长江中游新石器时代遗址规模的分布特征
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摘要
运用Arc GIS软件建立了长江中游地区9.0~4.0 ka BP文化遗址的空间数据库,采用叠加分析和统计学方法,对文化遗址的规模、海拔分布、坡度、距河流远近等特征进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)由新石器时代早期到晚期,遗址的数量、规模和分布范围等均呈现增长或扩大趋势,叠置型遗址个数增加;(2)遗址一般具有低海拔、平缓地形和距河流较近的选址倾向,晚期的文化遗址大体保持该倾向,但对海拔、坡度及距河流远近等的选择开始出现分化。(3)新石器时代晚期不同规模的文化遗址在选址上存在一定分异。小型遗址多分布在坡度为6°~15°的缓坡地,中型及以上规模的遗址更倾向于坡度为2°~6°平缓地;中小型至大型遗址的海拔分布均以30~50 m为主,特大型遗址的海拔分布以50~100 m为主;特大型遗址在距河流1000 m以内的分布比例高于其他规模遗址;(4)新石器文化在早中期受气候、水源、地形等自然环境因素影响较大,晚期文化的适应能力有所增强。
Cultural sites are relics of human activity and they are also the product of the interactions between human and nature. The size of cultural sites could reflect the population size and grade of the ancient settlements. The study of cultural sites could help us to deepen the understanding of the relationships between human and nature. This paper established the spatial database of the Neolithic cultural sites in the middle reaches of Yangtze River from 9000 a BP to 4000 a BP. by using Arc GIS software. Overlay analysis and statistical method were employed to examine the spatial relationships between the size of archaeological sites and elevation, slope, the distance to the river in different periods. The results showed that, from the early Neolithic period to the late Neolithic period, the number of sites, the size of sites and the spatial distribution range of the sites showed an increasing or expanding trend, and the proportion of overlapping sites increased; Sites with different sizes generally had low altitude,gentle terrain and near river selection tendency. For sites of the late Neolithic Age, while there existed the above-mentioned selection tendency, the selection of altitude, slope and the distance to river tended to show the characteristics of diversification. There were some differences in location selection of Neolithic cultural sites with different sizes in the late Neolithic period.Small sites were mostly located on the gentle slope of 6-15 degrees. The large or medium-sized sites tended to be distributed on the flat land with a slope of 2-6 degrees; From small to large sites, Neolithic sites was dominated by an elevation of 30-50 m. The elevation of super sites was mainly in a range from 50 m to 100 m. The super sites were located in the area less than 1 km far from the river; The Neolithic culture was greatly influenced by the natural factors such as climate, water resources and topography in the early and middle Neolithic Age, and the adaptation ability of culture in the late Neolithic period was gradually enhanced.
Cultural sites are relics of human activity and they are also the product of the interactions between human and nature. The size of cultural sites could reflect the population size and grade of the ancient settlements. The study of cultural sites could help us to deepen the understanding of the relationships between human and nature. This paper established the spatial database of the Neolithic cultural sites in the middle reaches of Yangtze River from 9000 a BP to 4000 a BP. by using Arc GIS software. Overlay analysis and statistical method were employed to examine the spatial relationships between the size of archaeological sites and elevation, slope, the distance to the river in different periods. The results showed that, from the early Neolithic period to the late Neolithic period, the number of sites, the size of sites and the spatial distribution range of the sites showed an increasing or expanding trend, and the proportion of overlapping sites increased; Sites with different sizes generally had low altitude,gentle terrain and near river selection tendency. For sites of the late Neolithic Age, while there existed the above-mentioned selection tendency, the selection of altitude, slope and the distance to river tended to show the characteristics of diversification. There were some differences in location selection of Neolithic cultural sites with different sizes in the late Neolithic period.Small sites were mostly located on the gentle slope of 6-15 degrees. The large or medium-sized sites tended to be distributed on the flat land with a slope of 2-6 degrees; From small to large sites, Neolithic sites was dominated by an elevation of 30-50 m. The elevation of super sites was mainly in a range from 50 m to 100 m. The super sites were located in the area less than 1 km far from the river; The Neolithic culture was greatly influenced by the natural factors such as climate, water resources and topography in the early and middle Neolithic Age, and the adaptation ability of culture in the late Neolithic period was gradually enhanced.
引文
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[23]Shi Wei,Zhu Cheng,Li Shijie,et a1.Climatic and environmental changes as well as ancient culture response in the Yangtze Gorges Region.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(1):1303-1318.[史威,朱诚,李世杰,等.长江三峡地区全新世环境演变及其古文化响应.地理学报,2009,64(1):1303-1318.]
[24]Li Feng,Wu Li,Zhu Cheng,et al.A high-resolution study of moisture evolution in the Jianghan Plain since 12.76 cal.ka B.P.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(7):878-884.[李枫,吴立,朱诚,等.江汉平原12.76 cal.ka B.P.以来环境干湿变化的高分辨率研究.地理科学,2012,32(7):878-884.]
[25]Shi Yafeng.The Climate and Environment of Holcence Megathermal in China.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1992.[施雅风.中国全新世大暖期气候与环境.北京:海洋出版社,1992.]
[26]Wang Hongxing.Relationship of the Neolithic sites distribution,transfer of cultural centers and environment evolution in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.Jianghan Archaeology,1998,(1):53-61.[王红星.长江中游地区新石器时代遗址分布规律、文化中心的转移与环境变迁的关系.江汉考古,1998(1):53-61.]
[27]Gao Chao,Wang Xinyuan,Jin Gaojie,et a1.Spatial distribution features of archaeological sites(Neolithic Age to Shang&Zhou Dynasties)on the western shore of the Chaohu Lake,China.Geographical Research,2009,28(4):979-989.[高超,王心源,金高洁,等.巢湖西湖岸新石器—商周遗址空间分布规律及其成因.地理研究,2009,28(4):979-989.]
[28]Wang W M,Ding J L,Shu J W,et al.Exploration of early rice farming in China.Quaternary International,2010,227(1):22-28.
[29]Li Zhongxuan,Zhu Cheng,Wu Guoxi,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of prehistoric human sites and its driving factors in Henan province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(11):1527-1537.[李中轩,朱诚,吴国玺,等.河南省史前人类遗址的时空分布及其驱动因子.地理学报,2013,68(11):1527-1537.]
[30]Guo Lixin.Interpretations of the Dengjiawan Site.Jianghan Archaeology,2009(3):45-57.[郭立新.邓家湾解读.江汉考古,2009(3):45-57.]
[2]Xia Zhengkai,Yang Xiaoyan,Ye Maolin.Pre-historic disasters at Lajia Site,Qinghai,China.Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(11):1200-1204.[夏正楷,杨晓燕,叶茂林.青海喇家遗址史前灾难事件.科学通报,2003,48(11):1200-1204.]
[3]Hou Guangliang,Liu Fenggui.Pre-history and climate change of eastern Qinghai.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(6):841-846.[侯光良,刘峰贵.青海东部史前文化对气候变化的响应.地理学报,2004,59(6):841-846.]
[4]Zhu Guangyao,Zhu Cheng,Ling Shanjin,et al.Spatial temporal distribution of neolithic and Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties sites and relationship between human and environment in Anhui Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2005,25(3):346-352.[朱光耀,朱诚,凌善金,等.安徽省新石器和夏商周时代遗址时空分布与人地关系的初步研究.地理科学,2005,25(3):346-352.]
[5]Hou Guangliang,Xu Changjun,Xiao Jingyi.Comparative analysis of prehistoric sites distribution around 4 ka B.P.in Gansu-Qinghai region based on GIS.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(1):116-119.[侯光良,许长军,肖景义.基于GIS的4 ka B.P.气候事件前后甘青史前遗址分布分析.地理科学,2012,32(1):116-119.]
[6]Guo Yuanyuan,Muo Duowen,Mao Longjiang,et al.The relationship between settlements distribution and environmental changes from the Neolithic to Shang-Zhou periods in north Shandong Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(4):559-570.[郭媛媛,莫多闻,毛龙江,等.山东北部地区聚落遗址时空分布与环境演变的关系.地理学报,2013,68(4):559-570.]
[7]Deng Hui,Chen Yiyong,Jia Jingyu,et al.Distribution patterns of the ancient cultural sites in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River since 8500 a B.P.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(9):1113-1125.[邓辉,陈义勇,贾敬禹,等.8500 a B.P.以来长江中游平原地区古文化遗址分布的演变.地理学报,2009,64(9):1113-1125.]
[8]Tang Zhuowei.Environmental Archaeology.Beijing:Science Press,2004.[汤卓炜.环境考古学.北京:科学出版社,2004.]
[9]Wang Fang,Zhang Xiaolei,Yang Zhaoping,et al.Spatio-temporal characteristics of cultural sites and an analysis of their driving forces in the Ili River Valley in historical periods.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):756-808.[王芳,张小雷,杨兆萍,等.历史时期伊犁河谷文化遗址时空特征及驱动力分析.地理学报,2015,70(5):756-808.]
[10]Chen Xingcan,Liu Li,Lee Yun-Kuen,et al.Development of social complexity in the central China:Research into the settlement pattern in the Yiluo River Valley.Acta Archaeologica Sinica,2003(2):161-238.[陈星灿,刘莉,李润权,等.中国文明腹地的社会复杂化进程:伊洛河地区的聚落形态研究.考古学报,2003(2):161-238.]
[11]Teng Mingyu.A spatial research on the distribution of the sites in the middle reaches of Banzhijian River during AnteQin Dynasty.Jinlin University Journal of Social Sciences Edition,2009,49(4):73-80.[滕铭予.半支箭河中游先秦时期遗址分布的空间考察.吉林大学社会科学学报,2009,49(4):73-80.]
[12]He Jiejun.Neolithic Cultures in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River.Wuhan:Hubei Education Press,2004.[何介钧.长江中游新石器时代文化.武汉:湖北教育出版社,2004.]
[13]Zhang Xuqiu.Introduction to the Neolithic Cultures in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River.Wuhan:Hubei Science and Technology Press,1992.[张绪球.长江中游新石器时代文化概论.武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1992.]
[14]State Administration of Cultural Heritage.Cultural Relicts Maps of China:Hubei Province.Xi'an:Xi'an Map Press,2002.[国家文物局.中国文物地图集:湖北分册.西安:西安地图出版社,2002.]
[15]State Administration of Cultural Heritage.Cultural Relicts Maps of China:Hunan Province.Changsha:Hunan Map Press,1997.[国家文物局.中国文物地图集:湖南分册.长沙:湖南地图出版社,1997.]
[16]Zhou Guocheng.Study on the Neolithic cultures site distribution in Hunan and Hubei province[D].Jinhua:Zhejiang Normal University,2013.[周国成.湘鄂地区新石器时代遗址空间分布研究[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2013.]
[17]Sun Shuncai,Huang Yiping.Taihu Lake.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1993.[孙顺才,黄漪平.太湖.北京:海洋出版社,1993.]
[18]Huang Run,Zhu Cheng,Zheng Chaogui.Distribution of Neolithic sites and environmental changes in Huaihe River Basin,Anhui province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2005,60(5):742-750.[黄润,朱诚,郑朝贵.安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址分布的影响.地理学报,2005,60(5):742-750.]
[19]Xu Jiajia,Jia Yulian,Ma Chunmei,et al.Geographic distribution of archaeological sites and their response to climate and environmental change between 10.0-2.8 ka B.P.in the Poyang Lake Basin,China.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(5):603-618.
[20]Yang Lin,Pei Anping,Guo Ningning,et al.Spatial modality of prehistoric settlement sites in Luoyang Area.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(8):993-999.[杨林,裴安平,郭宁宁,等.洛阳地区史前聚落遗址空间形态研究.地理科学,2012,32(8):993-999.]
[21]Xu Hai.Study advance of Holocene climate change in China.Geology-Geochemistry,2001,29(2):9-16.[徐海.中国全新世气候变化研究进展.地质地球化学,2001,29(2):9-16.]
[22]Zhu Cheng,Ma Chunmei,Zhang Wenqing,et al.Pollen record and environmental change since15.753 ka B.P.from Dajiuhu Basin of Shennongjia,China.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(5):814-826.[朱诚,马春梅,张文卿,等.神农架大九湖15.753 ka B.P.以来的孢粉记录和环境演变.第四纪研究,2006,26(5):814-826.]
[23]Shi Wei,Zhu Cheng,Li Shijie,et a1.Climatic and environmental changes as well as ancient culture response in the Yangtze Gorges Region.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(1):1303-1318.[史威,朱诚,李世杰,等.长江三峡地区全新世环境演变及其古文化响应.地理学报,2009,64(1):1303-1318.]
[24]Li Feng,Wu Li,Zhu Cheng,et al.A high-resolution study of moisture evolution in the Jianghan Plain since 12.76 cal.ka B.P.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(7):878-884.[李枫,吴立,朱诚,等.江汉平原12.76 cal.ka B.P.以来环境干湿变化的高分辨率研究.地理科学,2012,32(7):878-884.]
[25]Shi Yafeng.The Climate and Environment of Holcence Megathermal in China.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1992.[施雅风.中国全新世大暖期气候与环境.北京:海洋出版社,1992.]
[26]Wang Hongxing.Relationship of the Neolithic sites distribution,transfer of cultural centers and environment evolution in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.Jianghan Archaeology,1998,(1):53-61.[王红星.长江中游地区新石器时代遗址分布规律、文化中心的转移与环境变迁的关系.江汉考古,1998(1):53-61.]
[27]Gao Chao,Wang Xinyuan,Jin Gaojie,et a1.Spatial distribution features of archaeological sites(Neolithic Age to Shang&Zhou Dynasties)on the western shore of the Chaohu Lake,China.Geographical Research,2009,28(4):979-989.[高超,王心源,金高洁,等.巢湖西湖岸新石器—商周遗址空间分布规律及其成因.地理研究,2009,28(4):979-989.]
[28]Wang W M,Ding J L,Shu J W,et al.Exploration of early rice farming in China.Quaternary International,2010,227(1):22-28.
[29]Li Zhongxuan,Zhu Cheng,Wu Guoxi,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of prehistoric human sites and its driving factors in Henan province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(11):1527-1537.[李中轩,朱诚,吴国玺,等.河南省史前人类遗址的时空分布及其驱动因子.地理学报,2013,68(11):1527-1537.]
[30]Guo Lixin.Interpretations of the Dengjiawan Site.Jianghan Archaeology,2009(3):45-57.[郭立新.邓家湾解读.江汉考古,2009(3):45-57.]