汶川地震断裂带碳质来源、赋存特征及构造意义
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摘要
不同尺度研究表明,碳质主要以五种方式赋存于汶川地震断裂带中:1断层角砾内部、未受破坏的初始赋存状态;2断层泥中弥散状分布的棱角状碳质碎屑;3滑动面两侧碳质脉;4碎裂岩化碳质脉,其分支灌注断层泥和断层角砾带裂隙;5地震主滑移面石墨晶体。碳质同位素δ~(13) C值范围为-26.6‰~-23.4‰,激光拉曼光谱分析表明碳质(不包括石墨)仅遭受不超过250℃或沸石至葡萄石-绿纤石相的变质作用,以及断层角砾中保留碳质沉积层理,均说明断裂带碳质来源于断裂带围岩,即上三叠统须家河组。碳质不同赋存状态形成机制:1初始赋存状态是成岩作用的结果;2弥散状分布的棱角状碳质碎屑是断层活动机械破坏的结果;3碳质脉是断层滑移过程中,围岩碳质层(如煤线)被挤压进入断裂带,沿断层面形成的拖尾构造;4地震过程中,快速断层活动使碳质脉碎裂岩化,并挤压注入构造裂隙;5石墨则是低结晶度碳质受同震摩擦加热石墨化的结果。碳质揭示了汶川地震断裂带断层活动过程信息,尤其是与地震有关的信息:1同震滑移产生的摩擦热异常仅限于非常狭窄(mm级)的范围内,绝大多数断裂岩碳质并未记录到摩擦热影响;2显微构造特征表明低结晶度碳质本身并未起到弱化断层的作用,但经摩擦加热石墨化形成的石墨将导致断层强度显著降低;3汶川地震断裂带切割多层富含碳质的烃原岩,碳质富集现象和石墨弱化机制可能在近地表层位(深度<10km)汶川地震断裂带普遍存在。
The occurrence carbonaceous material in the Wenchuan earthquake(Mw 7.9)fault zone is divided into five different types,including:1)initial occurrence in fault breccias;2)angular fragments dispersed in the fault gouges;3)carbonaceous material veins along the fault planes;4)cataclastic carbonaceous material veins;5)graphite in the principle slip zones of earthquakes.The carbonaceous material with aδ~(13) C value ranging from-26.6~-23.4‰,experiencing lower than 250℃ metamorphism or zeolite to prehnitepumpellyite grade metamorphism,as well as the preserved sedimentary sequence in fault breccias suggest that the carbonaceous material in the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone originates from the wall rocks,the upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation.The formational mechanisms of each type of occurrence:1)Initial occurrence in fault breccias formed by diagenesis;2)Dispersed angular carbonaceous material fragments formed by mechanical damage;3)Carbonaceous material veins are smears of carbonaceous layers in wall rocks,such as coal seams;4)Carbonaceous material veins with cataclastic fabrics formed during seismic event and were injected into fractures driven by high pore pressure;5)Graphite formed by graphitization of carbonaceous materialdue to frictional heating.Carbonaceous material reveals information of the coseismic processes of the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone.1)The coseismic slip as well as the frictional heat anomaly is highly localized in a quite localized range(mm or smaller order)along the principle slip zone,as most of carbonaceous material in the fault gouge has not recorded obvious frictional heating.2)Microstructural study reflects that the carbonaceous material of low degree order doesn't weaken the fault.3)Considering the Wenchuan earthquake fault cuts through different thick hydrocarbon source rock layers,the enrichment carbonaceous material and weakening by graphite are likely very common in the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone shallower than 10 km.
The occurrence carbonaceous material in the Wenchuan earthquake(Mw 7.9)fault zone is divided into five different types,including:1)initial occurrence in fault breccias;2)angular fragments dispersed in the fault gouges;3)carbonaceous material veins along the fault planes;4)cataclastic carbonaceous material veins;5)graphite in the principle slip zones of earthquakes.The carbonaceous material with aδ~(13) C value ranging from-26.6~-23.4‰,experiencing lower than 250℃ metamorphism or zeolite to prehnitepumpellyite grade metamorphism,as well as the preserved sedimentary sequence in fault breccias suggest that the carbonaceous material in the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone originates from the wall rocks,the upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation.The formational mechanisms of each type of occurrence:1)Initial occurrence in fault breccias formed by diagenesis;2)Dispersed angular carbonaceous material fragments formed by mechanical damage;3)Carbonaceous material veins are smears of carbonaceous layers in wall rocks,such as coal seams;4)Carbonaceous material veins with cataclastic fabrics formed during seismic event and were injected into fractures driven by high pore pressure;5)Graphite formed by graphitization of carbonaceous materialdue to frictional heating.Carbonaceous material reveals information of the coseismic processes of the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone.1)The coseismic slip as well as the frictional heat anomaly is highly localized in a quite localized range(mm or smaller order)along the principle slip zone,as most of carbonaceous material in the fault gouge has not recorded obvious frictional heating.2)Microstructural study reflects that the carbonaceous material of low degree order doesn't weaken the fault.3)Considering the Wenchuan earthquake fault cuts through different thick hydrocarbon source rock layers,the enrichment carbonaceous material and weakening by graphite are likely very common in the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone shallower than 10 km.
引文
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Byerlee J D.1978.Friction of rocks.Pure and Applied Geophysics,116:615~626.
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Han Liang,Zhou Yongsheng,Chen Jianye,Ma Shengli,Yang Xiaosong,He Changrong,Dang Jiaxiang.2010.Structural characters of co-seismic fault gouge in bed rocks during the Wenchuan earthquake.Quaternary Sciences,30(4):745~758(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Jia Dong,Li Yiquan,Lin Aiming,Wang Maomao,Chen Wei,Wu Xiaojun,Ren Zhikun.2010.Structural model of 2008Mw 7.9Wenchuan earthquake in the rejuvenated Longmen Shan thrust belt,China.Tectonophysics,491:174~184.
Jin Wenzheng,Wan Guimei,Wang Junpeng,Bai Wankui.2011.Distribution characteristic and genetic mechanism of hydrocarbon traps of the terrestrial clastic rock in Sichuan basin.Acta Geologic Sinica,85(10):1672~1680(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kanamori H,Rivera L.2006.Energy partitioning during an earthquake.In:Abercrombie R,McGarr A,Kanamori H,Di ToroG(Eds.)Earthquakes:Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting.Geophysical Monograph Series,vol.170,pp.3~15.
Kitamura M,Mukouyoushi H,Fulton P M,Hirose T.2012.Coal maturation by frictional heating during rapid fault slip.Geophysical Research Letters,39,L16302,doi:10.1029/2012GL052316.
Kuo Liwei,Li Haibing,Smith S A,Di Toro G,Suppe J,Song Shengrong,Nielsen S,Sheu Hwo-Shuen,Si Jialiang.2014.Gouge graphitization and dynamic fault weakening during the2008Mw 7.9Wenchuan earthquake.Geology,42(1):47~50.
Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang,Hou Liwei,Si Jialiang,Qiu Zhuli,Li Ning,Wu Fuyao.2008.The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(Ms 8.0)happened on May 12th,2008.Geology in China,35(5):803~813(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Haibing,Wang Huan,Xu Zhiqin,Si Jialiang,Pei Junling,Li Tianfu,Huang Yao,Song Shengrong,Kuo Liwei,Sun Zhiming,Chevalier M L,Liu Dongliang.2013.Characteristics of the fault-related rocks,fault zones and the principal slip zone in the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling Project Hole-1(WFSD-1).Tectonophysics,584:23~42.
Li Haibing,Xu Zhiqin,Niu Yixiong,Kong Guangsheng,Huang Yao,Wang Huan,Si Jialiang,Sun Zhiming,Pei Junling,Gong Zheng,Chevalier M L,Liu Dongliang.2014.Structural and physical property characterization in the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling project-hole 1(WFSD-1).Tectonophysics,619~620:86~100.
Li Haibing,Xue Lian,Brodsky E E,Mori J J,Fulton P M,Wang Huan,Kano Yasuyuki,Yun Kun,Harris R N,Gong Zheng,Li Chenglong,Si Jialiang,Sun Zhiming,Pei Junling,Zheng Yong and Xu Zhiqin.2015.Long-term temperature records following the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan(China)earthquake are consistent with low friction.Geology,43(2):163~166.
Li Zhen,Peng Hua,Ma Xiumin,Jiang Jingjie.2015.Estimation of the stress drop during the Wenchaun earthquake based on faulting frictional combination law.Geological Review,61(Supplement):83~84(in Chinese without English abstract).
Lin Aiming.2011.Seismic slip recorded by fluidized ultracataclastic veins formed in a coseismic shear zone during the 2008Mw 7.9Wenchuan earthquake.Geology,39(6):547~550.
Liu Dongliang,Li Haibing,Li Degui,Sun Zhiming,Si Jialiang,Wang Huan.2015.Fault rock Magnetism from the earth surface trench reveals the different slip dynamics of the Wenchaun earthquake Surface rupture zone.Acta Geologica Sinica,89(12):2250~2265(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Hanbin,Jin Guishan,Li Junjie,Han Juan,Zhang Jianfeng,Zhang Jia,Zhong Fangwen,Guo Dongqiao.2013.Determination of stable isotope composition in uranium geological samples.World Nuclear Geoscience,30(3):174~179(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Shugen,Li Guorong,Li Juchu,Xu Guosheng,Wang Guozhi,Xu Guoqiang,Sun Wei,Yong Ziquan.2005.Fluid cross formation flow and gas explosion accumulation in western Sichuan foreland basin,China.Acta Geologica Sinica,79(5):690~699(in Chinese with English abstract).
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(1)四川省地质局,1975,1∶20万地质图灌县幅.