Hydrogeochemical characteristics of hot springs exposed from fault zones in western Guangdong and their ~(14)C age correction
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摘要
Hot springs are natural exposed points of the hydrothermal system. The hydrogeochemistry of hot springs can be used to interpret the formation of the hydrothermal system; and the ~(14)C dating can be used to evaluate the renewability of the hydrothermal system. The hot springs exposed from fault zones in western Guangdong are classified as granite fissure water and clastic rock fissure water, which are sampled and tested. The results of water chemistry analysis show that hot spring water is mainly HCO_3-Na type in the beginning, while the mixing of seawater leads to the increase of Cl~-. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that these hot springs mainly come from atmospheric precipitation, and water-rock interactions produce oxygen isotope exchange reactions, where a significant "oxygen drift" phenomenon can be observed. The relationship between δ~(13)C and HCO_3~- indicates that there is a deep source of CO_2 "dead carbon" in hot spring water. This systematic error is not considered in the existing ~(14)C dating correction models. The ~(14)C age of the deep source "dead carbon" correction proposed in this paper is close to the ~(14)C age of the reverse chemical simulation correction, the Gonfiantinie model, and the Mook model. The deep source "dead carbon" correction method can improve the systematic error. Therefore, the ~(14)C age corrected by the deep source "dead carbon" may be more representative in terms of the actual age of geothermal water.
Hot springs are natural exposed points of the hydrothermal system. The hydrogeochemistry of hot springs can be used to interpret the formation of the hydrothermal system; and the ~(14)C dating can be used to evaluate the renewability of the hydrothermal system. The hot springs exposed from fault zones in western Guangdong are classified as granite fissure water and clastic rock fissure water, which are sampled and tested. The results of water chemistry analysis show that hot spring water is mainly HCO_3-Na type in the beginning, while the mixing of seawater leads to the increase of Cl~-. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that these hot springs mainly come from atmospheric precipitation, and water-rock interactions produce oxygen isotope exchange reactions, where a significant "oxygen drift" phenomenon can be observed. The relationship between δ~(13)C and HCO_3~- indicates that there is a deep source of CO_2 "dead carbon" in hot spring water. This systematic error is not considered in the existing ~(14)C dating correction models. The ~(14)C age of the deep source "dead carbon" correction proposed in this paper is close to the ~(14)C age of the reverse chemical simulation correction, the Gonfiantinie model, and the Mook model. The deep source "dead carbon" correction method can improve the systematic error. Therefore, the ~(14)C age corrected by the deep source "dead carbon" may be more representative in terms of the actual age of geothermal water.
Hot springs are natural exposed points of the hydrothermal system. The hydrogeochemistry of hot springs can be used to interpret the formation of the hydrothermal system; and the ~(14)C dating can be used to evaluate the renewability of the hydrothermal system. The hot springs exposed from fault zones in western Guangdong are classified as granite fissure water and clastic rock fissure water, which are sampled and tested. The results of water chemistry analysis show that hot spring water is mainly HCO_3-Na type in the beginning, while the mixing of seawater leads to the increase of Cl~-. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that these hot springs mainly come from atmospheric precipitation, and water-rock interactions produce oxygen isotope exchange reactions, where a significant "oxygen drift" phenomenon can be observed. The relationship between δ~(13)C and HCO_3~- indicates that there is a deep source of CO_2 "dead carbon" in hot spring water. This systematic error is not considered in the existing ~(14)C dating correction models. The ~(14)C age of the deep source "dead carbon" correction proposed in this paper is close to the ~(14)C age of the reverse chemical simulation correction, the Gonfiantinie model, and the Mook model. The deep source "dead carbon" correction method can improve the systematic error. Therefore, the ~(14)C age corrected by the deep source "dead carbon" may be more representative in terms of the actual age of geothermal water.
引文
Aravena R,Wassenaar L I,Plummer L N.1995.Estimating C-14 groundwater ages in a methanogenic aquifer.Water Resource Research,31:2307-2317.
Baioumy H,Nawawi M,et al.2015.Geochemistry and geothermometry of non-volcanic hot springs in West Malaysia.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,290:12-22.
Becker J A,Bickle M J,et al.2008.Himalayan metamorphic CO2 fluxes:Quantitative constraints from hydrothermal springs.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,265(3-4):616-629.
Bishop P K,Smalley P C,et al.1994.Strontium isotopes as indicators of the dissolving phase in a carbonate aquifer:Implications for 14Cdating of groundwater.Journal of Hydrology,154(1-4):301-321.
Blaser P C,Coetsiers M,et al.2010.A new groundwater radiocarbon correction approach accounting for palaeoclimate conditions during recharge and hydrochemical evolution:The Ledo-Paniselian Aquifer,Belgium.Applied Geochemistry,25(3):437-455.
Cartwright I.2010.Using groundwater geochemistry and environmental isotopes to assess the correction of 14C ages in a silicatedominated aquifer system.Journal of Hydrology,382(1-4):174-187.
DAI Jing-xin,YANG Shu-feng,et al.2005.Geochemistry and occurrence of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins.Organic Geochemistry,36(12):1664-1688.
Dotsika E.2015.H-O-C-S isotope and geochemical assessment of the geothermal area of Central Greece.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,150:1-15.
Fontes J C,Garnier J M.1979.Determination of the initial 14C activity of the total dissolved carbon:A review of the existing models and a new approach.Water Resource Research,15:399-413.
Geyh M A,Künzl R.1981.Methane in groundwater and its effect on 14C groundwater dating.Journal of Hydrology,52(3-4):355-358.
Geyh M A,Wirth K.1980.14C ages of confined groundwater from the Gwandu aquifer,Sokoto Basin,northern Nigeria.Journal of Hydrology,48(3-4):281-288.
Gillon M,Barbecot F,et al.2009.Open to closed system transition traced through the TDICisotopic signature at the aquifer recharge stage,implications for groundwater 14C dating.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,73(21):6488-6501.
Gonfiantini R.1977.Consultants’group meeting on stable isotope standards and intercalibration in hydrology and in geochemistry.Vienna:IAEA.
GUO Feng,FAN Wei-ming,et al.2012.Multistage crust-mantle interaction in SE China:Temporal,thermal and compositional constraints from the Mesozoic felsic volcanic rocks in eastern Guangdong-Fujian provinces.Lithos,150(7):62-84.
Han L F,Plummer L N.2016.A review of singlesample-based models and other approaches for radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwater.Earth-Science Reviews,152:119-142.
Hochstein M P,Zhongke Y,Ehara S.1990.The Fuzhou geothermal system(The People’s Republic of China):Modelling study of a low temperature fracture-zone system.Geothermics,19(1):43-60.
Huang H F,Goff F.1986.Hydrogeochemistry and reservoir model of Fuzhou geothermal field,China.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,27(3-4):203-227.
Jayawardana D T,Udagedara D T,et al.2016.Mixing geochemistry of cold water around non-volcanic thermal springs in high-grade metamorphic terrain,Sri Lanka.Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry,76(4):555-565.
Kolesar P T,Degraff J V.1977.A comparison of the silica and Na-K-Ca geothermometers for thermal springs in Utah.Geothermics,6(3-4):221-226.
Lahlou Mimi A,Ben Dhia H,et al.1998.Application of chemical geothermometers to thermal springs of the Maghreb,North Africa.Geothermics,27(2):211-233.
Lewicki J L,Hilley G E,et al.2014.Crustal migration of CO2-rich magmatic fluids recorded by tree-ring radiocarbon and seismicity at Mammoth Mountain,CA,USA.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,390(3):52-58.
LIN Xue-yu,TabouréA,et al.2007.Use of a hydrogeochemical approach in determining hydraulic connection between porous heat reservoirs in Kaifeng area,Henan,China.Applied Geochemistry,22(2):276-288.
MAO Xu-mei,WANG Yan-xin,et al.2015.Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of geothermal springs hosted by deep-seated faults in Dongguan Basin,Southern China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,158:112-121.
MAO Xu-mei,WANG Hua,FENG Liang.2018.Impact of additional dead carbon on the circulation estimation of thermal springs exposed from deep-seated faults in the Dongguan basin,southern China.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,361:1-11.
Mook W G.1976.The dissolution-exchange model for dating groundwater with 14C.Interpretation of Environmental Isotope and Hydrochemical Data in Groundwater Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA:213-225.
Pearson F J,Hanshaw B B.1970.Sources of dissolved carbonate species in groundwater and their effects on carbon-14 dating.In:IAEA(Editor),Isotope Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA:271-285.
Plummer L N,Prestemon E C,Parkhurst D L.1991.An interactive code(NETPATH)for modeling net geochemical reactions along a flow path.Department of the Interior,USGeological Survey.
Reardon E J,Fritz P.1978.Computer modelling of groundwater 13C and 14C isotope compositions.Journal of Hydrology,36(3-4):201-224.
Ruffa G L,Panichi C,et al.1999.Isotope and chemical assessment of geothermal potential of Kos Island,Greece.Geothermics,28(2):205-217.
Tamers M A.1967.Surface water infiltration and groundwater movement in arid zones of Venezuela.Isotopes in Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA:339-351.
Vogel J C.1967.Investigation of groundwater flow with radiocarbon.In:IAEA-SM-83-(Editor),Isotopes in Hydrology.Vienna:IA-EA:355-369.
Wanner C,Peiffer L,et al.2014.Reactive transport modeling of the Dixie Valley geothermal area:Insights on flow and geothermometry.Geothermics,51(1):130-141.
XU Sheng,Nakai S I,et al.1997.Effects of hydrothermal processes on the chemical and isotopic composition of mantle-derived gases in SE China.Geothermics,26(2):179-192.
XU Yong-chang,SHEN Ping,et al.1991.Nonhydrocarbon and noble gas geochemistry.Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,5(1-4):327-332.
Baioumy H,Nawawi M,et al.2015.Geochemistry and geothermometry of non-volcanic hot springs in West Malaysia.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,290:12-22.
Becker J A,Bickle M J,et al.2008.Himalayan metamorphic CO2 fluxes:Quantitative constraints from hydrothermal springs.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,265(3-4):616-629.
Bishop P K,Smalley P C,et al.1994.Strontium isotopes as indicators of the dissolving phase in a carbonate aquifer:Implications for 14Cdating of groundwater.Journal of Hydrology,154(1-4):301-321.
Blaser P C,Coetsiers M,et al.2010.A new groundwater radiocarbon correction approach accounting for palaeoclimate conditions during recharge and hydrochemical evolution:The Ledo-Paniselian Aquifer,Belgium.Applied Geochemistry,25(3):437-455.
Cartwright I.2010.Using groundwater geochemistry and environmental isotopes to assess the correction of 14C ages in a silicatedominated aquifer system.Journal of Hydrology,382(1-4):174-187.
DAI Jing-xin,YANG Shu-feng,et al.2005.Geochemistry and occurrence of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins.Organic Geochemistry,36(12):1664-1688.
Dotsika E.2015.H-O-C-S isotope and geochemical assessment of the geothermal area of Central Greece.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,150:1-15.
Fontes J C,Garnier J M.1979.Determination of the initial 14C activity of the total dissolved carbon:A review of the existing models and a new approach.Water Resource Research,15:399-413.
Geyh M A,Künzl R.1981.Methane in groundwater and its effect on 14C groundwater dating.Journal of Hydrology,52(3-4):355-358.
Geyh M A,Wirth K.1980.14C ages of confined groundwater from the Gwandu aquifer,Sokoto Basin,northern Nigeria.Journal of Hydrology,48(3-4):281-288.
Gillon M,Barbecot F,et al.2009.Open to closed system transition traced through the TDICisotopic signature at the aquifer recharge stage,implications for groundwater 14C dating.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,73(21):6488-6501.
Gonfiantini R.1977.Consultants’group meeting on stable isotope standards and intercalibration in hydrology and in geochemistry.Vienna:IAEA.
GUO Feng,FAN Wei-ming,et al.2012.Multistage crust-mantle interaction in SE China:Temporal,thermal and compositional constraints from the Mesozoic felsic volcanic rocks in eastern Guangdong-Fujian provinces.Lithos,150(7):62-84.
Han L F,Plummer L N.2016.A review of singlesample-based models and other approaches for radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwater.Earth-Science Reviews,152:119-142.
Hochstein M P,Zhongke Y,Ehara S.1990.The Fuzhou geothermal system(The People’s Republic of China):Modelling study of a low temperature fracture-zone system.Geothermics,19(1):43-60.
Huang H F,Goff F.1986.Hydrogeochemistry and reservoir model of Fuzhou geothermal field,China.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,27(3-4):203-227.
Jayawardana D T,Udagedara D T,et al.2016.Mixing geochemistry of cold water around non-volcanic thermal springs in high-grade metamorphic terrain,Sri Lanka.Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry,76(4):555-565.
Kolesar P T,Degraff J V.1977.A comparison of the silica and Na-K-Ca geothermometers for thermal springs in Utah.Geothermics,6(3-4):221-226.
Lahlou Mimi A,Ben Dhia H,et al.1998.Application of chemical geothermometers to thermal springs of the Maghreb,North Africa.Geothermics,27(2):211-233.
Lewicki J L,Hilley G E,et al.2014.Crustal migration of CO2-rich magmatic fluids recorded by tree-ring radiocarbon and seismicity at Mammoth Mountain,CA,USA.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,390(3):52-58.
LIN Xue-yu,TabouréA,et al.2007.Use of a hydrogeochemical approach in determining hydraulic connection between porous heat reservoirs in Kaifeng area,Henan,China.Applied Geochemistry,22(2):276-288.
MAO Xu-mei,WANG Yan-xin,et al.2015.Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of geothermal springs hosted by deep-seated faults in Dongguan Basin,Southern China.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,158:112-121.
MAO Xu-mei,WANG Hua,FENG Liang.2018.Impact of additional dead carbon on the circulation estimation of thermal springs exposed from deep-seated faults in the Dongguan basin,southern China.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,361:1-11.
Mook W G.1976.The dissolution-exchange model for dating groundwater with 14C.Interpretation of Environmental Isotope and Hydrochemical Data in Groundwater Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA:213-225.
Pearson F J,Hanshaw B B.1970.Sources of dissolved carbonate species in groundwater and their effects on carbon-14 dating.In:IAEA(Editor),Isotope Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA:271-285.
Plummer L N,Prestemon E C,Parkhurst D L.1991.An interactive code(NETPATH)for modeling net geochemical reactions along a flow path.Department of the Interior,USGeological Survey.
Reardon E J,Fritz P.1978.Computer modelling of groundwater 13C and 14C isotope compositions.Journal of Hydrology,36(3-4):201-224.
Ruffa G L,Panichi C,et al.1999.Isotope and chemical assessment of geothermal potential of Kos Island,Greece.Geothermics,28(2):205-217.
Tamers M A.1967.Surface water infiltration and groundwater movement in arid zones of Venezuela.Isotopes in Hydrology.Vienna:IAEA:339-351.
Vogel J C.1967.Investigation of groundwater flow with radiocarbon.In:IAEA-SM-83-(Editor),Isotopes in Hydrology.Vienna:IA-EA:355-369.
Wanner C,Peiffer L,et al.2014.Reactive transport modeling of the Dixie Valley geothermal area:Insights on flow and geothermometry.Geothermics,51(1):130-141.
XU Sheng,Nakai S I,et al.1997.Effects of hydrothermal processes on the chemical and isotopic composition of mantle-derived gases in SE China.Geothermics,26(2):179-192.
XU Yong-chang,SHEN Ping,et al.1991.Nonhydrocarbon and noble gas geochemistry.Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences,5(1-4):327-332.