面向人群疏散仿真的异构情绪感染模型
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摘要
在人群疏散过程中,个体往往会聚集成小的分组,而分组内部也存在个体差异,但是现有的情绪感染模型大都没有考虑这些因素的影响。为了提高疏散模拟的真实性,以社会比较理论为研究基础,提出一种基于异构情绪感染模型的人群疏散仿真方法。首先,设计了一种基于Durupinar模型的异构情绪感染计算方法,在该方法中,提出了一种基于分组的情绪感染计算方法,根据个体间的距离和关系对人群进行分组,研究分组对情绪感染计算的影响;在此基础上,提出基于特征的恐慌程度计算方法,根据个性、性别、年龄的特征差异将个体特殊化,并利用上述特征进行情绪恐慌程度计算。其次,将异构情绪感染模型应用于人群运动过程,通过异构情绪驱动人群运动行为。最后,利用真实感渲染平台模拟人群运动仿真效果。基于异构情绪感染模型的人群疏散仿真方法可以逼真地模拟不同场景下的人群运动过程,与以往方法相比,该方法考虑了分组和个体特征差异对情绪的影响,体现了个体之间的异构性。实验结果表明,使用所提方法进行人群运动过程模拟更加符合现实情况。
In the process of crowd evacuation,individuals tend to aggregate into small groups,while there are also individual differences within any group.However,the existing emotional contagion models do not consider the impact of these factors.In order to improve the authenticity of evacuation simulation,this paper proposed an approach of crowd evacuation based on heterogeneous emotional contagion model by using social comparison theory.First,a computational method of heterogeneous emotional contagion based on Durupinar model was put forward.In the method,an emotional contagion calculating method based on grouping was proposed,which divides the crowd into groups according to the distance and the relationship between individuals,and the impact of grouping on emotional contagion calculation was studied.Based on this,a method of calculating the degree of emotional panic based on characteristics was presented,where individuals are specialized according to the characteristics of personality,gender and age,and the degree of emotional panic was calculated by using these characteristics.Then,the proposed method was applied to the process of crowd motion,and heterogeneous emotions were used to drive crowd motion.Finally,the realistic rendering method was deployed to simulate the effect of crowd evacuation.The method of simulating crowd evacuation based on heterogeneous emotional contagion model can effectively simulate the crowd movement in various scenarios.Compared with the previous methods,this method considers the influence of grouping and individual characteristics on emotion,and reflects the heterogeneity among individuals.The experimental results show that the method can simulate the crowd behavior more realistically.
In the process of crowd evacuation,individuals tend to aggregate into small groups,while there are also individual differences within any group.However,the existing emotional contagion models do not consider the impact of these factors.In order to improve the authenticity of evacuation simulation,this paper proposed an approach of crowd evacuation based on heterogeneous emotional contagion model by using social comparison theory.First,a computational method of heterogeneous emotional contagion based on Durupinar model was put forward.In the method,an emotional contagion calculating method based on grouping was proposed,which divides the crowd into groups according to the distance and the relationship between individuals,and the impact of grouping on emotional contagion calculation was studied.Based on this,a method of calculating the degree of emotional panic based on characteristics was presented,where individuals are specialized according to the characteristics of personality,gender and age,and the degree of emotional panic was calculated by using these characteristics.Then,the proposed method was applied to the process of crowd motion,and heterogeneous emotions were used to drive crowd motion.Finally,the realistic rendering method was deployed to simulate the effect of crowd evacuation.The method of simulating crowd evacuation based on heterogeneous emotional contagion model can effectively simulate the crowd movement in various scenarios.Compared with the previous methods,this method considers the influence of grouping and individual characteristics on emotion,and reflects the heterogeneity among individuals.The experimental results show that the method can simulate the crowd behavior more realistically.
引文
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[21]QIU F,HU X.Modeling group structures in pedestrian crowd simulation[J].Simulation Modelling Practice&Theory,2010,18(2):190-205.
[22]QIU F,HU X.A Framework for Modeling Social Groups in A-gent-Based Pedestrian Crowd Simulations[J].International Journal of Agent Technologies&Systems,2012,4(1):39-58.
[23]FU Y W,LIANG J H,LIU Q P,et al.Crowd Simulation for E-vacuation Behaviors Based on Multi-agent System and Cellular Automaton[C]∥International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization.IEEE,2015:103-109.
[24]VIZZARI G,MANENTI L,CROCIANI L.Adaptive pedestrian behaviour for the preservation of group cohesion[J].Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling,2013,1(1):1-29.
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[26]TSAI J,FRIDMAN N,BOWRING E,et al.ESCAPES-Evacuation Simulation with Children,Authorities,Parents,Emotions,and Social comparison[J].Copyright,2011,50(6):563-564.
[27]FRIDMAN N,KAMINKA G A.Comparing human and synthetic group behaviors:A model based on social psychology[C]∥The International Conference on Cognitive Modeling.2009.
[28]FRIDMAN N,KAMINKA G A.Towards a cognitive model of crowd behavior based on social comparison theory[C]∥National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.AAAI Press,2007:731-737.
[29]WANG C X,LYU S R,YANG K,et al.Research on probability of fear contagion in emergency[J].China Safety Science Journal,2015,25(9):14-19.(in Chinese)王春雪,吕淑然,杨凯,等.突发事件中恐惧情绪感染概率研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2015,25(9):14-19.
[30]WANG X,LI W Z,DU J G.The Advance Research of Emotional Contagion Theory[J].Advances in Psychological Science,2010,18(8):1236-1245.(in Chinese)王潇,李文忠,杜建刚.情绪感染理论研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(8):1236-1245.
[31]ZHANG Q Y.The Mechanism of Emotional Contagion and Its Modulation Model:A Teaching-Activities-Oriented Research[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2014.(in Chinese)张奇勇.情绪感染的发生机制及其调节模型---以教学活动为取向[D].上海:上海师范大学,2014.
[32]NEISS M B,LEIGLAND L A,CARLSON N E,et al.Age differences in perception and awareness of emotion[J].Neurobiology of Aging,2009,30(8):1305-1313.
[33]KRING A M,SMITH D A,NEALE J M.Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness:development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1994,66(5):934-949.
[34]MCCRAE R R,COSTA P T.Personality in adulthood:a fivefactor theory perspective[M].New York:Guilford Press,2003.
[35]SUN Y C,LIU H,ZHANG G J.Cross-platform System for Real-time Crowd Simulation[J].Journal of Chinese Computer Systems,2015,36(4):863-867.(in Chinese)孙云晨,刘弘,张桂娟.支持跨平台的实时运动仿真系统[J].小型微型计算机系统,2015,36(4):863-867.
[36]Kenya shopping mall attack toll[EB/OL].https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cdc-YEgjac0.
[2]DURUPINAR F,PELECHANO N,ALLBECK J,et al.How the Ocean Personality Model Affects the Perception of Crowds[J].IEEE Computer Graphics&Applications,2011,31(3):22-31.
[3]CAO M,ZHANG G,WANG M,et al.A method of emotion contagion for crowd evacuation[J].Physica A Statistical Mechanics&Its Applications,2017,483(C):250-258.
[4]CAO M X,ZHANG G J,HUANG L J,et al.Crowd Animation Generation Method Based on Personalized Emotional Contagion[J].Computer Science,2017,44(6):306-311.(in Chinese)曹梦晓,张桂娟,黄丽君,等.基于个性化情绪感染的人群动画生成方法[J].计算机科学,2017,44(6):306-311.
[5]YU L P,LIU Z,LIU T T,et al.Sampling speed based emotion contagion model for panic crowd[J].Application Research of Computers,2015,32(10):3171-3174.(in Chinese)于力鹏,刘箴,刘婷婷,等.一种基于速度采样的恐慌人群情绪感染模型[J].计算机应用研究,2015,32(10):3171-3174.
[6]FESTINGER L.A theory of social comparison processes[J].Human Relations,1954,7(7):117-140.
[7]BAYAZIT O B,LIEN J M,AMATO N M.Better group behaviors in complex environments using global roa-dmaps[C]∥Eighth International Conference on Artificial Life.MIT Press,2002:362-370.
[8]HONG Y L,YUAN Y.Modeling and Path Generation Approaches for Crowd Simulation Based on Computational Intelligence[J].Chinese Journal of Electronics,2012,21(4):636-641.
[9]WU Y P,DU Y Z,YE Y D.Real-time emotion-integrated crowd path planning[J].Journal of Image and Graphics,2015,20(9):1262-1274.(in Chinese)吴云鹏,杜沅泽,叶阳东.融入情绪模型的人群实时路径规划[J].中国图象图形学报,2015,20(9):1262-1274.
[10]HELBING D,FARKAS I,VICSEK T.Simulating dynamical features of escape panic[J].Nature,2000,407(6803):487-490.
[11]YANG X,DONG H,WANG Q,et al.Guided crowd dynamics via modified social force model[J].Physica AStatistical Mechanics&Its Applications,2014,411(10):63-73.
[12]VAN D B J,LIN M,MANOCHA D.Reciprocal Velocity Obstacles for real-time multi-agent navigation[C]∥IEEE International Conference on Robotics&Automation.IEEE,2008:1928-1935.
[13]HUANGL J,ZHANG G J,CHEN L,et al.Fast Simulation Method for Crowd Evacuation Based on Geographic Information[J].Journal of Chinese Computer Systems,2017,38(10):2236-2241.(in Chinese)黄丽君,张桂娟,陈莉,等.地理信息驱动的快速人群疏散仿真方法[J].小型微型计算机系统,2017,38(10):2236-2241.
[14]BOSSE T,HOOGENDOORN M,KLEIN M C A,et al.Agentbased analysis of patterns in crowd behaviour involving contagion of mental states[C]∥International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems Conference on Modern Approaches in Applied Intelligence.Springer-Verlag,2011:566-577.
[15]BELHAJ M,KEBAIR F,SAID L B.A Computational Model of Emotions for the Simulation of Human Emotional Dynamics in Emergency Situations[J].Ijcte Org,2014,6(3):227-233.
[16]JRMIE B.Omnemotion:the propagation of emotions[C]∥Virtual Reality International Conference.ACM,2014:1-4.
[17]LHOMMET M,LOURDEAUX D,BARTHS J P.Never Alonein the Crowd:A Microscopic Crowd Model Based on Emotional Contagion[C]∥IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology.IEEE,2011:89-92.
[18]SINCLAIR J,LUI C S M.Integrating Personality and Emotion for Human Crowd simulation[C]∥The Fifteenth International Conference on Electronic Business.Hong Kong,2015:6-10.
[19]DURUPINAR F,GUDUKBAY U,AMAN A,et al.Psychological Parameters for Crowd Simulation:from Audiences to Mobs[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization&Computer Graphics,2016,22(9):2145-2159.
[20]LIU Z,HUANG P.Study of Panic Behavior Model for Crowd on Pedestrian Bridge in Emergent Event[J].Journal of System Simulation,2012,24(9):204-207.(in Chinese)刘箴,黄鹏.人行桥上突发事件下的人群恐慌行为模型研究[J].系统仿真学报,2012,24(9):204-207.
[21]QIU F,HU X.Modeling group structures in pedestrian crowd simulation[J].Simulation Modelling Practice&Theory,2010,18(2):190-205.
[22]QIU F,HU X.A Framework for Modeling Social Groups in A-gent-Based Pedestrian Crowd Simulations[J].International Journal of Agent Technologies&Systems,2012,4(1):39-58.
[23]FU Y W,LIANG J H,LIU Q P,et al.Crowd Simulation for E-vacuation Behaviors Based on Multi-agent System and Cellular Automaton[C]∥International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization.IEEE,2015:103-109.
[24]VIZZARI G,MANENTI L,CROCIANI L.Adaptive pedestrian behaviour for the preservation of group cohesion[J].Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling,2013,1(1):1-29.
[25]XIE R,YANG Z,NIU Y,et al.Simulation of Small Social Group Behaviors in Emergency Evacuation[C]∥International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents.ACM,2016:71-77.
[26]TSAI J,FRIDMAN N,BOWRING E,et al.ESCAPES-Evacuation Simulation with Children,Authorities,Parents,Emotions,and Social comparison[J].Copyright,2011,50(6):563-564.
[27]FRIDMAN N,KAMINKA G A.Comparing human and synthetic group behaviors:A model based on social psychology[C]∥The International Conference on Cognitive Modeling.2009.
[28]FRIDMAN N,KAMINKA G A.Towards a cognitive model of crowd behavior based on social comparison theory[C]∥National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.AAAI Press,2007:731-737.
[29]WANG C X,LYU S R,YANG K,et al.Research on probability of fear contagion in emergency[J].China Safety Science Journal,2015,25(9):14-19.(in Chinese)王春雪,吕淑然,杨凯,等.突发事件中恐惧情绪感染概率研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2015,25(9):14-19.
[30]WANG X,LI W Z,DU J G.The Advance Research of Emotional Contagion Theory[J].Advances in Psychological Science,2010,18(8):1236-1245.(in Chinese)王潇,李文忠,杜建刚.情绪感染理论研究述评[J].心理科学进展,2010,18(8):1236-1245.
[31]ZHANG Q Y.The Mechanism of Emotional Contagion and Its Modulation Model:A Teaching-Activities-Oriented Research[D].Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2014.(in Chinese)张奇勇.情绪感染的发生机制及其调节模型---以教学活动为取向[D].上海:上海师范大学,2014.
[32]NEISS M B,LEIGLAND L A,CARLSON N E,et al.Age differences in perception and awareness of emotion[J].Neurobiology of Aging,2009,30(8):1305-1313.
[33]KRING A M,SMITH D A,NEALE J M.Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness:development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,1994,66(5):934-949.
[34]MCCRAE R R,COSTA P T.Personality in adulthood:a fivefactor theory perspective[M].New York:Guilford Press,2003.
[35]SUN Y C,LIU H,ZHANG G J.Cross-platform System for Real-time Crowd Simulation[J].Journal of Chinese Computer Systems,2015,36(4):863-867.(in Chinese)孙云晨,刘弘,张桂娟.支持跨平台的实时运动仿真系统[J].小型微型计算机系统,2015,36(4):863-867.
[36]Kenya shopping mall attack toll[EB/OL].https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cdc-YEgjac0.