南昌市道路尘PM_(2.5)中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价
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摘要
为了解南昌市道路尘PM_(2.5)中重金属元素的分布特征和健康风险,利用颗粒物再悬浮采样器采集了道路尘中的PM_(2.5)样品,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和原子荧光光谱仪测定了样品中11种重金属元素的含量.结果表明,道路尘PM_(2.5)中Mn、Zn、Cr、Cu、Pb、V、As、Ni、Co、Cd和Hg的平均含量分别为1014、208.17、106.47、102.40、62.12、39.59、28.93、24.07、7.86、0.58、0.53 mg·kg~(-1),除V和Co外均大于南昌市土壤元素背景值,整体上次干道和支路的金属含量会高于主干道重金属的含量,比国内外其他城市相对要低.地累积指数结果显示,Cd、Hg、Cu、Mn和Zn处于偏中度污染,As和Pb属于轻度污染,其余元素处于无污染水平.日均暴露剂量表明,Mn在儿童的非致癌日均暴露剂量最高(摄食:2.83×10~(-3) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),呼吸吸入:2.50×10~(-7) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),皮肤接触:6.87×10~(-6) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)),经口摄食是人体暴露的主要途径,Cr的终身暴露剂量最高(儿童:8.63×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),成年男性:9.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1),成年女性:8.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)).11种重金属对儿童、成年女性和成年男性的非致癌风险值之和分别为0.58,0.19和0.17,小于可接受风险值1.0,As、Cr、Mn是主要贡献元素;5种致癌元素(Cr、As、Co、Ni和Cd)经呼吸途径对人体的总致癌风险值均小于可接受水平10~(-6),成年男性(4.29×10~(-7))略高于儿童(4.06×10~(-7))和成年女性(3.82×10~(-7)),Cr和As是主要贡献元素.
In order to understand the characteristics and health risk of heavy metals in PM_(2.5) fraction of road dust in Nanchang city, PM_(2.5) samples were collected by a resuspension sampler, then concentrations of 11 heavy metals were detected by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and an atomic fluorescence spectrometer. The results showed that the average concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, As, Ni, Co, Cd and Hg in PM_(2.5) fraction of road dust were 1014, 208.17, 106.47, 102.40, 62.12, 39.59, 28.93, 24.07, 7.86, 0.58 and 0.53 mg·kg~(-1), respectively, which were higher than the background values of Nanchang soil except V and Co. The concentrations of heavy metals in secondary roads and branch roads were higher than those of the main road, and were lower than those of other cities. The results of geoaccumulation index revealed that Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, and Zn were at moderate pollution level, As and Pb showed mild pollution, while the other elements presented no pollution. The average daily exposure dosage showed that Mn in children was the highest(ingestion: 2.83×10~(-3) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), inhalation: 2.50×10~(-7) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), dermal contact: 6.87×10~(-6) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)). Ingestion was the major exposure pathway for human health risk. The lifetime exposure dose of Cr was the highest(children: 8.63×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), adults males: 9.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), adult females: 8.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)). The studied heavy metals showed the highest non-carcinogenic risk to children with the non-carcinogenic risk value of 0.58, followed by adult females(0.19) and adult males(0.17), which were all less than the threshold value 1.0, and the major contribution elements were Mn, As and Cr. The five carcinogenic metals Cr, As, Co, Ni and Cd had no carcinogenic risk to human health via inhalable pathway with the risk values of less than the threshold value 10~(-6). The total carcinogenic risk of heavy metals to adult males(4.29×10~(-7)) was slight higher than that to children(4.06×10~(-7)) and adult females(3.82×10~(-7)), and the major contribution elements were Cr and As.
In order to understand the characteristics and health risk of heavy metals in PM_(2.5) fraction of road dust in Nanchang city, PM_(2.5) samples were collected by a resuspension sampler, then concentrations of 11 heavy metals were detected by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and an atomic fluorescence spectrometer. The results showed that the average concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, As, Ni, Co, Cd and Hg in PM_(2.5) fraction of road dust were 1014, 208.17, 106.47, 102.40, 62.12, 39.59, 28.93, 24.07, 7.86, 0.58 and 0.53 mg·kg~(-1), respectively, which were higher than the background values of Nanchang soil except V and Co. The concentrations of heavy metals in secondary roads and branch roads were higher than those of the main road, and were lower than those of other cities. The results of geoaccumulation index revealed that Cd, Hg, Cu, Mn, and Zn were at moderate pollution level, As and Pb showed mild pollution, while the other elements presented no pollution. The average daily exposure dosage showed that Mn in children was the highest(ingestion: 2.83×10~(-3) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), inhalation: 2.50×10~(-7) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), dermal contact: 6.87×10~(-6) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)). Ingestion was the major exposure pathway for human health risk. The lifetime exposure dose of Cr was the highest(children: 8.63×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), adults males: 9.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1), adult females: 8.12×10~(-9) mg·(kg·d)~(-1)). The studied heavy metals showed the highest non-carcinogenic risk to children with the non-carcinogenic risk value of 0.58, followed by adult females(0.19) and adult males(0.17), which were all less than the threshold value 1.0, and the major contribution elements were Mn, As and Cr. The five carcinogenic metals Cr, As, Co, Ni and Cd had no carcinogenic risk to human health via inhalable pathway with the risk values of less than the threshold value 10~(-6). The total carcinogenic risk of heavy metals to adult males(4.29×10~(-7)) was slight higher than that to children(4.06×10~(-7)) and adult females(3.82×10~(-7)), and the major contribution elements were Cr and As.
引文
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[2]汪浪,杨海龙,李晓燕.中国部分省会城市PM2.5中重金属水平及影响因素分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):72-83.WANG L,YANG H L,LI X Y.Analysis of heavy metals contents in PM2.5in some provincial capital cities in China and their affecting factors[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):72-83(in Chinese).
[3]HAN L,ZHOU W,LI W.City as a major source area of fine particulate(PM2.5)in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206:183-187.
[4]BELL M L,EBISU K,PENG R D.Community-level spatial heterogeneity of chemical constituent levels of fine particulates and implications for epidemiological research[J].Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology,2011,21(4):372-384.
[5]KIM K H,KABIR E,KABIR S.A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter[J].Environment International,2015,74:136-143.
[6]GUNAWARDANA C,EGODAWATTA P,GOONETILLEKE A.Role of particle size and composition in metal adsorption by solids deposited on urban road surfaces[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184(1):44-53.
[7]刘爱明,杨柳,吴亚玲,等.城市区域大气颗粒物的健康效应研究[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(5):19-23.LIU A M,YANG L,WU Y L,et al.Research on the health effects of atmospheric particulates in city region[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2012,28(5):19-23(in Chinese).
[8]赵阳,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.2013年南昌市区PM2.5的浓度水平及时空分布特征与来源[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(6):855-863.ZHAO Y,HU G R,YU R L,et al.Concentrations and spatial-temporal characteristics and source analysis of PM2.5in Nanchang city in2013[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(6):855-863(in Chinese).
[9]刘忠马,徐义邦,樊孝俊,等.南昌市秋季大气PM2.5浓度及化学组分特征分析[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(9):55-59.LIU Z M,XU Y B,FAN X J,et al.Content and chemical composition characteristics of PM2.5in autumn in Nanchang[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2015,37(9):55-59(in Chinese).
[10]赵阳,林晓辉,胡恭任,等.南昌市秋季PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价及来源分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(3):500-507.ZHAO Y,LIN X H,HU G R,et al.Pollution characteristics,risk assessment and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5collected in autumn in Nanchang City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(3):500-507(in Chinese).
[11]林晓辉,赵阳,樊孝俊,等.南昌市秋季大气PM2.5中金属元素富集特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(1):35-40.LIN X H,ZHAO Y,FAN X J,et al.Enrichment characteristics and source analysis of metal elements in PM2.5in autumn in Nanchang city[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):35-40(in Chinese).
[12]ZHAO Y,YU R,HU G,et al.Chemical characteristics and Pb isotopic compositions of PM2.5in Nanchang,China[J].Particuology,2017,32(3):95-102.
[13]郭琳,何宗健,尹丽.南昌市夏季PM2.5中多环芳烃来源解析[J].环境污染与防治,2010,32(11):58-62.GUO L,HE Z J,YIN L.Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5in summer of Nanchang[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2010,32(11):58-62(in Chinese).
[14]ZHAO Y,YU R L,HU G R,et al.Characteristics and environmental significance of rare earth elements in PM2.5of Nanchang,China[J].Journal of Rare Earths,2017,35(1):98-106.
[15]魏秀芝,左嘉,魏宝梅.南昌市扬尘污染现状及防治情况报告[J].黑龙江科技信息,2016(10):13.WEI X Z,ZUO J,WEI B M.Report on status and prevention of dust pollution in Nanchang City[J].Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information,2016(10):13(in Chinese).
[16]MULLER G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,2(108):108-118.
[17]何纪力,徐光炎,朱慧民,等.江西省土壤环境背景值研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.HE J L,XU G Y,ZHU H M,et al.Research on Jiangxi province soil environmental background value[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006(in Chinese).
[18]USEPA.EPA/600/P-95/002Fa.Exposure factors handbook[M].Washington DC:USEPA,2011.
[19]USEPA.Risk assessment guidance for Superfund,Vol.I:human health evaluation manual[R].Washington D.C.:Office of Emergency and Response,1989.
[20]USEPA.Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites[R].Washington,D.C.:Office of Emergency and Response,2002.
[21]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013.Ministry of Environmental Protection.Exposure factor handbook of Chinese population(adults)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2013(in Chinese).
[22]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷)[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016.Ministry of Environmental Protection.Exposure factor handbook of Chinese population(children)[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016(in Chinese).
[23]SLEZAKOVA K,MORAIS S,PEREIRA M C.Trace metals in size-fractionated particulate matter in a Portuguese hospital:exposure risks assessment and comparisons with other countries[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(5),3604-3620.
[24]FERREIRA-BAPTISTA L,MIGUEL E D.Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola:A tropical urban environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(25):4501-4512.
[25]杨忠平,王雷,翟航,等.长春市城区近地表灰尘重金属健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1247-1255.YANG Z P,WANG L,ZHAI H.et al.Study on health risk of potentially toxic metals in near-surface urban dust in Changchun City[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(4):1247-1255(in Chinese).
[26]LIACOS J W,KAM W,DELFINO R J,et al.Characterization of organic,metal and trace element PM2.5species and derivation of freewaybased emission rates in Los Angeles,CA[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,435-436(2):159-166.
[27]TAIWO A M,HARRISON R M,SHI Z.A review of receptor modelling of industrially emitted particulate matter[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,97:109-120.
[28]MEN C,LIU R M,XU F,et al.Pollution characteristics,risk assessment,and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:138-147.
[29]张静,张衍杰,方小珍,等.道路扬尘PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4071-4076.ZHANG J,ZHANG Y J,FANG X Z,et al.Characteristics and health risk assessment of metallic elements in PM2.5fraction of road dust[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4071-4076(in Chinese).
[30]BI C J,ZHOU Y,CHEN Z L,et al.Heavy metals and lead isotopes in soils,road dust and leafy vegetables and health risks via vegetable consumption in the industrial areas of Shanghai,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619-620:1349-1357.
[31]石栋奇,卢新卫.西安城区路面细颗粒灰尘重金属污染水平及来源分析[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3126-3133.SHI D Q,LU X W.Contamination level and source analysis of heavy metals in the finer particles of urban road dust from Xi'an,China[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3126-3133(in Chinese).
[32]王利军,卢新卫,雷凯,等.宝鸡市街尘重金属元素含量、来源及形态特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(8):2471-2476.WANG L J,LU X W,LEI K,et al.Content,source and speciation of heavy metal elements of street dusts in Baoji City[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(8):2471-2476(in Chinese).
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