微润灌水头压力对温室番茄生长及水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
【目的】探明微润灌条件下温室番茄适宜的水头压力,提高水分利用效率。【方法】以滴灌灌溉为对照(CK),设置水头压力1 m(T_1)、1.5 m(T_2)、2 m(T_3)、2.5 m(T_4)4种试验处理,研究了微润灌条件下不同水头压力对土壤水分分布、番茄生长、耗水规律、产量及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】微润灌水头压力显著影响土壤含水率和湿润区范围,与滴灌处理相比,微润灌处理土壤含水率始终处于较高状态,形成持续稳定的水分环境;T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4处理定植100 d的土壤含水率较定植20 d的下降24.9%、21.54%、19.18%和16.93%,水头压力越高,下降幅度越小,土壤水分环境越稳定;定植初期,滴灌土壤水分环境对植株生长有利,番茄生长较好,随着生育期的延长,微润灌地埋优势充分发挥,后期微润灌番茄生长明显优于滴灌处理;在整个生育期内,番茄株高及茎粗的生长量、生长速率均随着水头压力的提高逐渐增大;番茄在开花坐果期和结果盛期耗水量较大,苗期和结果末期耗水量相对较低,全生育期T_1、T_2、T_3、T_4处理耗水量分别为192.3、216.4、235.8、262.3 mm,水头压力越高,耗水量越大;各处理水分利用效率表现为CK微润灌可显著提高番茄的水分利用效率,水头压力为2 m时,同时获得较高的番茄产量和水分利用效率。
【Conclusion】Micro-tube irrigation is a technique used in greenhouse irrigation, and the aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of water pressure in the micro-tube on growth and water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato.【Method】We examined four pressures: 1 m(T_1), 1.5 m(T_2), 2 m(T_3) and 2.5 m(T_4), and compared them with standard drip irrigation(CK). For each pressure, we measured soil moisture distribution, tomato growth and yield, as well as water consumption and water use efficiency of the crop.【Result】The pressure significantly affected soil moisture content and the size of the wetting zone. Soil moisture content under micro-tube irrigation was higher than that under CK, forming a continuous and stable water environment for crop to grow. The drying rate of soil moisture increased inversely with the pressure. For example, 100 days after irrigation, the soil moisture associated with T_1, T_2, T_3 and T_4 decreased by 24.9%, 21.54%, 19.18% and 16.93% respectively, compared to those after 20 days; increasing the pressure improved soil water stability. The standard drip irrigation worked better for plant growth during its early stage, whereas as plant grew, the micro-tube irrigation edged ahead. Growth rate, height and stem diameter of the plant were all proportional to the pressure. Water consumption during flowering and fruiting stage was higher than at seedling and harvest stages. During the whole growing season, water consumption under T_1, T_2, T_3 and T_4 was 192.3, 216.4, 235.8, 262.3 mm, respectively, with their water use efficiency ranked in CK
【Conclusion】Micro-tube irrigation is a technique used in greenhouse irrigation, and the aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of water pressure in the micro-tube on growth and water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato.【Method】We examined four pressures: 1 m(T_1), 1.5 m(T_2), 2 m(T_3) and 2.5 m(T_4), and compared them with standard drip irrigation(CK). For each pressure, we measured soil moisture distribution, tomato growth and yield, as well as water consumption and water use efficiency of the crop.【Result】The pressure significantly affected soil moisture content and the size of the wetting zone. Soil moisture content under micro-tube irrigation was higher than that under CK, forming a continuous and stable water environment for crop to grow. The drying rate of soil moisture increased inversely with the pressure. For example, 100 days after irrigation, the soil moisture associated with T_1, T_2, T_3 and T_4 decreased by 24.9%, 21.54%, 19.18% and 16.93% respectively, compared to those after 20 days; increasing the pressure improved soil water stability. The standard drip irrigation worked better for plant growth during its early stage, whereas as plant grew, the micro-tube irrigation edged ahead. Growth rate, height and stem diameter of the plant were all proportional to the pressure. Water consumption during flowering and fruiting stage was higher than at seedling and harvest stages. During the whole growing season, water consumption under T_1, T_2, T_3 and T_4 was 192.3, 216.4, 235.8, 262.3 mm, respectively, with their water use efficiency ranked in CK
引文
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[19]张子卓.膜下微润灌对温室番茄土壤水盐运移影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[20]王燕.根区局部控水无压地下灌溉对番茄生理特性及耗水规律的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2007.
[21]何玉琴,成自勇,张芮,等.不同微润灌溉处理对玉米生长和产量的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2012,33(4):566-569.
[22]张明智,牛文全,路振广,等.微润灌对冬小麦生长和水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(1):8-15.
[23]RAJANIEMI T K,ALLISON V J,GOLDBERG D E.Root competition can cause a decline in diversity with increased productivity[J].Journal of Ecology,2003,91:407-416.
[2]KOUMANOV K S,HOPMANS J W,SCHWANKL L W.Spatial and temporal distribution of root water uptake of an almond tree under micro sprinkler irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2006,24(4):267-278.
[3]G?LCüM,PANCAR Y,SEKMEN Y.Energy saving in a deep well pump with splitter blade[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2005,47(5):638-651.
[4]赵彤,范严伟,赵廷红.水平微润灌土壤水分运动数值模拟与验证[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(3):28-34.
[5]于秀琴,窦超银,于景春.温室微润灌溉对黄瓜生长和产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(7):159-163.
[6]陈绍民,张胜江,曹伟.不同灌溉方式对土壤水分及棉花光合特性的影响分析[J].灌溉排水学报,2016,35(6):26-30.
[7]范严伟,赵彤,白贵林,等.水平微润灌湿润体HYDRUS-2D模拟及其影响因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(4):115-124.
[8]张俊,牛文全,张琳琳,等.初始含水率对微润灌溉线源入渗特征的影响[J].排灌机械工程报,2014,32(1):72-79.
[9]牛文全,张俊,张琳琳,等.埋深与压力对微润灌湿润体水分运移的影响[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(12):128-134.
[10]刘国宏,谢香文,王则玉.微润灌毛管不同布设方式对新定植红枣生长的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2016,53(2):248-253.
[11]王坚,雷明杰,毕远杰.微润灌管带埋深对土壤水分及青椒生长的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2017(7):6-9.
[12]灌溉试验规范:SL13-2004[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[13]郭学良,李卫军.不同灌溉方式对紫花苜蓿产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响[J].草地学报,2014,22(5):1 086-1 090.
[14]王允喜,李明思,蓝明菊.膜下滴灌土壤湿润区对田间棉花根系分布及植株生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(8):31-38.
[15]薛万来,牛文全,张俊,等.压力水头对微润灌土壤水分运动特性影响的试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2013,32(6):7-11.
[16]李朝阳,王兴鹏,杨玉辉,等.不同水头压力的微润灌对土壤水盐运移的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(6):22-26.
[17]张珂萌,牛文全,薛万来,等.间歇和连续灌溉土壤水分运动的模拟研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(3):11-16.
[18]薛万来,牛文全,张子卓,等.微润灌溉对日光温室番茄生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(6):61-66.
[19]张子卓.膜下微润灌对温室番茄土壤水盐运移影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[20]王燕.根区局部控水无压地下灌溉对番茄生理特性及耗水规律的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2007.
[21]何玉琴,成自勇,张芮,等.不同微润灌溉处理对玉米生长和产量的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2012,33(4):566-569.
[22]张明智,牛文全,路振广,等.微润灌对冬小麦生长和水分利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(1):8-15.
[23]RAJANIEMI T K,ALLISON V J,GOLDBERG D E.Root competition can cause a decline in diversity with increased productivity[J].Journal of Ecology,2003,91:407-416.
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