电力系统运行灵活性与灵活调节产品
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摘要
间歇性可再生能源发电大量接入电力系统对系统运行灵活性提出了很高的要求。为解决实时调度中系统爬坡和滑坡能力不足问题,美国的一些独立系统运行机构(independent system operator,ISO)提出了一种新的电力市场产品——灵活调节产品(flexible ramping product,FRP),即通过预留额外的灵活性容量来满足系统可能的爬坡和滑坡需求,从而提高系统运行灵活性以便应对多种运行情况。首先,介绍电力系统运行灵活性的基本概念和相关问题,指出在任意时间尺度和多种复杂运行情况下能够保证供需平衡是系统具备高灵活性的重要特征之一,并分析了高比例可再生能源发电接入对系统运行灵活性的影响;接着,介绍灵活调节产品的基本概念、产品特点、定价机制和出清模型,并将其与现有的一些辅助服务进行比较;之后,通过2个算例直观展示灵活调节产品在提高电力系统运行灵活性方面的作用;最后,概述灵活调节产品的研究现状,并对未来灵活调节产品的研究进行展望。
With the ever-increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy generation,the operation flexibility of a given power system is more and more demanded. To address the issue of insufficient upward and downward ramping capability in real-time dispatch,flexible ramping product (FRP) has been proposed and initially implemented by some independent system operators (ISOs) in the United States as a newmarket design. The main function of FRP is to explore flexible capability from dispatchable resources so as to meet potential upward and downward ramping requirements,and thus to enhance power system operation flexibility for effectively responding to various operation conditions. The basic concepts and related subjects of power system operation flexibility are first clarified,and it is pointed out that the ability to maintain the balance between power supply and power demand at all time scales under credible complex scenarios is one of the important characteristics of strong operation flexibility. Besides,the impacts of high penetration of intermittent renewable energy generation on power system operation flexibility are examined. FRP is then introduced with the focuses on basic concepts,main characteristics,pricing mechanism and clearing models,and comparisons with the existing ancillary services are made as well. Furthermore,two case studies are served for demonstrating the implementation of FRP in enhancing power system operation flexibility. Finally,the current research status of FRP is outlined,and prospects on FRP-related subjects to be studied presented.
With the ever-increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy generation,the operation flexibility of a given power system is more and more demanded. To address the issue of insufficient upward and downward ramping capability in real-time dispatch,flexible ramping product (FRP) has been proposed and initially implemented by some independent system operators (ISOs) in the United States as a newmarket design. The main function of FRP is to explore flexible capability from dispatchable resources so as to meet potential upward and downward ramping requirements,and thus to enhance power system operation flexibility for effectively responding to various operation conditions. The basic concepts and related subjects of power system operation flexibility are first clarified,and it is pointed out that the ability to maintain the balance between power supply and power demand at all time scales under credible complex scenarios is one of the important characteristics of strong operation flexibility. Besides,the impacts of high penetration of intermittent renewable energy generation on power system operation flexibility are examined. FRP is then introduced with the focuses on basic concepts,main characteristics,pricing mechanism and clearing models,and comparisons with the existing ancillary services are made as well. Furthermore,two case studies are served for demonstrating the implementation of FRP in enhancing power system operation flexibility. Finally,the current research status of FRP is outlined,and prospects on FRP-related subjects to be studied presented.
引文
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[30]王建学,王锡凡,别朝红.电力市场中的备用问题[J].电力系统自动化,2001,25(15):7-11.WANG Jianxue,WANG Xifan,BIE Zhaohong.Reserve in the pow er market[J].Automation of Electric Pow er Systems,2001,25(15):7-11.
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[33]HOLTTINEN H,MILLIGAN M,ELA E,et al.Methodologies to determine operating reserves due to increased w ind pow er[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2012,3(4):713-723.
[34]WU T,ROTHLEDER M,ALAYWAN Z,et al.Pricing energy and ancillary services in integrated market systems by an optimal pow er flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2004,19(1):339-347.
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[36]SARKER M R,DVORKIN Y,ORTEGA-VAZQUEZ M A.Optimal participation of an electric vehicle aggregator in day-ahead energy and reserve markets[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2016,31(5):3506-3515.
[37]OTT A L.Experience with PJM market operation,system design,and implementation[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2003,18(2):528-534.
[38]WU C,HUG G,KAR S.A functional approach to assessing flexible ramping products'impact on electricity market[C]//2015IEEE Pow er&Energy Society on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference(ISGT).Washington:IEEE,2015:1-5.
[39]WU C,HUG G,KAR S.Risk-limiting economic dispatch for electricity markets w ith flexible ramping products[J].IEEETransactions on Pow er Systems,2016,31(3):1990-2003.
[40]CHEN R,WANG J,BOTTERUD A,et al.Wind power providing flexible ramp product[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2017,32(3):2049-2061.
[41]CUI M,ZHANG J,WU H,et al.Wind power ramping product for increasing pow er system flexibility[C]//2016 IEEE Pow er&Energy Society on Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition(T&D).Dallas:IEEE,2016:1-5.
[42]CUI M,ZHANG J,WU H,et al.Wind-friendly flexible ramping product design in multi-timescale pow er system operations[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2017,8(3):1064-1075.
[43]ZHANG B,KEZUNOVIC M.Impact on power system flexibility by electric vehicle participation in ramp market[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(3):1285-1294.
[44]HU J,WEN F,WANG K,et al.Simultaneous provision of flexible ramping product and demand relief by interruptible loads considering economic incentives[J].Energies,2017,11(1):46.
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[2]The Energy and Environment Council.Innovative strategy for energy and the environment[R].Tokyo:Government of Japan,2012.
[3]The European Climate Foundation.Roadmap 2050:A practical guide toa prosperous,low-carbon Europe[R].Europe:The European Climate Foundation,2010.
[4]The Executive Office of the President of the United States.The allof-the-above energy strategy as a path to sustainable economic grow th[R].Washington:The White House,2014.
[5]鲁宗相,李海波,乔颖.含高比例可再生能源电力系统灵活性规划及挑战[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(13):147-158.LU Zongxiang,LI Haibo,QIAO Ying.Pow er system flexibility planning and challenges considering high proportion of renew able energy[J].Automation of Electric Pow er Systems,2016,40(13):147-158.
[6]HOLTTINEN H,TUOHY A,MILLIGAN M,et al.The flexibility w orkout:M anaging variable resources and assessing the need for pow er system modification[J].IEEE Pow er and Energy M agazine,2013,11(6):53-62.
[7]李海波,鲁宗相,乔颖,等.大规模风电并网的电力系统运行灵活性评估[J].电网技术,2015,39(6):1672-1678.LI Haibo,LU Zongxiang,QIAO Ying,et al.Assessment operational flexibility of pow er grid w ith grid-connected large-scale w ind farms[J].Pow er System Technology,2015,39(6):1672-1678.
[8]PALMINTIER B S,WEBSTER M D.Impact of operational flexibility on electricity generation planning w ith renew able and carbon targets[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2016,7(2):672-684.
[9]WANG Q,HODGE B M.Enhancing power system operational flexibility w ith flexible ramping products:A review[J].IEEETransactions on Industrial Informatics,2017,13(4):1652-1664.
[10]XU L,TRETHEWAY D.Flexibleramping products[R].California:California Independent System Operator,2012.
[11]NAVID N,ROSENWALD G.Ramp capability product design for M ISO markets[R].M ISO:M idcontinent Independent System Operator,2013.
[12]CORNELIUS A.Assessing the impact of flexible ramp capability products in the M idcontinent ISO[D].North Carolina:Duke University,2014.
[13]NAVID N,ROSENWALD G.Market solutions for managing ramp flexibility w ith high penetration of renew able resource[J].IEEETransactions on Sustainable Energy,2012,3(4):784-790.
[14]施涛,朱凌志,于若英.电力系统灵活性评价研究综述[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(5):146-154.SHI Tao,ZHU Linzhi,YU Ruoying.Overview on pow er system flexibility evaluation[J].Pow er System Protection and Control,2016,44(5):146-154.
[15]North America Electric Reliability Corporation.Special report:Accommodating high levels of variable generation[R].New Jersey:North America Electric Reliability Corporation(NERC),2009.
[16]肖定垚,王承民,曾平良,等.电力系统灵活性及其评价综述[J].电网技术,2014,38(6):1569-1576.XIAO Dingyao,WANG Chengmin,ZENG Pingliang,et al.Asurvey on pow er system flexibility and its evaluations[J].Pow er System Technology,2014,38(6):1569-1576.
[17]LANNOYE E,FLYNN D,O'MALLEY M.Evaluation of power system flexibility[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2012,27(2):922-931.
[18]王洪坤,王守相,潘志新,等.含高渗透分布式电源配电网灵活性提升优化调度方法[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(15):86-93.WANG Hongkun,WANG Shouxiang,PAN Zhixin,et al.Optimized dispatching method of flexibility improvement of distributed netw ork w ith high-penetration distributed generation[J].Automation of Electric Pow er Systems,2018,42(15):86-93.
[19]王成山,李鹏,于浩.智能配电网的新形态及其灵活性特征分析与应用[J].电力系统自动化,2018,42(10):13-21.WANG Chengshan,LI Peng,YU Hao.Development and characteristic analysis of flexibility in smart distribution netw ork[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2018,42(10):13-21.
[20]ZHAO J,ZHENG T,LITVINOV E.A unified framework for defining and measuring flexibility in pow er system[J].IEEETransactions on Pow er Systems,2016,31(1):339-347.
[21]鲁宗相,李海波,乔颖.高比例可再生能源并网的电力系统灵活性评价与平衡机理[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(1):9-19.LU Zongxiang,LI Haibo,QIAO Ying.Flexibility evaluation and supply/demand balance principle of pow er system w ith highpenetration renew able electricity[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(1):9-19.
[22]CAISO.What the duck curve tells us about managing a green grid[EB/OL].(2015-04-29)[2018-07-10].https://www.caiso.com/Documents/FlexibleResourcesHelpRenew ables_FastFacts.pdf.
[23]MURTAUGH G.2015 annual report on market issues and performance[R].California:California Independent System Operator,2016.
[24]MISO.Ramp capability integration technical workshop[EB/OL].(2016-01-15)[2018-07-10].https://www.misoenergy.org/Library/Repository/Meeting%20Material/Stakeholder/Workshops%20and%20Special%20Meetings/2016/20160115%20Ramp%20Capability%20Integration%20Technical%20Workshop/20160115%20Ramp%20Workshop%20Presentation.pdf.
[25]ZHOU Z,LEVIN T,CONZELMANN G.Survey of U.S.ancillary services markets[R].Illinois:Argonne National Laboratory(ANL),2016.
[26]陈大宇,张粒子,王澍,等.储能在美国调频市场中的发展及启示[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(1):9-13.CHEN Dayu,ZHANG Lizi,WANG Shu,et al.Development of energy storage in frequency regulation market of United States and its enlightenment[J].Automation of Electric Pow er Systems,2013,37(1):9-13.
[27]姚伟锋,赵俊华,文福拴,等.集中充电模式下的电动汽车调频策略[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):69-76.YAO Weifeng,ZHAO Junhua,WEN Fushuan,et al.Frequency regulation strategy for electric vehicles w ith centralized charging[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):69-76.
[28]崔达,史沛然,陈启鑫,等.风电参与能量-调频联合市场的优化策略[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(13):5-12.CUI Da,SHI Peiran,CHEN Qixin,et al.Optimal strategy for w ind pow er bidding in energy and frequency regulation markets[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(13):5-12.
[29]陈大宇,张粒子.美国电力需求侧调频实践及其对我国的启示[J].现代电力,2015,32(5):21-26.CHEN Dayu,ZHANG Lizi.Frequency regulation practice at demand side in USA and its enlightenment to China[J].M odern Electric Pow er,2015,32(5):21-26.
[30]王建学,王锡凡,别朝红.电力市场中的备用问题[J].电力系统自动化,2001,25(15):7-11.WANG Jianxue,WANG Xifan,BIE Zhaohong.Reserve in the pow er market[J].Automation of Electric Pow er Systems,2001,25(15):7-11.
[31]薛禹胜,罗运虎,李碧君,等.关于可中断负荷参与系统备用的评述[J].电力系统自动化,2007,31(10):1-6.XUE Yusheng,LUO Yunhu,LI Bijun,et al.A review of interruptible load participating in system reserve[J].Automation of Electric Pow er Systems,2007,31(10):1-6.
[32]武小梅,谢旭泉,林翔,等.电动汽车提供备用服务的地区电力市场模型[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(24):71-76.WU Xiaomei,XIE Xuquan,LIN Xiang,et al.Local electricity market model considering reserve service provided by electric vehicles[J].Automation of Electric Pow er Systems,2016,40(24):71-76.
[33]HOLTTINEN H,MILLIGAN M,ELA E,et al.Methodologies to determine operating reserves due to increased w ind pow er[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2012,3(4):713-723.
[34]WU T,ROTHLEDER M,ALAYWAN Z,et al.Pricing energy and ancillary services in integrated market systems by an optimal pow er flow[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2004,19(1):339-347.
[35]MISO.Ramp product questions and answers[EB/OL].(2016-03-31)[2016-07-10].https://w w w.misoenergy.org/Library/Repository/Communication%20M aterial/Strategic%20Initiatives/Ramp%20Product%20Questions%20and%20Answ ers.pdf.
[36]SARKER M R,DVORKIN Y,ORTEGA-VAZQUEZ M A.Optimal participation of an electric vehicle aggregator in day-ahead energy and reserve markets[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2016,31(5):3506-3515.
[37]OTT A L.Experience with PJM market operation,system design,and implementation[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2003,18(2):528-534.
[38]WU C,HUG G,KAR S.A functional approach to assessing flexible ramping products'impact on electricity market[C]//2015IEEE Pow er&Energy Society on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference(ISGT).Washington:IEEE,2015:1-5.
[39]WU C,HUG G,KAR S.Risk-limiting economic dispatch for electricity markets w ith flexible ramping products[J].IEEETransactions on Pow er Systems,2016,31(3):1990-2003.
[40]CHEN R,WANG J,BOTTERUD A,et al.Wind power providing flexible ramp product[J].IEEE Transactions on Pow er Systems,2017,32(3):2049-2061.
[41]CUI M,ZHANG J,WU H,et al.Wind power ramping product for increasing pow er system flexibility[C]//2016 IEEE Pow er&Energy Society on Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition(T&D).Dallas:IEEE,2016:1-5.
[42]CUI M,ZHANG J,WU H,et al.Wind-friendly flexible ramping product design in multi-timescale pow er system operations[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2017,8(3):1064-1075.
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