Effects of land use and cover change on surface wind speed in China
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摘要
The surface wind speed(SWS) is affected by both large-scale circulation and land use and cover change(LUCC). In China, most studies have considered the effect of large-scale circulation rather than LUCC on SWS. In this study, we evaluated the effects of LUCC on the SWS decrease during 1979–2015 over China using the observation minus reanalysis(OMR) method. There were two key findings:(1) Observed wind speed declined significantly at a rate of 0.0112 m/(s·a), whereas ERA-Interim, which can only capture the inter-annual variation of observed data, indicated a gentle downward trend. The effects of LUCC on SWS were distinct and caused a decrease of 0.0124 m/(s·a) in SWS;(2) Due to variations in the characteristics of land use types across different regions, the influence of LUCC on SWS also varied. The observed wind speed showed a rapid decline over cultivated land in Northwest China, as well as a decrease in China's northeastern and eastern plain regions due to the urbanization. However, in the Tibetan Plateau, the impact of LUCC on wind speed was only slight and can thus be ignored.
The surface wind speed(SWS) is affected by both large-scale circulation and land use and cover change(LUCC). In China, most studies have considered the effect of large-scale circulation rather than LUCC on SWS. In this study, we evaluated the effects of LUCC on the SWS decrease during 1979–2015 over China using the observation minus reanalysis(OMR) method. There were two key findings:(1) Observed wind speed declined significantly at a rate of 0.0112 m/(s·a), whereas ERA-Interim, which can only capture the inter-annual variation of observed data, indicated a gentle downward trend. The effects of LUCC on SWS were distinct and caused a decrease of 0.0124 m/(s·a) in SWS;(2) Due to variations in the characteristics of land use types across different regions, the influence of LUCC on SWS also varied. The observed wind speed showed a rapid decline over cultivated land in Northwest China, as well as a decrease in China's northeastern and eastern plain regions due to the urbanization. However, in the Tibetan Plateau, the impact of LUCC on wind speed was only slight and can thus be ignored.
The surface wind speed(SWS) is affected by both large-scale circulation and land use and cover change(LUCC). In China, most studies have considered the effect of large-scale circulation rather than LUCC on SWS. In this study, we evaluated the effects of LUCC on the SWS decrease during 1979–2015 over China using the observation minus reanalysis(OMR) method. There were two key findings:(1) Observed wind speed declined significantly at a rate of 0.0112 m/(s·a), whereas ERA-Interim, which can only capture the inter-annual variation of observed data, indicated a gentle downward trend. The effects of LUCC on SWS were distinct and caused a decrease of 0.0124 m/(s·a) in SWS;(2) Due to variations in the characteristics of land use types across different regions, the influence of LUCC on SWS also varied. The observed wind speed showed a rapid decline over cultivated land in Northwest China, as well as a decrease in China's northeastern and eastern plain regions due to the urbanization. However, in the Tibetan Plateau, the impact of LUCC on wind speed was only slight and can thus be ignored.
引文
Azorin-Molina C,Vicente-Serrano S M,McVicar T R,et al.2014.Homogenization and assessment of observed near-surface wind speed trends over Spain and Portugal,1961-2011.Journal of Climate,27(10):3692-3712.
Berrisford P,K?llberg P,Kobayashi S,et al.2011.Atmospheric conservation properties in ERA-Interim.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,137(659):1381-1399.
Brázdil R,ChromáK,DobrovolnyP,et al.2009.Climate fluctuations in the Czech Republic during the period 1961-2005.International Journal of Climatology,29(2):223-242.
Dadaser-Celik F,Cengiz E.2014.Wind speed trends over Turkey from 1975 to 2006.International Journal of Climatology,34(6):1913-1927.
Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J,et al.2011.The ERA-Interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,137(656):553-597.
Fu G,Yu J,Zhang Y,et al.2010.Temporal variation of wind speed in China for 1961-2007.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,104(3-4):313-324.
Guo H,Xu M,Hu Q.2011.Changes in near-surface wind speed in China:1969-2005.International Journal of Climatology,31(3):349-358.
Han S J,Tang Q H,Zhang X Z,et al.2016.Surface wind observations affected by agricultural development over Northwest China.Environmental Research Letters,11(5):054014.
Jiang Y,Luo Y,Zhao Z C,et al.2009.Changes in wind speed over China during 1956-2004.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,99(3-4):421-430.
Kaiser-Weiss A K,Kaspar F,Heene V,et al.2015.Comparison of regional and global reanalysis near-surface winds with station observations over Germany.Advances in Science and Research,12(1):187-198.
Kalnay E,Cai M.2003.Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate.Nature,423(6939):528-531.
Kim J,Paik K.2015.Recent recovery of surface wind speed after decadal decrease:a focus on South Korea.Climate Dynamics,45(5-6):1699-1712.
Li Y,Wang Y,Chu H Y,et al.2008.The climate influence of anthropogenic land-use changes on near-surface wind energy potential in China.Chinese Science Bulletin,53(18):2859-2866.
Li Z,Yan Z W,Tu K,et al.2011.Changes in wind speed and extremes in Beijing during 1960-2008 based on homogenized observations.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,28(2):408-420.
Li Z,Song L,Ma H,et al.2017.Observed surface wind speed declining induced by urbanization in East China.Climate Dynamics,50(3-4):735-749.
Lin C G,Yang K,Qin J,et al.2013.Observed coherent trends of surface and upper-air wind speed over China since 1960.Journal of Climate,26(9):2891-2903.
Liu J,Zhang Z X,Zhuang D F,et al.2003.A study on the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of land-useand driving forces analyses of China in the 1990s.Geographical Research,22(1):1-12.(in Chinese)
Liu J,Kuang W H,Zhang Z X,et al.2014.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(1):3-14.(in Chinese)
Ma J,Foltz G R,Soden B J,et al.2016.Will surface winds weaken in response to global warming?Environmental Research Letters,11(12):124012.
McVicar T R,Van Niel T G,Li L T,et al.2008.Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia,1975-2006:Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output.Geophysical Research Letters,35(20):L20403.
McVicar T R,Roderick M L,Donohue R J,et al.2012.Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds:Implications for evaporation.Journal of Hydrology,416-417:182-205.
Ozdogan M,Salvucci G D,Anderson B T,et al.2004.Examination of the Bouchet-Morton complementary relationship using a Mesoscale climate model and observations under a progressive irrigation scenario.Journal of Hydrometeorology,7(2):235.
Pineda-Martinez L F,Carbajal N,Campos-Ramos A A,et al.2011.Numerical research of extreme wind-induced dust transport in a semi-arid human-impacted region of Mexico.Atmospheric Environment,45(27):4652-4660.
Roderick M L,Rotstayn L D,Farquhar G D,et al.2007.On the attribution of changing pan evaporation.Geophysical Research Letters,34(17):L17403.
Pryor S C,Schoof J T,Barthelmie R J,et al.2006.Winds of change?:Projections of near-surface winds under climate change scenarios.Geophysical Research Letters,33(11):L11702.
Pryor S C,Barthelmie R J,Young D T,et al.2009.Wind speed trends over the contiguous United States.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,114(D14):D14105.
Troccoli A,Muller K,Coppin P,et al.2012.Long-term wind speed trends over Australia.Journal of Climate,25(1):170-183.
Tucker C J,Pinzon J E,Brown M E,et al.2005.An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS and SPOTvegetation NDVI data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,26(20):4485-5598.
Tuller S E.2004.Measured wind speed trends on the west coast of Canada.International Journal of Climatology,24(11):1359-1374.
Vautard R,Cattiaux J,Yiou P,et al.2010.Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness.Nature Geoscience,3(11):756-761.
Viles H A,Goudie A S.2003.Interannual,decadal and multidecadal scale climatic variability and geomorphology.Earth-Science Reviews,61(1-2):105-131.
Weber R O,Furger M.2001.Climatology of near-surface wind patterns over Switzerland.International Journal of Climatology,21(7):809-827.
Wever N.2012.Quantifying trends in surface roughness and the effect on surface wind speed observations.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,117(D11):11104.
Wu J,Zha J L,Zhao D M.2016.Estimating the impact of the changes in land use and cover on the surface wind speed over the East China Plain during the period 1980-2011.Climate Dynamics,46(3-4):847-863.
Wu J,Zha J L,Zhao D M.2017.Evaluating the effects of land use and cover change on the decrease of surface wind speed over China in recent 30 years using a statistical downscaling method.Climate Dynamics,48(1-2):131-149.
Xia C L,Song Z F.2009.Wind energy in China:Current scenario and future perspectives.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,13(8):1966-1974.
Xu M,Chang C P,Fu C B,et al.2006.Steady decline of east Asian monsoon winds,1969-2000:Evidence from direct ground measurements of wind speed.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,111(D24):D24111.
Yang X M,Li Z X,Feng Q,et al.2012.The decreasing wind speed in southwestern China during 1969-2009,and possible causes.Quaternary International,263:71-84.
You Q L,Fraedrich K,Min J Z,et al.2014.Observed surface wind speed in the Tibetan Plateau since 1980 and its physical causes.International Journal of Climatology,34(6):1873-1882.
Yu L J,Zhong S Y,Bian X D.2015.Temporal and spatial variability of wind resources in the United States as derived from the climate forecast system reanalysis.Journal of Climate,28(3):1166-1183.
Zha J L,Wu J,Zhao D M.2016a.Effects of land use and cover change on the near-surface wind speed over China in the last 30years.Progress in Physical Geography,41(1):46-67.
Zha J L,Wu J,Zhao D M.2016b.Changes of probabilities in different wind grades induced by land use and cover change in Eastern China Plain during 1980-2011.Atmospheric Science Letters,17(4):264-269.
Zhang N,Gao Z Q,Wang X M,et al.2010.Modeling the impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate in Yangtze River Delta,China.Theoretical and applied climatology,102(3-4):331-342.
Zheng X,Zhu J J,Yan Y.2013.Estimation of farmland shelterbelt area in the Three-North Shelter/Protective Forest Program regions of China based on multi-scale remote sensing data.Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(5):1355-1363.
Berrisford P,K?llberg P,Kobayashi S,et al.2011.Atmospheric conservation properties in ERA-Interim.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,137(659):1381-1399.
Brázdil R,ChromáK,DobrovolnyP,et al.2009.Climate fluctuations in the Czech Republic during the period 1961-2005.International Journal of Climatology,29(2):223-242.
Dadaser-Celik F,Cengiz E.2014.Wind speed trends over Turkey from 1975 to 2006.International Journal of Climatology,34(6):1913-1927.
Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J,et al.2011.The ERA-Interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,137(656):553-597.
Fu G,Yu J,Zhang Y,et al.2010.Temporal variation of wind speed in China for 1961-2007.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,104(3-4):313-324.
Guo H,Xu M,Hu Q.2011.Changes in near-surface wind speed in China:1969-2005.International Journal of Climatology,31(3):349-358.
Han S J,Tang Q H,Zhang X Z,et al.2016.Surface wind observations affected by agricultural development over Northwest China.Environmental Research Letters,11(5):054014.
Jiang Y,Luo Y,Zhao Z C,et al.2009.Changes in wind speed over China during 1956-2004.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,99(3-4):421-430.
Kaiser-Weiss A K,Kaspar F,Heene V,et al.2015.Comparison of regional and global reanalysis near-surface winds with station observations over Germany.Advances in Science and Research,12(1):187-198.
Kalnay E,Cai M.2003.Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate.Nature,423(6939):528-531.
Kim J,Paik K.2015.Recent recovery of surface wind speed after decadal decrease:a focus on South Korea.Climate Dynamics,45(5-6):1699-1712.
Li Y,Wang Y,Chu H Y,et al.2008.The climate influence of anthropogenic land-use changes on near-surface wind energy potential in China.Chinese Science Bulletin,53(18):2859-2866.
Li Z,Yan Z W,Tu K,et al.2011.Changes in wind speed and extremes in Beijing during 1960-2008 based on homogenized observations.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,28(2):408-420.
Li Z,Song L,Ma H,et al.2017.Observed surface wind speed declining induced by urbanization in East China.Climate Dynamics,50(3-4):735-749.
Lin C G,Yang K,Qin J,et al.2013.Observed coherent trends of surface and upper-air wind speed over China since 1960.Journal of Climate,26(9):2891-2903.
Liu J,Zhang Z X,Zhuang D F,et al.2003.A study on the spatial-temporal dynamic changes of land-useand driving forces analyses of China in the 1990s.Geographical Research,22(1):1-12.(in Chinese)
Liu J,Kuang W H,Zhang Z X,et al.2014.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns,and causes of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(1):3-14.(in Chinese)
Ma J,Foltz G R,Soden B J,et al.2016.Will surface winds weaken in response to global warming?Environmental Research Letters,11(12):124012.
McVicar T R,Van Niel T G,Li L T,et al.2008.Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia,1975-2006:Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output.Geophysical Research Letters,35(20):L20403.
McVicar T R,Roderick M L,Donohue R J,et al.2012.Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds:Implications for evaporation.Journal of Hydrology,416-417:182-205.
Ozdogan M,Salvucci G D,Anderson B T,et al.2004.Examination of the Bouchet-Morton complementary relationship using a Mesoscale climate model and observations under a progressive irrigation scenario.Journal of Hydrometeorology,7(2):235.
Pineda-Martinez L F,Carbajal N,Campos-Ramos A A,et al.2011.Numerical research of extreme wind-induced dust transport in a semi-arid human-impacted region of Mexico.Atmospheric Environment,45(27):4652-4660.
Roderick M L,Rotstayn L D,Farquhar G D,et al.2007.On the attribution of changing pan evaporation.Geophysical Research Letters,34(17):L17403.
Pryor S C,Schoof J T,Barthelmie R J,et al.2006.Winds of change?:Projections of near-surface winds under climate change scenarios.Geophysical Research Letters,33(11):L11702.
Pryor S C,Barthelmie R J,Young D T,et al.2009.Wind speed trends over the contiguous United States.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,114(D14):D14105.
Troccoli A,Muller K,Coppin P,et al.2012.Long-term wind speed trends over Australia.Journal of Climate,25(1):170-183.
Tucker C J,Pinzon J E,Brown M E,et al.2005.An extended AVHRR 8-km NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS and SPOTvegetation NDVI data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,26(20):4485-5598.
Tuller S E.2004.Measured wind speed trends on the west coast of Canada.International Journal of Climatology,24(11):1359-1374.
Vautard R,Cattiaux J,Yiou P,et al.2010.Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness.Nature Geoscience,3(11):756-761.
Viles H A,Goudie A S.2003.Interannual,decadal and multidecadal scale climatic variability and geomorphology.Earth-Science Reviews,61(1-2):105-131.
Weber R O,Furger M.2001.Climatology of near-surface wind patterns over Switzerland.International Journal of Climatology,21(7):809-827.
Wever N.2012.Quantifying trends in surface roughness and the effect on surface wind speed observations.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,117(D11):11104.
Wu J,Zha J L,Zhao D M.2016.Estimating the impact of the changes in land use and cover on the surface wind speed over the East China Plain during the period 1980-2011.Climate Dynamics,46(3-4):847-863.
Wu J,Zha J L,Zhao D M.2017.Evaluating the effects of land use and cover change on the decrease of surface wind speed over China in recent 30 years using a statistical downscaling method.Climate Dynamics,48(1-2):131-149.
Xia C L,Song Z F.2009.Wind energy in China:Current scenario and future perspectives.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,13(8):1966-1974.
Xu M,Chang C P,Fu C B,et al.2006.Steady decline of east Asian monsoon winds,1969-2000:Evidence from direct ground measurements of wind speed.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,111(D24):D24111.
Yang X M,Li Z X,Feng Q,et al.2012.The decreasing wind speed in southwestern China during 1969-2009,and possible causes.Quaternary International,263:71-84.
You Q L,Fraedrich K,Min J Z,et al.2014.Observed surface wind speed in the Tibetan Plateau since 1980 and its physical causes.International Journal of Climatology,34(6):1873-1882.
Yu L J,Zhong S Y,Bian X D.2015.Temporal and spatial variability of wind resources in the United States as derived from the climate forecast system reanalysis.Journal of Climate,28(3):1166-1183.
Zha J L,Wu J,Zhao D M.2016a.Effects of land use and cover change on the near-surface wind speed over China in the last 30years.Progress in Physical Geography,41(1):46-67.
Zha J L,Wu J,Zhao D M.2016b.Changes of probabilities in different wind grades induced by land use and cover change in Eastern China Plain during 1980-2011.Atmospheric Science Letters,17(4):264-269.
Zhang N,Gao Z Q,Wang X M,et al.2010.Modeling the impact of urbanization on the local and regional climate in Yangtze River Delta,China.Theoretical and applied climatology,102(3-4):331-342.
Zheng X,Zhu J J,Yan Y.2013.Estimation of farmland shelterbelt area in the Three-North Shelter/Protective Forest Program regions of China based on multi-scale remote sensing data.Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(5):1355-1363.