办公室地面灰尘中PAHs污染的时间变化规律及人体健康风险
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摘要
为探究室内地面灰尘中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的时间变化规律,于2012年3—7月对北京市一座办公楼内的某办公室进行了每周一次的连续高密度灰尘样品采集。利用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测15种PAHs含量。结果表明,该办公室内灰尘样品中∑PAHs浓度范围为1 180~24 300 ng·g~(-1),平均浓度为8 960 ng·g~(-1)。总体上,检出的PAHs以3环PAHs为主,其中菲占PAHs总量的59%以上,其次是4环和5环PAHs,4环PAHs中占的比重最高,约占4环PAHs总量的34%。该办公室内灰尘中∑PAHs的浓度存在显著的时间变化差异,总体表现为∑PAHs浓度随气温升高而降低的趋势。源解析结果显示,机动车排放源、石油源、木材与煤燃烧是北京市室内灰尘中PAHs的主要来源。健康风险评估结果显示,ILCR皮肤接触>ILCR手口摄入,且CR均值大于10-6,说明该采样点的PAHs污染存在"潜在致癌风险"。
In order to explore the time variation of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) pollution in floor surface dust, dust samples were collected once a week from Mar to July in typical Beijing office in 2012. Fif-teen types of PAHs were detected by means of HPLC-FLD(High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detector). The results showed that ∑PAHs concentrations ranged from 1 180 to 24 300 ng·g~(-1), and the average concentration was 8 960 ng·g~(-1). In a word, detected PAHs were mainly composed of 3 ring congeners, in which PHE accounted for more than 59% of the total content, followed by the 4-ring and 5-ring congeners, and CHR accounted for the highest proportion(34%) of 4-ring PAHs. Additionally, ∑ PAHs concentrations of floor surface dust decreased with the increase of temperature for the investigated office, indicating its significant time course. The results of source apportionment showed that the emission of motor vehicles, petroleum sources, the combustion of wood and coal were the primary sources of PAHs present in floor surface dust. Health risk assessment results indicated that ILCRdermal contact> ILCRingestion, and the mean value of CR was higher than 10-6. In conclusion, PAHs pollution in the sampling site has potential carcinogenic risk to the staffs in the office.
In order to explore the time variation of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) pollution in floor surface dust, dust samples were collected once a week from Mar to July in typical Beijing office in 2012. Fif-teen types of PAHs were detected by means of HPLC-FLD(High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detector). The results showed that ∑PAHs concentrations ranged from 1 180 to 24 300 ng·g~(-1), and the average concentration was 8 960 ng·g~(-1). In a word, detected PAHs were mainly composed of 3 ring congeners, in which PHE accounted for more than 59% of the total content, followed by the 4-ring and 5-ring congeners, and CHR accounted for the highest proportion(34%) of 4-ring PAHs. Additionally, ∑ PAHs concentrations of floor surface dust decreased with the increase of temperature for the investigated office, indicating its significant time course. The results of source apportionment showed that the emission of motor vehicles, petroleum sources, the combustion of wood and coal were the primary sources of PAHs present in floor surface dust. Health risk assessment results indicated that ILCRdermal contact> ILCRingestion, and the mean value of CR was higher than 10-6. In conclusion, PAHs pollution in the sampling site has potential carcinogenic risk to the staffs in the office.
引文
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[2]曹治国,赵磊成,石玉盟,等.新乡市家庭室内灰尘中多环芳烃的污染及人体暴露特征[J].环境化学,2017,36(3):463-471Cao Z G,Zhao L C,Shi Y M,et al.Pollution and exposure characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust in Xinxiang,China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(3):463-471(in Chinese)
[3]Whitehead T,Metayer C,Buffler P,et al.Estimating exposures to indoor contaminants using residential dust[J].Journal of Exposures Science and Environmental Epide-miology,2011,21:549-564
[4]Jing Y,Hu X,Yves U J,et al.Status source and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust of an industrial city,NW China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,106:11-18
[5]李法松,韩铖,周葆华,等.安徽省室内降尘中多环芳烃分布及来源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(2):363-369Li F S,Han C,Zhou B H,et al.Distribution and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust from Anhui Province,China[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(2):363-369(in Chinese)
[6]吴水平,左谦,兰天,等.天津地区冬季总悬浮颗粒物中PAHs污染特征[J].环境科学,2004,25(4):13-17Wu S P,Zuo Q,Lan T,et al.PAHs in airborne particles from Tianjin in winter season[J].Environmental Science,2004,25(4):13-17(in Chinese)
[7]谭吉华,毕新慧,段菁春,等.广州市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中多环芳烃的季节变化[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(7):855-862Tan J H,Bi X H,Duan J C,et al.Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in atmospheric inhalable particulate matter(PM10)in Guangzhou[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(7):855-862(in Chinese)
[8]魏志成,常彪,邱炜珣,等.北京市民居室内气态PAHs浓度及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2007,28(9):2074-2079Wei Z C,Chang B,Qiu W X,et al.Concentrations and influencing factors of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential air in Beijing[J].Environmental Science,2007,28(9):2074-2079(in Chinese)
[9]王英锋,张姗姗,李杏茹,等.北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度季节变化及来源分析[J].环境化学,2010,29(3):369-374Wang Y F,Zhang S S,Li X R,et al.Seasonal variation and source analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in atmospheric particulates in Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2010,29(3):369-374(in Chinese)
[10]Wang W,Huang M,Kang Y,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in urban surface dust of Guangzhou,China:Status,sources and human health risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2011,409(21):4519-4527
[11]Peng H,Yang L,Liu M,et al.PAHs in indoor dust samples in Shanghai’s universities:Levels,sources,and human exposure[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2012,34:587-596
[12]Feng J L,Li X Y,Zhao J H,et al.Distribution,transfer,and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in soil-wheat systems of Henan Province,a typical agriculture province of China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24:18195-18203
[13]李军,张干,祁士华.广州市大气中多环芳烃分布特征、季节变化及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2004,25(3):7-13Li J,Zhang G,Qi S H.Characteristics and seasonal variations and influence factors on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Guangzhou City[J].Environmental Science,2004,25(3):7-13(in Chinese)
[14]李志刚,周志华,李少艾,等.深圳市大气中多环芳烃的污染特征与来源识别[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(9):1409-1415Li Z G,Zhou Z H,Li S A,et al.Pollutant characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Shenzhen atmosphere[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(9):1409-1415(in Chinese)
[15]周颖,周家斌,王磊,等.武汉秋冬季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(3):506-511Zhou Y,Zhou J B,Wang L,et al.Spatial distribution and source apportionment of PAHs in PM2.5during autumn and winter in Wuhan[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2013,22(3):506-511(in Chinese)
[16]Soltani N,Keshavarzi B,Moore F,et al.Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in road dust of Isfahan metropolis,Iran[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:712-722
[17]Cao Z G,Liu J Q,Luan Y,et al.Distribution and ecosystem risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Luan River,China[J].Ecotoxicology,2010,19:827-837
[18]刘薇薇,塔娜,赵星华,等.内蒙古呼和浩特市大气TSP和PM10中PAHs的健康风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(6):154-158Liu W W,Tana,Zhao X H,et al.Health risk assessment of PAHs in atmospheric TSP and PM10of Hohhot of Inner Mongolia[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2015,10(6):154-158(in Chinese)
[19]Jamhari A A,Sahani M,Latif M T,et al.Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in PM10of urban,industrial and semi-urban areas in Malaysia[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,86:16-27
[20]Hu G,Luo X,Li F,et al.Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake,North China:Concentrations,sources profiles and potential risk[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(2):176-183
[21]Saeedi M,Li L Y,Salmanzadeh M.Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons:Pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,227:9-17
[22]Peng C,Chen W P,Liao X L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing:Status,sources,distribution and potential risk[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(3):802-808
[23]Tao S,Li X,Yang Y,et al.Dispersion modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of biomass and fossil fuels and production of coke in Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2006,40(15):4586-4591
[24]Shi G,Chen Z,Bi C,et al.A comparative study of health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban and suburban road dust in the most populated city of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(3):764-771
[25]Obiri S,Cobbina S J,Armah F A,et al.Quantification and characterization of vehicle-based polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in street dust from the Tamale metropolis,Ghana[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2011,18(7):1166-1173
[26]张树才,张巍,王开颜,等.北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的相分配及其致癌毒性表征[J].生态环境,2006,15(6):1165-1169Zhang S C,Zhang W,Wang K Y,et al.Phase distribution and carcinogenic of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the southeastern suburb of Beijing,China[J].Ecology and Environment,2006,15(6):1165-1169(in Chinese)
[27]Mai B X,Qi S H,Zeng E Y,et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal region off Macao,China:Assessment of input sources and transport pathways using compositional analysis[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(21):4855-4863
[28]崔媛,刘茂,陈悦娇,等.南京市某城区部分居室室内降尘中多环芳烃的污染水平及其影响因素[J].南京医科大学学报:自然科学版,2012,32(9):1328-1333Cui Y,Liu M,Chen Y J,et al.Levels and influence factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban house dust of Nanjing[J].Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Nanjing:Natural Science,2012,32(9):1328-1333(in Chinese)
[29]Mahler B J,Metre P C V,Wilsonil J T,et al.Coal-tarbased parking lot sealcoat:An unrecognized source of PAH to settled house dust[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(3):894-900
[30]Maertens R M,Bailey J,White P A.The mutagenic hazards of settled house dust:A review[J].Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research,2004,567(2):401-425
[31]Hoh E,Hunt R N,Quintana P J,et al.Environmental tobacco smoke as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled household dust[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,46:4174-4183
[32]Maertens R M,Yang X F,Zhu J P,et al.Mutagenic and carcinogenic hazards of settled house dust:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and excess lifetime cancer risk from preschool exposure[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2008,42:1747-1753
[33]Mannino M R,Orecchio S.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in indoor dust matter of Palermo(Italy)area:Extraction,GC-MS analysis,distribution and sources[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42:1801-1817
[34]张凤.我国室内环境多环芳烃残留特征源解析及人体暴露评[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011:1-74Zhang F.Residue characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and evaluation of human exposure in China[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011:1-74(in Chinese)
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