding areas,while Model II does not include this region.The inversion results show that model II is more consistent with the reported survey results.The differences between the two models are as follows:(1)In model II,the extension rate is higherand strike slip rate is smaller on the southwestern section of the Altyn Tagh fault;this observation is more consistent with the regional characteristics of the area.(2)In model II,the sinistral slip rate of the middle part of the East Kunlun fault is about 8 mm/a,which is closer to the reported results of about 10 mm/a.The slip rate is about 7 mm/a in model I.(3)Model I has a larger strike slip rate on the western segment of the East Kunlun fault;this result is not in agreement with the low seismicity and focal mechanism observed in the area.However,in model II,the Maergaichaka fault has a high sinistral slip rate,which may be caused by the small slip rate on the Fenghuoshan fault.Hence,we omit the Fenghuoshan fault to obtain a simplified model II and refer to it as model III.The inversion results for model III are more consistent with the reported results.It is known that the middle section of the East Kunlun fault and the Maergaichaka fault are not connected,but the two faults are continuous with regard to the transfer of the crustal material with the corresponding slip rates.Owing to the low slip rate of the Fenghuoshan fault on the southern boundary of the Bayan Har block,we believe that the weak material in the lower crust may have entered to part of the Bayan Har block.
We first establish two kinematic models of the Bayan Har block and inverse the slip rate of the boundary faults using a block model and GPS data.Model I includes the west segment of the East Kunlun fault and its surrounding areas,while Model II does not include this region.The inversion results show that model II is more consistent with the reported survey results.The differences between the two models are as follows:(1)In model II,the extension rate is higherand strike slip rate is smaller on the southwestern section of the Altyn Tagh fault;this observation is more consistent with the regional characteristics of the area.(2)In model II,the sinistral slip rate of the middle part of the East Kunlun fault is about 8 mm/a,which is closer to the reported results of about 10 mm/a.The slip rate is about 7 mm/a in model I.(3)Model I has a larger strike slip rate on the western segment of the East Kunlun fault;this result is not in agreement with the low seismicity and focal mechanism observed in the area.However,in model II,the Maergaichaka fault has a high sinistral slip rate,which may be caused by the small slip rate on the Fenghuoshan fault.Hence,we omit the Fenghuoshan fault to obtain a simplified model II and refer to it as model III.The inversion results for model III are more consistent with the reported results.It is known that the middle section of the East Kunlun fault and the Maergaichaka fault are not connected,but the two faults are continuous with regard to the transfer of the crustal material with the corresponding slip rates.Owing to the low slip rate of the Fenghuoshan fault on the southern boundary of the Bayan Har block,we believe that the weak material in the lower crust may have entered to part of the Bayan Har block.
引文
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[2]高翔,邓起东.巴颜喀拉断块边界断裂强震活动分析[J].地质学报,2013,87(1):9-19.GAO Xiang,DENG Qidong.Activity Analysis of Large Earthquakes in Boundary Faults Around the Bayankala Faulting Block[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2013,87(1):9-19.
[3]程佳,刘杰,甘卫军,等.1997年以来巴颜喀拉块体周缘强震之间的粘弹性触发研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(8):1997-2010.CHENG Jia,LIU Jie,GAN Weijun,et al.Coulomb Stress Interaction among Strong Earthquakes Around the Bayan Har Block Since the Manyi Earthquake in 1997[J].Chinese J Geophys,2011,54(8):1997-2010.
[4]闻学泽,杜方,张培震,等.巴颜喀拉块体北和东边界大地震序列的关联性与2008年汶川地震[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(3):706-716.WEN Xueze,DU Fang,ZHANG Peizhen,et al.Correlation of Major Earthquake Sequences on the Northern and Eastern Boundaries of the Bayan Har Block,and Its Relation to the2008Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese J Geophys,2011,54(3):706-716.
[5]徐锡伟,TAPPONNIER P,VAN DER Woerd J,等.阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑特征及其构造运动转换模式讨论[J].中国科学(D辑),2003,33(10):967-974.XU Xiwei,TAPPONNIER P,VAN DER WOERD J,et al.Late Quaternary Sinistral Slip Rate along the Altyn Tagh Fault and Its Structural Transformation Model[J].Science in China(Series D):Earth Sciences,2003,33(10):967-974.
[6]张培震,邓起东,张国民,等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块[J].中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊),12-19.ZHANG Peizhen,DENG Qidong,ZHANG Guomin,et al.Active Tectonic-block and Strong Earthquakes in the Continent of China[J].Science in China(Series D):Earth Sciences,2003,33(Supp):12-19.
[7] GAN W,ZHANG P,SHEN Z,et al.Present-day Crustal Motion Within the Tibetan Plateau Inferred from GPS Measurements[J].J Geophys Res,2007,112(B08416).doi:10.1029/2005JB004120.
[8] HE J,VERNANT P,CHRY J,et al.Nailing Down the Slip Rate of the Altyn Tagh Fault[J].Geophys Res Letts,2013,40(20):5382-5386.
[9]徐锡伟,于贵华,陈桂华,等.青藏高原北部大型走滑断裂带近地表地质变形带特征分析[J].地震地质,2007,29(2):201-217.XU Xiwei,YU Guihua,CHEN Guihua,et al.Near-surface Character of Permanent Geologic Deformation Across the Mega-Strike-Slip Faults in the Northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(2):201-217.
[10] VAN DER Woerd J,RYERSON F,TAPPONNIER P,et al.Uniform Slip-rate along the Kunlun Fault:Implications for Seismic Behavior and Large-scale Tectonics[J].Geophys Res Letts,2000,27(16):2353-2356.doi:10.1029/1999GL011292.
[11] SHEN F,ROYDEN L,BURCHFIEL B.Large-scale Crustal Deformation of the Tibetan Plateau[J].J Geophys Res,2001,106(B4):6793-6816.
[12] REPLUMAZ A,TAPPONNIER P.Reconstruction of the Deformed Collision Zone Between India and Asia by Backward Motion of Lithosphere Blocks[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108(B6).doi:10.1029/2001JB0006661.
[13] ROYDEN L.Coupling and Decoupling of Crust and Mantle in Convergent Orogens:Implications for Strain Partitioning in the Crust[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101(B12):17679-17705.
[14]徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,2002,24(1):1-17.XU Xiwei,CHEN Wenbin,YU Guihua,et al.Characteristic Features of the Hoh Sai Hu(Kunlunshan)Earthquake(MS8.1),Northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Seismology and Geology,2002,24(1):1-17.
[15]陈杰,陈宇坤,丁国瑜,等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震地表破裂带[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(6):629-639.CHEN Jie,CHEN Yukun,DING Guoyu,et al.Surface Rupture Zones of the 2001Earthquake MS8.1 West of Kunlun Pass,Northern Qinghai—Xizang Plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,2003,23(6):629-639.
[16]程佳,甘卫军,王泽河,等.2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震前北京形变场的模拟研究[J].地震地质,2009,31(1):97-111.CHENG Jia,GAN Weijun,WANG Zehe,et al.The Simulation of Background Crustal Deformation Field of the MS8.1Kunlun Earthquake of 2001[J].Seismology and Geology,2009,31(1):97-111.
[17]赵国光.青藏高原北部的第四纪断层运动[J].中国地震,1996,12(2):107-118.ZHAO Guoguang.Quaternary Faulting in Northern Qinghai—Tibet Plateau[J].Earthquake Research in China,1996,12(2):107-118.
[18]任金卫,王敏.GPS观测的2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1级地震地壳变形[J].第四纪研究,2005,25(1):34-44.REN Jinwei,WANG Min.GPS Measured Crustal Deformation of the MS8.1Kunlun Earthquake on November 14th 2001in Qinghai—Xizang Plateau[J].Quaternary Sciences,2005,25(1):34-44.
[19] KIDD W,MOLNAR P.Quaternary and Active Faulting Observed own the 1985Academia-Sinica Royal-Society Geotraverse of Tibet[J].Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.,1998,327:337-363.
[20] VAN DER Woerd J,OWEN L,TAPPONNIER P,et al.Giant,Similar to M8 Earthquake-triggered Ice Avalanches in the Eastern Kunlun Shan,Northern Tibet:Characteristics,Nature and Dynamics[J].Geo Soc Am Bull,2004,116(3-4):394-406.
[21] KIRBY E,HARKINS N,WANG E,et al.Slip Rate Gradients along the Eastern Kunlun Fault[J].Tectonics,2007,26(TC2010).doi:1029/2006TC002033.
[22]刘光勋.东昆仑活动断裂带及其强震活动[J].中国地震,1996,13(2):119-126.LIU Guangxun.Eastern Kunlun Active Fault Zone and Its Seismic Activity[J].Earthquake Research in China,1996,13(2):119-126.
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