从错案追究到法官惩戒:我国法官问责机制之转型
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摘要
从发展轨迹来看,创立于我国法院系统内部的法官问责机制经历了从错案责任追究制——违法审判责任追究制——错案责任终身追究制的"一波三折"历程。目前在实践中实施的以结果为导向的错案责任追究制,在规范层面,无视审判规律,与法律保留原则和禁止自断其罪原则相悖;在实践层面,给错案纠正带来了新的阻碍,增加了法官办案压力,使其难以独立审慎地裁决。在"让审理者裁判,由裁判者负责"的语境下,我国的法官问责机制,应摒弃以结果为导向的错案责任追究制,转向采用以不当行为为核心的法官惩戒机制,并在相应理念指导下,从追责主体、追责事由、追责程序等方面完善我国《法官法》规定的惩戒机制。
From the perspective of development track, the accountability mechanism of judges established in the court system in China has experienced the "wists and turns"process from the accountability system for misjudged cases-the system of investigation of illegal trial responsibility-the system of lifelong investigation of misjudged cases. At present, the results-oriented accountability system for misjudged cases is implemented in practice. At the normative level, the law of trial is ignored, contrary to the principle of legal reservation and the principle of prohibiting self-destruction. At the practical level, it has brought new obstacles to the correction of wrong cases, increased the pressure of judges to handle cases, and made it difficult for them to decide independently and prudently.In the context of "etting judges' referees and the referees being responsible" the accountability mechanism of judges in China should abandon the results-oriented accountability system for misjudged cases and turn to the use of disciplinary mechanisms with misconduct as the core. Under the guidance of corresponding concepts, we will improve the disciplinary mechanism stipulated in China's Judges Law from the aspects of the subject of responsibility, the cause of recourse, and the procedure of accountability.
From the perspective of development track, the accountability mechanism of judges established in the court system in China has experienced the "wists and turns"process from the accountability system for misjudged cases-the system of investigation of illegal trial responsibility-the system of lifelong investigation of misjudged cases. At present, the results-oriented accountability system for misjudged cases is implemented in practice. At the normative level, the law of trial is ignored, contrary to the principle of legal reservation and the principle of prohibiting self-destruction. At the practical level, it has brought new obstacles to the correction of wrong cases, increased the pressure of judges to handle cases, and made it difficult for them to decide independently and prudently.In the context of "etting judges' referees and the referees being responsible" the accountability mechanism of judges in China should abandon the results-oriented accountability system for misjudged cases and turn to the use of disciplinary mechanisms with misconduct as the core. Under the guidance of corresponding concepts, we will improve the disciplinary mechanism stipulated in China's Judges Law from the aspects of the subject of responsibility, the cause of recourse, and the procedure of accountability.
引文
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[15]贺卫方.运送正义的方式[M].上海:上海三联书店,2002:5.
[2]陈金钊.法律方法论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2013:16.
[3]董暤.司法解释论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2007:55-57.
[4]张玉杰.错案追究终身制的发展难题[J].北方法学,2014(5):153-160.
[5]赵发中.法官错案责任追究终身制前景难卜[N].中国商报,2012-03-27(3).
[6]洪克非.男子因公安弄错案发日期蒙5年冤狱续:获赔18万[N].中国青年报,2009-09-14(4).
[7]李勇.若无责任标准你就可能是下一个河南的万桂荣[EB/OL].(2015-07-13)[2018-09-17].http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_c44008c70102vy4z.html.
[8]林喜芬.论中国法官责任机制之语境悖论与变迁展望[J].内蒙古社会科学,2011(7):37-42.
[9]叶肖华,颜翔.域外司法问责研究——以主体、事由与程序为中心的考察[J].安徽农业大学学报,2014(5):75-81.
[10]朱顺.论司法惩戒与司法职业保障[J].广西政法管理干部学院学报,2014(6):18-21.
[11]张玉杰.错案追究终身制的发展难题——制度缺陷、逆向刺激与实用主义重构[J].北方法学,2014(5):153-160.
[12]蒋银华.法官惩戒制度的司法评价[J].政治与法律,2015(3):21-28.
[13]丹宁勋爵.法律的正当程序[M].李克强,杨百揆,刘庸安译.北京:群众出版社,1999:56.
[14]郭宁.法官豁免权存在的空间和限度——基于两大法系的比较视角[J].山东师范大学学报,2013(6):127-135.
[15]贺卫方.运送正义的方式[M].上海:上海三联书店,2002:5.