建筑施工扬尘的健康经济损失评估
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摘要
随着建筑业的发展,城市建设中在建工地越来越多,施工活动产生的扬尘对人体健康的损害逐渐受到关注。为进一步明确施工扬尘对人体健康的具体影响程度与影响范围,本文根据建筑施工扬尘的扩散规律,分别从建筑场地内施工人员与建筑场地外居民的影响来确定建筑施工扬尘的健康损害,采用伤残调整生存年法、人力资本法、疾病成本法等经济理论评估方法,建立施工扬尘健康经济损失计算模型,以货币值的形式来衡量扬尘污染对健康的影响。在此基础上,本文以南京市某在建工程土方施工阶段为例,计算该施工阶段施工扬尘的健康经济损失。实证研究结果表明,本文所构建的建筑施工扬尘健康经济损失计算模型是可靠的、合理的,该模型可用于评估由于施工扬尘引起的健康损失,进而为相关决策提供指导。
There are an increasing number of construction sites with the development of construction industry. The health damage from dust pollution in construction stage has undoubtedly raised gradual concern. To further clarify the specific impact of construction dust on human health,two social perspectives of construction workers and nearby residents were selected to analyze the economic loss of health damage from construction dust pollution. Methods of economic theory assessment,such as Disability-adjusted life year(DALY),Human capital approach(HCA) and Cost of illness(COI),were used to construct a calculation model on health-related economic loss from construction dust pollution in an economical view. An actual project in earthwork construction stage in Nanjing was finally studied to verify the reliability and reasonability of the model established. This model is constructive to evaluate the health loss caused by construction dust and providing guidance for relevant decisions in project practice.
There are an increasing number of construction sites with the development of construction industry. The health damage from dust pollution in construction stage has undoubtedly raised gradual concern. To further clarify the specific impact of construction dust on human health,two social perspectives of construction workers and nearby residents were selected to analyze the economic loss of health damage from construction dust pollution. Methods of economic theory assessment,such as Disability-adjusted life year(DALY),Human capital approach(HCA) and Cost of illness(COI),were used to construct a calculation model on health-related economic loss from construction dust pollution in an economical view. An actual project in earthwork construction stage in Nanjing was finally studied to verify the reliability and reasonability of the model established. This model is constructive to evaluate the health loss caused by construction dust and providing guidance for relevant decisions in project practice.
引文
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[2]王社扣,王体健,石睿,等.南京市不同类型扬尘源排放清单估计[J].中国科学院大学学报,2014,31(3):351-359.
[3]张智慧,吴凡.建筑施工扬尘污染健康损害的评价[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2008,48(6):922-925.
[4]李小冬,苏舒,黄天健.施工粉尘健康损害量化评价[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2015,55(1):50-55.
[5] Chou J S,Yeh K C. Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions simulation and environmental cost analysis for building construction[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,101:137-147.
[6]沈洪兵,俞顺章.残疾调整生命年(DALY)指标的原理及其统计方法[J].现代预防医学,1999,26(1):66-68.
[7]李金昌.生态价值论[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,1999.
[8] Kalibatas D,Turskis Z. Multicriteria evaluation of inner climate by using MOORA method[J]. Information Technology and Control,2008,37(1):79-83.
[9]黄雨生.基于北京和上海的超大城市环境污染经济损失核算及其影响因素分析[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.
[10]黄天健.建筑工程施工阶段扬尘监测及健康损害评价[D].北京:清华大学,2013.
[11]王叶晴,段小丽,李天昕,等.空气污染健康风险评价中暴露参数的研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(2):104-108.
[12]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175.
[13]潘小川,刘利群,张思奇,等.大气PM2. 5对中国城市公众健康效应研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[14]谢元博,李巍.基于能源——环境情景模拟的北京市大气污染对居民健康风险评价研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(6):1763-1770.
[15]王倩.济南市空气污染对人体健康造成经济损失的评估[D].济南:山东大学,2007.
[16] HJ 644-2013,环境空气质量监测点位布设技术规范(试行)[S].
[17]郭默.基于BP神经网络的施工扬尘量化建模研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2010.
[18]杨根梢.施工扬尘排放在大气环境容量中的贡献率及总量控制研究——以武汉市为例[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2015.
[19]刘晓云,谢鹏,刘兆荣,等.珠江三角洲可吸入颗粒物污染急性健康效应的经济损失评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(5):829-834.
[20]中华人民共和国卫生部. 2012中国卫生统计年[J].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2012.
[21]汪鹏.大气扩散模型与环境经济损失评价研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2010.
[22]阚海东,陈秉衡.我国大气颗粒物暴露与人群健康效应的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2002,19(6):422-424.
[23]国家卫生和计划生育委员会. 2014中国卫生和计划生育统计年鉴[J].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2014.