拐入侧视域下我国拐卖儿童犯罪的时空格局
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摘要
基于公益平台"宝贝回家"的"宝贝寻家"数据资料,运用数理统计与空间分析方法,从拐入侧(买方)视角解析1930—2015年我国拐卖儿童犯罪的时空格局。研究发现:拐卖去向以收养为主,低年龄段高发(0～6岁为主),不同年龄段的男女比例不同,贩运类型以"家庭操控型"和"诱骗养子型"为主。时间上,绝大多数年份被拐男童多于女童,且二者及其总数一致呈现单峰态势(1980—2000年为高发区间),大致可分为4个阶段,与我国社会经济发展变化过程相适应;临近年关的1月是犯罪高发月份,这与人口流动性增强及犯罪分子搏年关有关;被拐时长上男、女童相似,主要集中于15～33年(峰值区间在22～29年),推算开始寻亲的年龄主要在15～39岁,峰值区间在22～35岁,大龄化特征揭示了寻亲的长期性和血脉亲情的重要性。空间上,我国大部分省份均有儿童拐入,在东部地区形成南北两大拐入区,北区为以河南、河北、山东为主体的华北-华东地区,南区为以福建、广东为主体的华南-东南地区,两区分别以河南和福建为最,两区拐入男童均多于女童,拐入河北、福建的女童所占比例相对较高;被拐人数重心变化轨迹呈现顺时针近似闭合圆环和往复性,体现了拐入地的时空多变性特征,为犯罪防控带来挑战。据此,本文提出了针对性的六点建议。
Based on over three thousand pieces of relative-seeking data from a certain online public platform, the basic laws of demand-front crime activities of trafficking in children in China during 1930-2015 were examined through spatial analysis and statistical analysis methods from the perspective of geography of crime. It is found that the main purpose of trafficking is forced adoption and high trafficking frequency occurred at low ages. Different age groups of male and female victims are in different proportions. The types of trafficking are mainly based on "family control type" and "lured adoption type". The amount of crime shows a single peak in 1980-2000. The crime was significantly affected by the strike policy and population policy with a "seesaw" type of response. In January, the incidence of crime is high, which is related to the increase in population mobility and the last stroke of the criminals before the Lunar New Year. The length of trafficking, both male and female, are mainly concentrated between 15 and 33 years and the peak range between 22 to 29 years. It is estimated that the age starting the tracing is 15 to 39 years old and the peak interval is between 22 and 35 years old. This illustrates the long-term tracing and the importance of blood relatives.In most provinces of China, there are children trafficked in. In the eastern region, it can be divided into two parts,one part is in Henan, Hebei, and Shandong, and the other is in Fujan and Guangdong. The spatial trajectories of the center of gravity show the pattern like a clockwise approximation of the closed ring, which has the reciprocating characteristics. The forced migration process embodies the temporal and spatial variability of the child trafficking crime in China. Finally, according to the above research results, the six-point measures were put forward.
Based on over three thousand pieces of relative-seeking data from a certain online public platform, the basic laws of demand-front crime activities of trafficking in children in China during 1930-2015 were examined through spatial analysis and statistical analysis methods from the perspective of geography of crime. It is found that the main purpose of trafficking is forced adoption and high trafficking frequency occurred at low ages. Different age groups of male and female victims are in different proportions. The types of trafficking are mainly based on "family control type" and "lured adoption type". The amount of crime shows a single peak in 1980-2000. The crime was significantly affected by the strike policy and population policy with a "seesaw" type of response. In January, the incidence of crime is high, which is related to the increase in population mobility and the last stroke of the criminals before the Lunar New Year. The length of trafficking, both male and female, are mainly concentrated between 15 and 33 years and the peak range between 22 to 29 years. It is estimated that the age starting the tracing is 15 to 39 years old and the peak interval is between 22 and 35 years old. This illustrates the long-term tracing and the importance of blood relatives.In most provinces of China, there are children trafficked in. In the eastern region, it can be divided into two parts,one part is in Henan, Hebei, and Shandong, and the other is in Fujan and Guangdong. The spatial trajectories of the center of gravity show the pattern like a clockwise approximation of the closed ring, which has the reciprocating characteristics. The forced migration process embodies the temporal and spatial variability of the child trafficking crime in China. Finally, according to the above research results, the six-point measures were put forward.
引文
[1] 董纯朴.欧盟跨国拐卖人口犯罪管控研究[J].犯罪研究,2014(5):100-112.
[2] 刘宪权.论我国惩治拐卖人口犯罪的刑法完善[J].法学,2003(5):93-100.
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[5] 曾罡吉.拐卖儿童犯罪的新发展与相关立法的完善[J].法制博览,2016(3):29-31.
[6] 王葆莳.被拐卖儿童获救后的收养问题研究[J].中国青年研究,2015(1):91-96.
[7] 高晓莹.拐卖儿童罪之犯罪学探析[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2010(6):90-94.
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[9] BRAYLEY H,COCKBAIN E.British Children can be trafficked too:towards an inclusive definition of internal child sex trafficking[J].Child Abuse Review,2014,23(3):171-184.
[10] BUTHELEZI S.Human trafficking and the new legal framework in South Africa:intervention needed for the law to reach vulnerable girls and women[J].Agenda-Empowering Women for Gender Equity,2015,29(3):155-164.
[11] VAN REISEN M,RIJKEN C.Sinai trafficking:origin and definition of a new form of human trafficking[J].Social Inclusion,2015,3(1):113-124.
[12] VARMA S,GILLESPIE S,MCCRACKEN C,et al.Characteristics of child commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking victims presenting for medical care in the United States[J].Child Abuse & Neglect,2015,44:98-105.
[13] FONG R,BERGER CARDOSO J.Child human trafficking victims:challenges for the child welfare system[J].Evaluation and Program Planning,2010,33(3):311-316.
[14] CLAUSE K J,LAWLER K B.The hidden crime:human trafficking[J].South Carolina Nurse (Columbia,S.C.:1994),2013,20(4):3-5.
[15] RAFFERTY Y.The Impact of trafficking on children:psychological and social policy perspectives[J].Child Development Perspectives,2008,2(1):13-18.
[16] RICHARDS T A.Health implications of human trafficking[J].Nursing for Women′s Health,2014,18(2):155-162.
[17] BARROWS J,FINGER R.Human trafficking and the healthcare professional[J].Southern Medical Journal,2008,101(5):521-524.
[18] BENNETT T.Preventing trafficking in women and children in Asia:issues and options[J].Impact on HIV,1999,1(2):9-13.
[19] CHU YIK-YI CINDY.Human trafficking and smuggling in China[J].Journal of Contemporary China,2011,20(68):39-52.
[20] TARBERT H.Family planning and human trafficking in China[EB/OL].[2017-12-16].http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/rcgs_2014/2.
[21] SHEN A Q.China′s stolen children:internal child trafficking in the People′s Republic of China[J].Trends Organ Crime,2013,16:31-48.
[22] SHEN A Q.Female perpetrators in internal child trafficking in China:an empirical study[J].Journal of Human Trafficking,2016,2(1):63-77.
[23] 祝晓光.论犯罪地理学[J].人文地理,1989(2):40-46.
[24] 李钢,谭然,王会娟,等.中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1049- 1058.
[25] 李钢,王会娟,谭然,等.中国拐卖儿童犯罪的时空特征与形成机制:基于“ 成功案例”的管窥[J].地理研究,2017,36(12):2505-2520.
[26] 李钢,谭然,王会娟,等.中国拐卖儿童犯罪的时空格局演变及其影响因素[J].人文地理,2018,33(2):26-34.
[27] 李秀彬.地区发展均衡性的可视化测度[J].地理科学,1999,19(3):63-66.
[2] 刘宪权.论我国惩治拐卖人口犯罪的刑法完善[J].法学,2003(5):93-100.
[3] 夏成福.四川拐卖人口犯罪的特点、原因及对策[J].现代法学,1989(3):67-71.
[4] 王新民,郭斌.试论拐卖妇女犯罪的特点及其扩展蔓延的原因[J].中国刑警学院学报,1994(4):57-59.
[5] 曾罡吉.拐卖儿童犯罪的新发展与相关立法的完善[J].法制博览,2016(3):29-31.
[6] 王葆莳.被拐卖儿童获救后的收养问题研究[J].中国青年研究,2015(1):91-96.
[7] 高晓莹.拐卖儿童罪之犯罪学探析[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2010(6):90-94.
[8] 孙平义.拐卖人口犯罪心理成因特点变化规律及其预审对策[J].公安论坛,1992(4):21-25.
[9] BRAYLEY H,COCKBAIN E.British Children can be trafficked too:towards an inclusive definition of internal child sex trafficking[J].Child Abuse Review,2014,23(3):171-184.
[10] BUTHELEZI S.Human trafficking and the new legal framework in South Africa:intervention needed for the law to reach vulnerable girls and women[J].Agenda-Empowering Women for Gender Equity,2015,29(3):155-164.
[11] VAN REISEN M,RIJKEN C.Sinai trafficking:origin and definition of a new form of human trafficking[J].Social Inclusion,2015,3(1):113-124.
[12] VARMA S,GILLESPIE S,MCCRACKEN C,et al.Characteristics of child commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking victims presenting for medical care in the United States[J].Child Abuse & Neglect,2015,44:98-105.
[13] FONG R,BERGER CARDOSO J.Child human trafficking victims:challenges for the child welfare system[J].Evaluation and Program Planning,2010,33(3):311-316.
[14] CLAUSE K J,LAWLER K B.The hidden crime:human trafficking[J].South Carolina Nurse (Columbia,S.C.:1994),2013,20(4):3-5.
[15] RAFFERTY Y.The Impact of trafficking on children:psychological and social policy perspectives[J].Child Development Perspectives,2008,2(1):13-18.
[16] RICHARDS T A.Health implications of human trafficking[J].Nursing for Women′s Health,2014,18(2):155-162.
[17] BARROWS J,FINGER R.Human trafficking and the healthcare professional[J].Southern Medical Journal,2008,101(5):521-524.
[18] BENNETT T.Preventing trafficking in women and children in Asia:issues and options[J].Impact on HIV,1999,1(2):9-13.
[19] CHU YIK-YI CINDY.Human trafficking and smuggling in China[J].Journal of Contemporary China,2011,20(68):39-52.
[20] TARBERT H.Family planning and human trafficking in China[EB/OL].[2017-12-16].http://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/rcgs_2014/2.
[21] SHEN A Q.China′s stolen children:internal child trafficking in the People′s Republic of China[J].Trends Organ Crime,2013,16:31-48.
[22] SHEN A Q.Female perpetrators in internal child trafficking in China:an empirical study[J].Journal of Human Trafficking,2016,2(1):63-77.
[23] 祝晓光.论犯罪地理学[J].人文地理,1989(2):40-46.
[24] 李钢,谭然,王会娟,等.中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(7):1049- 1058.
[25] 李钢,王会娟,谭然,等.中国拐卖儿童犯罪的时空特征与形成机制:基于“ 成功案例”的管窥[J].地理研究,2017,36(12):2505-2520.
[26] 李钢,谭然,王会娟,等.中国拐卖儿童犯罪的时空格局演变及其影响因素[J].人文地理,2018,33(2):26-34.
[27] 李秀彬.地区发展均衡性的可视化测度[J].地理科学,1999,19(3):63-66.
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