山东省典型工业城市土壤重金属来源、空间分布及潜在生态风险评价
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摘要
选取山东省典型工业城市——莱芜市钢城区为研究区域,系统采集了106个表层土壤样品,测定了As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn等9种重金属的含量,分别利用多元统计和地统计方法分析了重金属的来源和空间分布特征,最后对土壤重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明:1研究区9种重金属元素的平均含量均超过了山东省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn的平均值分别是背景值的2.42、4.69、1.74和1.54倍,在表层土壤中存在明显的富集.2Cd、Pb和Zn主要来源于工业"三废"、交通排放以及农药化肥的施用;Co、Cr和Ni为自然源因子,受到成土母质的控制;As和Hg来源于煤炭燃烧和钢铁冶炼,Cu受自然与人为因素共同影响.3研究区总体上处于中等与高生态风险的临界水平,其中Hg为高生态风险水平,Cd为中等生态风险水平,其他元素则均为低生态风险.
A total of 106 samples were collected from surface soils in Gangcheng District,Laiwu city( a Typical industry-based city of Shandong Province,Eastern China),and the contents of 9 heavy metals including As,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn were determined. Multivariate analysis and geostatistics were applied to examine the sources and spatial distributions of heavy metals in soils; and the assessment on ecological risk of heavy metals was carried out using Hakanson's method. The average concentrations of 9heavy metals were higher than the background values of Shandong Province; in particular,the mean contents of Cd,Hg,Pb and Zn were 2. 42,4. 69,1. 74 and 1. 54 times of their respective background values,which indicated there were obvious accumulations of these heavy metals in surface soils. The results from multivariate analysis suggested that all the 9 heavy metals could be classified as 3Principal Components( PCs). Cd,Pb and Zn,having high loads in PC1,were dominated by industrial,agricultural and traffic sources. PC2 including Co,Cr and Ni came from natural sources,and were controlled by parent materials. As and Hg with high loads in PC3,were originated from coal combustion and smelting. Cu had some loads on different PCs,and was affected by both natural and human sources. Assessment on ecological risk indicated that the study area suffered from a critical level between high and moderate risks. Hg was at the high ecological risk level,and Cd was at the moderate ecological risk level,while other metals had low ecological risk level.
A total of 106 samples were collected from surface soils in Gangcheng District,Laiwu city( a Typical industry-based city of Shandong Province,Eastern China),and the contents of 9 heavy metals including As,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb and Zn were determined. Multivariate analysis and geostatistics were applied to examine the sources and spatial distributions of heavy metals in soils; and the assessment on ecological risk of heavy metals was carried out using Hakanson's method. The average concentrations of 9heavy metals were higher than the background values of Shandong Province; in particular,the mean contents of Cd,Hg,Pb and Zn were 2. 42,4. 69,1. 74 and 1. 54 times of their respective background values,which indicated there were obvious accumulations of these heavy metals in surface soils. The results from multivariate analysis suggested that all the 9 heavy metals could be classified as 3Principal Components( PCs). Cd,Pb and Zn,having high loads in PC1,were dominated by industrial,agricultural and traffic sources. PC2 including Co,Cr and Ni came from natural sources,and were controlled by parent materials. As and Hg with high loads in PC3,were originated from coal combustion and smelting. Cu had some loads on different PCs,and was affected by both natural and human sources. Assessment on ecological risk indicated that the study area suffered from a critical level between high and moderate risks. Hg was at the high ecological risk level,and Cd was at the moderate ecological risk level,while other metals had low ecological risk level.
引文
[1]吕建树,张祖陆,刘洋,等.日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价[J].地理学报,2012,67(7):971-984.
[2]Alloway B J.Heavy metals in soils[M].London:Chapman and Hall,1995.
[3]Kabata-Pendias A,Pendias H.Trace elements in soils and plants[M].(3rd ed.).London:CSC Press,2001.
[4]Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.Factorial kriging and stepwise regression approach to identify environmental factors influencing spatial multi-scale variability of heavy metals in soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,261:387-397.
[5]Rodríguez Martín J A,Ramos-Miras J J,Boluda R,et al.Spatial relations of heavy metals in arable and greenhouse soils of a Mediterranean environment region(Spain)[J].Geoderma,2013,200-201:180-188.
[6]Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.Multivariate geostatistical analyses of heavy metals in soils:Spatial multi-scale variations in Wulian,Eastern China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,107:140-147.
[7]Chen T B,Zheng Y M,Lei M,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing,China[J].Chemosphere,2005,60(4):542-551.
[8]钟晓兰,周生路,李江涛,等.经济快速发展区土壤重金属累积评价[J].环境科学,2010,31(6):1608-1616.
[9]刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.湘江流域土壤重金属污染及其生态环境风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):260-265.
[10]郭平,谢忠雷,李军,等.长春市土壤重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险评价[J].地理科学,2005,25(1):108-112.
[11]柳云龙,章立佳,韩晓非,等.上海城市样带土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):599-605.
[12]于洋,高宏超,马俊花,等.密云县境内潮河流域土壤重金属分析评价[J].环境科学,2012,34(9):3572-3577.
[13]Facchinelli A,Saechi E,Mallen L.Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2001,114(3):313-324.
[14]Boruvka L,Vacek O,Jehlicˇka J.Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soils[J].Geoderma,2005,128(3-4):289-300.
[15]Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.Identifying the origins and spatial distributions of heavy metals in soils of Ju country(Eastern China)using multivariate and geostatistical approach[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,doi:10.1007/s11368-014-0937-x.
[16]Zhang C S,Fay D,Mc Grath D,et al.Statistical analyses of geochemical variables in soils of Ireland[J].Geoderma,2008,146(1-2):378-390.
[17]Goovaerts P.Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1997.
[18]Wackernagel H.Multivariate geostatistics[M].Berlin:Springer Verlag,2003.
[19]Alary C,Demougeot-Renard H.Factorial kriging analysis as a tool for explaining the complex spatial distribution of metals in sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(2):593-599.
[20]Nanos N,Rodríguez Martín J A.Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in soils:spatial variability in the Duero river basin(Spain)[J].Geoderma,2012,189-190:554-562.
[21]张海珍,唐宇力,陆骏,等.西湖景区土壤典型重金属污染物的来源及空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(4):1516-1522.
[22]王幼奇,白一茹,王建宇.引黄灌区不同尺度农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价:以银川市兴庆区为例[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2714-2720.
[23]Lu A X,Wang J H,Qin X Y,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425:66-74.
[24]闫慧,陈杰,肖军.典型农业城市街道灰尘重金属特征及其环境风险评价:以许昌市为例[J].环境科学,2012,34(10):4017-4023.
[25]敖亮,雷波,王业春,等.三峡库区典型农村型消落带沉积物风险评价与重金属来源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):179-185.
[26]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[27]国家环境保护局.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[28]GB 15618-1995.土壤环境质量标准[S].
[29]Wilding L P.Spatial variability:its documentation,accommodation and implication to soil surveys[A].In:Nielsen D R,Bouma J(Eds.).Soil spatial variability[M].Wageningen:PUDOC publishers.1985.166-194.
[30]蔡立梅,马瑾,周永章,等.东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属的含量特征分析[J].地理学报,2008,63(9):994-1003.
[31]Chen T,Liu X M,Zhu M Z,et al.Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urban-rural transitional area of Hangzhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,151(1):67-78.
[32]鲁如坤,时正元,熊礼明.我国磷矿磷肥中镉的含量及其对生态环境影响的评价[J].土壤学报,1992,29(2):150-157.
[33]朱亦君,郑袁明,贺纪正,等.猪粪中铜对东北黑土的污染风险评价[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2751-2756.
[34]姜萍,金盛杨,郝秀珍,等.重金属在猪饲料-粪便-土壤-蔬菜中的分布特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(5):942-947.
[35]闫秋良,刘福柱.通过营养调控缓解畜禽生产对环境的污染[J].家禽生态,2003,23(3):68-70.
[36]Chen T B,Wong J W C,Zhou H Y,et al.Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong[J].Environmental Pollution,1997,96(1):61-68.
[37]陆晓华,曾汉才,欧阳中华,等.燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律[J].环境化学,1995,14(6):489-493.
[38]Chen X D,Lu X W,Yang G.Sources identification of heavy metals in urban topsoil from inside the Xi'an Second Ringroad,NW China using multivariate statistical methods[J].Catena,2012,98:73-78.
[39]Cai L M,Xu Z C,Ren M Z,et al.Source identification of eight hazardous heavy metals in agricultural soils of Huizhou,Guangdong Province,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,78:2-8.
[40]王关玉,潘懋,刘锡大,等.山东省土壤中元素含量与母质的关系[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1992,28(4):475-485.
[41]Sun C Y,Liu J S,Wang Y,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui,Northeast China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(5):517-523.
[42]Li Y,Wang Y B,Gou X,et al.Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites,Baiyin,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2006,18(6):1124-1134.
[43]郭伟,赵仁鑫,张君,等.内蒙古包头铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及其评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(10):3099-3105.
[44]雒昆利,张新民,陈昌和,等.我国燃煤电厂砷的大气排放量初步估算[J].科学通报,2004,49(19):2014-2019.
[45]蒋靖坤,郝吉明,吴烨,等.中国燃煤汞排放清单的初步建立[J].环境科学,2005,26(2):34-39.
[46]Liu R H,Wang Q C,Lu X G,et al.Distribution and speciation of mercury in the peat bog of Xiaoxing'an Mountain,Northeastern China[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,124(1):39-46.
[47]Franco-Uría A,López-Mateo C,Roca E,et al.Source identification of heavy metals in pastureland by multivariate analysis in NW Spain[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,165(1-3):1008-1015.
[48]MicóC,RecataláL,Peris A,et al.Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):863-872.
[49]Rodríguez Martín J A,Arias M L,CorbíJ M G.Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin(Spain).Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):1001-1012.
[50]Shomar B H.Trace elements in major solid-pesticides used in the Gaza Strip[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):898-905.
[51]Lv J S,Zhang Z L,Li S,et al.Assessing spatial distribution,sources,and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Nansi Lake,Eastern China[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2014,299(3):1671-1681.
[2]Alloway B J.Heavy metals in soils[M].London:Chapman and Hall,1995.
[3]Kabata-Pendias A,Pendias H.Trace elements in soils and plants[M].(3rd ed.).London:CSC Press,2001.
[4]Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.Factorial kriging and stepwise regression approach to identify environmental factors influencing spatial multi-scale variability of heavy metals in soils[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,261:387-397.
[5]Rodríguez Martín J A,Ramos-Miras J J,Boluda R,et al.Spatial relations of heavy metals in arable and greenhouse soils of a Mediterranean environment region(Spain)[J].Geoderma,2013,200-201:180-188.
[6]Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.Multivariate geostatistical analyses of heavy metals in soils:Spatial multi-scale variations in Wulian,Eastern China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2014,107:140-147.
[7]Chen T B,Zheng Y M,Lei M,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing,China[J].Chemosphere,2005,60(4):542-551.
[8]钟晓兰,周生路,李江涛,等.经济快速发展区土壤重金属累积评价[J].环境科学,2010,31(6):1608-1616.
[9]刘春早,黄益宗,雷鸣,等.湘江流域土壤重金属污染及其生态环境风险评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):260-265.
[10]郭平,谢忠雷,李军,等.长春市土壤重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险评价[J].地理科学,2005,25(1):108-112.
[11]柳云龙,章立佳,韩晓非,等.上海城市样带土壤重金属空间变异特征及污染评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):599-605.
[12]于洋,高宏超,马俊花,等.密云县境内潮河流域土壤重金属分析评价[J].环境科学,2012,34(9):3572-3577.
[13]Facchinelli A,Saechi E,Mallen L.Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils[J].Environmental Pollution,2001,114(3):313-324.
[14]Boruvka L,Vacek O,Jehlicˇka J.Principal component analysis as a tool to indicate the origin of potentially toxic elements in soils[J].Geoderma,2005,128(3-4):289-300.
[15]Lv J S,Liu Y,Zhang Z L,et al.Identifying the origins and spatial distributions of heavy metals in soils of Ju country(Eastern China)using multivariate and geostatistical approach[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,doi:10.1007/s11368-014-0937-x.
[16]Zhang C S,Fay D,Mc Grath D,et al.Statistical analyses of geochemical variables in soils of Ireland[J].Geoderma,2008,146(1-2):378-390.
[17]Goovaerts P.Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1997.
[18]Wackernagel H.Multivariate geostatistics[M].Berlin:Springer Verlag,2003.
[19]Alary C,Demougeot-Renard H.Factorial kriging analysis as a tool for explaining the complex spatial distribution of metals in sediments[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2010,44(2):593-599.
[20]Nanos N,Rodríguez Martín J A.Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in soils:spatial variability in the Duero river basin(Spain)[J].Geoderma,2012,189-190:554-562.
[21]张海珍,唐宇力,陆骏,等.西湖景区土壤典型重金属污染物的来源及空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2014,35(4):1516-1522.
[22]王幼奇,白一茹,王建宇.引黄灌区不同尺度农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价:以银川市兴庆区为例[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2714-2720.
[23]Lu A X,Wang J H,Qin X Y,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and origin of heavy metals in the agricultural soils in Shunyi,Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425:66-74.
[24]闫慧,陈杰,肖军.典型农业城市街道灰尘重金属特征及其环境风险评价:以许昌市为例[J].环境科学,2012,34(10):4017-4023.
[25]敖亮,雷波,王业春,等.三峡库区典型农村型消落带沉积物风险评价与重金属来源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):179-185.
[26]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[27]国家环境保护局.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[28]GB 15618-1995.土壤环境质量标准[S].
[29]Wilding L P.Spatial variability:its documentation,accommodation and implication to soil surveys[A].In:Nielsen D R,Bouma J(Eds.).Soil spatial variability[M].Wageningen:PUDOC publishers.1985.166-194.
[30]蔡立梅,马瑾,周永章,等.东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属的含量特征分析[J].地理学报,2008,63(9):994-1003.
[31]Chen T,Liu X M,Zhu M Z,et al.Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urban-rural transitional area of Hangzhou,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,151(1):67-78.
[32]鲁如坤,时正元,熊礼明.我国磷矿磷肥中镉的含量及其对生态环境影响的评价[J].土壤学报,1992,29(2):150-157.
[33]朱亦君,郑袁明,贺纪正,等.猪粪中铜对东北黑土的污染风险评价[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(12):2751-2756.
[34]姜萍,金盛杨,郝秀珍,等.重金属在猪饲料-粪便-土壤-蔬菜中的分布特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(5):942-947.
[35]闫秋良,刘福柱.通过营养调控缓解畜禽生产对环境的污染[J].家禽生态,2003,23(3):68-70.
[36]Chen T B,Wong J W C,Zhou H Y,et al.Assessment of trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soils of Hong Kong[J].Environmental Pollution,1997,96(1):61-68.
[37]陆晓华,曾汉才,欧阳中华,等.燃煤电厂排放细微灰粒中痕量元素的分布与富集规律[J].环境化学,1995,14(6):489-493.
[38]Chen X D,Lu X W,Yang G.Sources identification of heavy metals in urban topsoil from inside the Xi'an Second Ringroad,NW China using multivariate statistical methods[J].Catena,2012,98:73-78.
[39]Cai L M,Xu Z C,Ren M Z,et al.Source identification of eight hazardous heavy metals in agricultural soils of Huizhou,Guangdong Province,China[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,78:2-8.
[40]王关玉,潘懋,刘锡大,等.山东省土壤中元素含量与母质的关系[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),1992,28(4):475-485.
[41]Sun C Y,Liu J S,Wang Y,et al.Multivariate and geostatistical analyses of the spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in agricultural soil in Dehui,Northeast China[J].Chemosphere,2013,92(5):517-523.
[42]Li Y,Wang Y B,Gou X,et al.Risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables around non-ferrous metals mining and smelting sites,Baiyin,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2006,18(6):1124-1134.
[43]郭伟,赵仁鑫,张君,等.内蒙古包头铁矿区土壤重金属污染特征及其评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(10):3099-3105.
[44]雒昆利,张新民,陈昌和,等.我国燃煤电厂砷的大气排放量初步估算[J].科学通报,2004,49(19):2014-2019.
[45]蒋靖坤,郝吉明,吴烨,等.中国燃煤汞排放清单的初步建立[J].环境科学,2005,26(2):34-39.
[46]Liu R H,Wang Q C,Lu X G,et al.Distribution and speciation of mercury in the peat bog of Xiaoxing'an Mountain,Northeastern China[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,124(1):39-46.
[47]Franco-Uría A,López-Mateo C,Roca E,et al.Source identification of heavy metals in pastureland by multivariate analysis in NW Spain[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,165(1-3):1008-1015.
[48]MicóC,RecataláL,Peris A,et al.Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):863-872.
[49]Rodríguez Martín J A,Arias M L,CorbíJ M G.Heavy metals contents in agricultural topsoils in the Ebro basin(Spain).Application of the multivariate geoestatistical methods to study spatial variations[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):1001-1012.
[50]Shomar B H.Trace elements in major solid-pesticides used in the Gaza Strip[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):898-905.
[51]Lv J S,Zhang Z L,Li S,et al.Assessing spatial distribution,sources,and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Nansi Lake,Eastern China[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2014,299(3):1671-1681.