11种除草剂对秋播豌豆生长发育的影响及防效研究
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摘要
化学除草剂已成为农田控制杂草的重要技术措施,但目前还没有针对豌豆田杂草的高效、安全除草剂。为此,本文以陕西省关中地区主栽品种‘西豌2号’为试验材料,采用6种苗前除草剂(48%氟乐灵乳油、50%乙草胺乳油、33%二甲戊灵乳油、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油、50%敌草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂)和5种苗后除草剂(15%精吡氟禾草灵乳油、10%精喹禾灵乳油、12.5%烯禾啶乳油、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油、12%烯草酮乳油)处理,设清水喷施(CK1)和人工除草(CK2)为对照,调查秋豌豆田杂草种类,研究不同除草剂的防除效果,探讨各除草剂对秋豌豆生育进程、形态特征、经济效益等相关指标的影响。结果表明:1)研究区秋豌豆田杂草共7科13种,以阔叶类杂草为主,其中阔叶杂草9种。除草剂对杂草株数和鲜重均有不同程度的防效作用,苗前除草剂以33%二甲戊灵综合防效最佳,苗后除草剂以12%烯草酮综合防效最佳。2)自越冬期至开花期,各除草剂均对秋豌豆株高、叶绿素相对含量产生显著影响,但从始荚期开始,影响不再显著。不同种类的除草剂对秋豌豆根、茎、叶器官各时期干物质的积累量均有不同程度的抑制作用,各处理的秋豌豆茎、叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于人工除草,叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于茎器官。3)除草剂对百粒重、荚长等产量构成因素影响不显著,除10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵导致产量略微下降之外,其他除草剂均表现出一定的增产作用,其中33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮可使秋豌豆增产25%以上。所有除草剂处理的净收入均有所增加,以33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮处理的净收入为同时期除草剂中最高。由此可见,除草剂的使用有助于种植者经济效益的提高,结合各除草剂的防除效果、安全性、经济效益,苗前除草剂33%二甲戊灵和苗后除草剂12%烯草酮在秋豌豆田的综合效应分别为同时期除草剂中最佳。本试验条件下,针对秋豌豆田,苗前除草剂推荐使用33%二甲戊灵,苗后除草剂推荐使用12%烯草酮。
Grass damage problems have hindered the spread of peas; chemical herbicides have become an important measure to control weeds on farmlands. However, there is no effective and safe herbicide for controlling weeds in pea fields. So, the study evaluated the effectiveness of 11 herbicides, which included 6 kinds of pre-emergence herbicides(48% trifluralin, 50% acetochlor, 33% pendimethalin, 96%(s)-metolachlor, 50% napropamide, 40% prometryn) and 5 kinds of post emergence herbicides(15% fluazifop-p, 10% quizalofop-p, 12.5% sethoxydim, 10.8% haloxyfop-r-methyl, 12% clethodim), on weed control while cultivating the pea cultivar ‘Xiwan-2'. The best concentration of all herbicides was selected, and the clear water application(CK1) and artificial weeding(CK2) as two controls. Field experiments were conducted to investigate weed species, study the effects of different herbicides on weeds control, and discus the effects of herbicides on the growth process, morphological characteristics, and economic benefits of autumn pea. The research showed: 1) there were 7 families and 13 species of weeds in autumn pea fields; among them, broadleaf weeds included 9 species accounting for 69.23% of the weeds found. This indicated that weeds species in autumn pea field were more in number and broadleaf weeds were the main ones. Farmers should choose broad-spectrum herbicides based on broad-leaved weeds. Herbicides had different control effects on weed quantity and fresh weight, and there was a positive correlation between them. Among the pre-emergence herbicides, 33% pendimethalin had the best control effect; among the post emergence herbicides, 12% clethodim had the best control effect. 2) From overwintering to flowering, herbicide treatments had significant effects on plant height and relative chlorophyll content of autumn pea;however, from the beginning of the pod stage, the effect was no longer significant. All treatments inhibited the accumulation of dry matter in root, stem, and leaf of autumn pea to varying degrees; at the same time, the rate of movement and translocation of dry matter in stem and leaf organs of autumn pea treated with different herbicides were higher than that of artificial weeding,and the rate of movement and translation of dry matter in leaf was higher than that in stem. 3) Herbicides had no significant effect on yield components such as 100-grain weight and pod length. In addition to a slight decrease in yield caused by 10.8%haloxyfop-r-methyl, the other herbicides showed a certain increase in production; among them, 33% pendimethalin and 12%clethodim could increase the yield of autumn peas by more than 25%. The net income from all herbicide treatments increased;among them, the net income of 33% pendimethalin and 12% clethodim was the highest among the herbicides evaluated. It can be seen that the use of herbicides helps increase the economic benefits to farmers. Combined with efficacy, safety, and economic benefits of herbicides, the synthetic effect of pre-emergence herbicide 33% pendimethalin and post emergence herbicide12% clethodim in autumn pea fields was the best among all herbicides tested. Under the experimental conditions aimed at controlling weeds in the autumn pea field, use of pre-emergence herbicide 33% pendimethalin and post emergence herbicide12% clethodim is recommended.
Grass damage problems have hindered the spread of peas; chemical herbicides have become an important measure to control weeds on farmlands. However, there is no effective and safe herbicide for controlling weeds in pea fields. So, the study evaluated the effectiveness of 11 herbicides, which included 6 kinds of pre-emergence herbicides(48% trifluralin, 50% acetochlor, 33% pendimethalin, 96%(s)-metolachlor, 50% napropamide, 40% prometryn) and 5 kinds of post emergence herbicides(15% fluazifop-p, 10% quizalofop-p, 12.5% sethoxydim, 10.8% haloxyfop-r-methyl, 12% clethodim), on weed control while cultivating the pea cultivar ‘Xiwan-2'. The best concentration of all herbicides was selected, and the clear water application(CK1) and artificial weeding(CK2) as two controls. Field experiments were conducted to investigate weed species, study the effects of different herbicides on weeds control, and discus the effects of herbicides on the growth process, morphological characteristics, and economic benefits of autumn pea. The research showed: 1) there were 7 families and 13 species of weeds in autumn pea fields; among them, broadleaf weeds included 9 species accounting for 69.23% of the weeds found. This indicated that weeds species in autumn pea field were more in number and broadleaf weeds were the main ones. Farmers should choose broad-spectrum herbicides based on broad-leaved weeds. Herbicides had different control effects on weed quantity and fresh weight, and there was a positive correlation between them. Among the pre-emergence herbicides, 33% pendimethalin had the best control effect; among the post emergence herbicides, 12% clethodim had the best control effect. 2) From overwintering to flowering, herbicide treatments had significant effects on plant height and relative chlorophyll content of autumn pea;however, from the beginning of the pod stage, the effect was no longer significant. All treatments inhibited the accumulation of dry matter in root, stem, and leaf of autumn pea to varying degrees; at the same time, the rate of movement and translocation of dry matter in stem and leaf organs of autumn pea treated with different herbicides were higher than that of artificial weeding,and the rate of movement and translation of dry matter in leaf was higher than that in stem. 3) Herbicides had no significant effect on yield components such as 100-grain weight and pod length. In addition to a slight decrease in yield caused by 10.8%haloxyfop-r-methyl, the other herbicides showed a certain increase in production; among them, 33% pendimethalin and 12%clethodim could increase the yield of autumn peas by more than 25%. The net income from all herbicide treatments increased;among them, the net income of 33% pendimethalin and 12% clethodim was the highest among the herbicides evaluated. It can be seen that the use of herbicides helps increase the economic benefits to farmers. Combined with efficacy, safety, and economic benefits of herbicides, the synthetic effect of pre-emergence herbicide 33% pendimethalin and post emergence herbicide12% clethodim in autumn pea fields was the best among all herbicides tested. Under the experimental conditions aimed at controlling weeds in the autumn pea field, use of pre-emergence herbicide 33% pendimethalin and post emergence herbicide12% clethodim is recommended.
引文
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[2]RAM B,PUNIA S S,MEENA D S,et al.Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicides to manage weeds in field pea[J].Journal of Food Legumes,2011,24(3):254-257
[3]王藕芳,包生土,贾华凑.春季豌豆田杂草发生调查[J].上海农业科技,2001,(6):79WANG O F,BAO S T,JIA H C.Investigation on weeds in pea field in spring[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology,2001,(6):79
[4]JACQUES G L,HARVEY R G.Vapor absorption and translocation of dinitroaniline herbicides in oats(Avena sativa)and peas(Pisum sativum)[J].Weed Science,1979,27(4):371-374
[5]苏少泉,宋顺祖.中国农田杂草化学防治[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996SU S Q,SONG S Z.Chemical Control of Weeds in Farmland in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1996
[6]王云,王蔚,杨子江.9种除草剂对狗牙根草坪中鸡眼草的防除效果[J].草业科学,2018,35(1):69-75WANG Y,WANG W,YANG Z J.Control effects of nine herbicides on Kummerowia striata in Cynodon dactylon lawn[J].Pratacultural Science,2018,35(1):69-75
[7]党建友,裴雪霞,王姣爱,等.除草剂使用时期对小麦籽粒产量、品质及光合特性的调控效应[J].中国生态农业学报,2009,17(2):291-296DANG J Y,PEI X X,WANG J A,et al.Effect of herbicide spray-time on yield,quality and net photosynthesis of wheat[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2009,17(2):291-296
[8]AL-KHATIB K,TAMHANE A.Dry pea(Pisum sativum L.)response to low rates of selected foliar-and soil-applied sulfonylurea and growth regulator herbicides[J].Weed Technology,1999,13(4):753-758
[9]STEVENS V L,BUTTS J S,FANG S C.Effects of plant growth regulators&herbicides on metabolism of C14-labeled acetate in pea root tissues[J].Plant Physiology,1962,37(2):215-222
[10]WáGNER G,NáDASY E.Interaction between nutrition and herbicide application in pea culture[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2009,40(1/6):435-444
[11]WALKER K A,RIDLEY S M,HARWOOD J L.Effects of the selective herbicide fluazifop on fatty acid synthesis in pea(Pisum sativum)and barley(Hordeum vulgare)[J].Biochemical Journal,1988,254(3):811-817
[12]武婷婷.大豆除草剂药害及其有效缓解剂的筛选[D].长春:吉林农业大学,2014WU T T.Study on herbicide phytotoxicity in soybean and the selection of effective preventive agents[D].Changchun:Jilin Agricultural University,2014
[13]?TAJNER D,POPOVI?M,?TAJNER M.Herbicide induced oxidative stress in lettuce,beans,pea seeds and leaves[J].Biologia Plantarum,2003,47(4):575-579
[14]SEMIDEY N,ALMODóVAR L.Oxyfluorfen:A candidate herbicide for weed control in pigeon peas[J].The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico,1987,71(3):277-285
[15]AAMIL M,ZAIDI A,KHAN M S.Effect of herbicides on growth,nodulation and yield of chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.)[J].Annals of Plant Protection Sciences,2004,12(1):186-192
[16]黄侠敏,吴应福.老铁防除蚕豆、豌豆田杂草的效果[J].杂草科学,2006,(3):50-51HUANG X M,WU Y F.Effects of herbicide Laotie on controlling weeds in pea and horsebean field[J].Weed Science,2006,(3):50-51
[17]赵开兵,许家春,沈维良.广灭灵CS及其混剂对豆田杂草防除效果及对后茬作物的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(1):113-116ZHAO K B,XU J C,SHEN W L.Effects of clomazone and its mixture on weeds in soybean field and the following crops[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(1):113-116
[18]卢瑶,杨淑华,刘笠娟.除草剂防除豌豆地杂草药效试验[J].植物医生,2001,14(1):35-36LU Y,YANG S H,LIU L J.Efficacy of Herbicides against weeds in pea field[J].Plant Doctor,2001,14(1):35-36
[19]朱廉,周兴民,蔡敦江,等.箭筈豌豆和毛叶苕子除草剂的筛选试验[J].现代化农业,1996,(10):9ZHU L,ZHOU X M,CAI D J,et al.Screening of herbicides for Vicia sativa and Vetiver villosa[J].Modernizing Agriculture,1996,(10):9
[20]李淑芬,刘艳英,王晶,等.爱玉优防除玉米田杂草试验分析[J].农业与技术,2014,34(5):26-27LI S F,LIU Y Y,WANG J,et al.Experimental analysis on controlling weeds in maize field with Aiyuyou[J].Agriculture&Technology,2014,34(5):26-27
[21]武文明,陈洪俭,李金才,等.氮肥运筹对孕穗期受渍冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光与籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(6):1088-1096WU W M,CHEN H J,LI J C,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of flag leaf and grain filling in winter wheat suffered waterlogging at booting stage[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2012,38(6):1088-1096
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