阿根廷民众主义:国家与社会关系的视角
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摘要
传统上对于民众主义的分析通常采用国家中心主义的视角,忽视社会发挥的重要作用。然而在拉丁美洲国家与社会关系中,社会同样具有主体性,国家与社会的互动使民众主义绝非简单地表现为国家对社会的操纵,社会的力量也影响着民众主义的形成及演变。从这一视角出发,本文认为阿根廷民众主义是经济危机下政治领导人重塑国家政治权威的一种方式。在经济危机中,传统社会矛盾凸显,原有政权的支持网络无法维系,政治领袖便通过诉诸民众主义的方式重建政权支持网络,以实现对社会的有效统治。除民众主义外,军人干政也是阿根廷时常依靠的另一种解决危机的方式。从根本上说,军人干政与民众主义的反复出现均根植于阿根廷的政治和社会传统:一方面阿根廷具有崇尚权威的传统,当危机发生时民众会诉诸权威对国家进行改造;另一方面,阿根廷社会分裂程度较高,在危机下必须通过权威的方式才能推行改革和新政。而军人干政和民众主义的出现又与所处的社会结构有着紧密关联:军人干政发生于精英内部与民众内部均处于分裂的状态下,而民众主义发生于精英分裂但民众相对团结之时,这也使得军人干政和民众主义成为危机之下的不同选择。
Populism is a political phenomenon that has occurred repeatedly in Argentina since the 20th Century.Normally the state-centered perspective ignores the subjectivity of the society,which argues that populism is a way that charismatic leaders manipulate the masses.However,in the state-society relation in Latin America,the society maintains the subjectivity as well.Instead of being simply manipulated by politicians,populism is also constructed and evolved under the influence of the masses.From the perspective of the state-society interaction,this article argues that populism is a form that political leaders adopt to reconstruct the political authority during economic crisis.Problems of the regime gradually emerge during crisis and thus the support network of the regime cannot be maintained.The political leaders thus resort to populism to rebuild the regime's support networks and to achieve effective governance.In addition to populism,military intervention is an alternative approach that Argentina often resorts to during economic crisis.Fundamentally,the recurrence of military intervention and populism rooted in the political and social traditions of Argentina.On one hand,Argentina has a tradition of respecting authority.When crisis occurs,people rely on the authority to put forward the reform.On the other hand,the Argentine society is relatively divided.Crisis calls for reforms and new policies in an authoritarian manner.Besides,the occurrence of military intervention and populism is also closely related to social structure.Military intervention takes place when classes of both the elites and the masses divide;however,populism emerges when the elites split while the masses are relatively united.This leads to different choices between military intervention and populism in crisis.
Populism is a political phenomenon that has occurred repeatedly in Argentina since the 20th Century.Normally the state-centered perspective ignores the subjectivity of the society,which argues that populism is a way that charismatic leaders manipulate the masses.However,in the state-society relation in Latin America,the society maintains the subjectivity as well.Instead of being simply manipulated by politicians,populism is also constructed and evolved under the influence of the masses.From the perspective of the state-society interaction,this article argues that populism is a form that political leaders adopt to reconstruct the political authority during economic crisis.Problems of the regime gradually emerge during crisis and thus the support network of the regime cannot be maintained.The political leaders thus resort to populism to rebuild the regime's support networks and to achieve effective governance.In addition to populism,military intervention is an alternative approach that Argentina often resorts to during economic crisis.Fundamentally,the recurrence of military intervention and populism rooted in the political and social traditions of Argentina.On one hand,Argentina has a tradition of respecting authority.When crisis occurs,people rely on the authority to put forward the reform.On the other hand,the Argentine society is relatively divided.Crisis calls for reforms and new policies in an authoritarian manner.Besides,the occurrence of military intervention and populism is also closely related to social structure.Military intervention takes place when classes of both the elites and the masses divide;however,populism emerges when the elites split while the masses are relatively united.This leads to different choices between military intervention and populism in crisis.
引文
(1)[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺编,邓正来等译:《布莱克维尔政治学百科全书》,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1992年,第588页。
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(3)参见袁东振:《拉美人的民众主义观》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2017年第1期,第183-187页。
(4)Joel Horowitz,“Populism and Its Legacies in Latin America”,in Michael L.Conniff(ed.),Populism in Latin America,Tuscaloosa and London:University of Alabama Press,1999,p.22.
(1)Kurt Weyland,“Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America:How Much Affinity”,in Third World Quarterly,Vol.24,No.6,December 2003,p.1098.
(2)Robert S.Jansen,“Populist Mobilization:A New Theoretical Approach to Populism”,in Sociological Theory,Vol.29,No.2,June 2011,p.80.
(3)Robert H.Dix,“Populism:Authoritarian and Democratic”,in Latin America Research Review,Vol.20,No.2,1985,p.30.
(4)[美]彼得·埃文斯等编著,方力维等译:《找回国家》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009年,第433页。
(5)Kenneth M.Roberts,“Populism,Political Conflict,and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America”,in Comparative Politics,Vol.38,No.2,January 2006,pp.129-133.
(6)如果按照国家与社会互动的视角出发,关于“Populism”的译法“民众主义”应比“民粹主义”更为恰当。撇去现有译名中对原词理解的差异,无论是将“民粹”理解为“民之精粹”或是“以民为粹”,实质上都是将民众看作是被动接受的群体,无法突出社会在与国家互动中的主体性。而“民众主义”的译名无疑是对这种缺陷的修正,故本文采纳此译法。
(1)Kenneth M.Roberts,“Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America:The Peruvian Case”,in World Politics,Vol.48,No.1,October 1995,p.88.
(2)参见[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,胡毓鼎等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第5卷),北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年,第426-428页。
(3)转引自董国辉著:《阿根廷现代化道路研究---早期现代化的历史考察》,北京:世界图书出版公司,2013年,第87页。
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(3)Claudio Belini y Juan Carlos Koro,Historia Económica de la Argentina,Buenos Aires:Siglo Veintiuno Editores,2012,p.94.
(4)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第42页。
(1)(2)[美]乔纳森·C.布朗著,左晓园译:《阿根廷史》,上海:东方出版中心,2010年,第200页,第216页。
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(5)[美]乔纳森·C.布朗著,左晓园译:《阿根廷史》,上海:东方出版中心,2010年,第252页。
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(4)Miguel A.Rivera-Qui1ones,“Macroeconomic Governance in Post-Neoliberal Argentina and the Relentless Power of TNCs:The Case of the Soy Complex”,in Cara Levey(eds.),Argentina Since the 2001Crisis:Recovering the Past,Reclaiming the Future,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2014,p.67.
(1)World Bank Group,Global Economic Prospects:The Global Economy in Transition,Washington D.C.:The World Bank,2015,p.176;World Bank Group,Global Economic Prospects:A Fragile Recovery,Washington D.C.:The World Bank,2017,p.118.
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(3)Celia Szusterman,“Carlos Saúl Menem:Variations on the Theme of Populism”,in Bulletin of Latin American Research,Vol.19,No.2,April 2000,p.201.
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(2)转引自董国辉著:《阿根廷现代化道路研究---早期现代化的历史考察》,北京:世界图书出版公司,2013年,第102页。
(1)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第27页。
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(1)Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser,Populism:A Very Short Introduction,New York:Oxford University Press,2017,p.2.
(2)转引自周凡:《国外民粹主义研究前沿》,载复旦大学国外马克思主义与国外思潮国家创新基地等编:《国外马克思主义研究报告2008》,北京:人民出版社,2008年,第219页。
(3)[英]保罗·塔格特著,袁明旭译:《民粹主义》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2005年,第78页。
(1)Susan and Peter Calvert,Argentina:Political Culture and Instability,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1989,pp.80-83.
(2)参见[阿根廷]吉列尔莫·奥唐奈著,王欢、申明民译:《现代化和官僚威权主义:南美政治研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2008年,第3-7页。
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(5)参见[英]保罗·塔格特著,袁明旭译:《民粹主义》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2005年,第78-88页。
(1)Miguel Angel Centeno,Blood and Debt:War and the Nation-State in Latin America,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2002,p.10.
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(3)[美]罗纳德·英格尔哈特著,严挺译:《现代化与后现代化:43个国家的文化、经济与政治变迁》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013年,第216页。
(1)参见[美]弗朗西斯·福山编著,刘伟译:《落后之源:诠释拉美和美国的发展鸿沟》,北京:中信出版集团,2015年,第144页。
(2)[美]塞缪尔·P.亨廷顿著,王冠华等译:《变化社会中的政治秩序》,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2008年,第176页。
(1)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,胡毓鼎等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第5卷),北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年,第457-458页。
(2)转引自[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第7页。
(1)[美]乔纳森·C.布朗著,左晓园译:《阿根廷史》,上海:东方出版中心,2010年,第197页。
(2)Eduardo Elena,“What the People Want:State Planning and Political Participation in Peronist Argentina,1946-1955”,in Journal of Latin American Studies,Vol.37,No.1,February 2005,p.96.
(2)“民众主义”的译法被认为最早来自于1982年《拉丁美洲丛刊》刊登的《拉丁美洲的民众主义与阿亚·德拉托雷》一文,意在与当时国内已有论述的俄国民粹主义相区分,后普遍为拉美学界所接受。参见郭洁:《周而复始的政治“狂欢”?---拉丁美洲的民众主义探析》,载《国际政治研究》,2017年第2期,第69页。
(3)参见袁东振:《拉美人的民众主义观》,载《当代世界与社会主义》,2017年第1期,第183-187页。
(4)Joel Horowitz,“Populism and Its Legacies in Latin America”,in Michael L.Conniff(ed.),Populism in Latin America,Tuscaloosa and London:University of Alabama Press,1999,p.22.
(1)Kurt Weyland,“Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America:How Much Affinity”,in Third World Quarterly,Vol.24,No.6,December 2003,p.1098.
(2)Robert S.Jansen,“Populist Mobilization:A New Theoretical Approach to Populism”,in Sociological Theory,Vol.29,No.2,June 2011,p.80.
(3)Robert H.Dix,“Populism:Authoritarian and Democratic”,in Latin America Research Review,Vol.20,No.2,1985,p.30.
(4)[美]彼得·埃文斯等编著,方力维等译:《找回国家》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009年,第433页。
(5)Kenneth M.Roberts,“Populism,Political Conflict,and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America”,in Comparative Politics,Vol.38,No.2,January 2006,pp.129-133.
(6)如果按照国家与社会互动的视角出发,关于“Populism”的译法“民众主义”应比“民粹主义”更为恰当。撇去现有译名中对原词理解的差异,无论是将“民粹”理解为“民之精粹”或是“以民为粹”,实质上都是将民众看作是被动接受的群体,无法突出社会在与国家互动中的主体性。而“民众主义”的译名无疑是对这种缺陷的修正,故本文采纳此译法。
(1)Kenneth M.Roberts,“Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America:The Peruvian Case”,in World Politics,Vol.48,No.1,October 1995,p.88.
(2)参见[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,胡毓鼎等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第5卷),北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年,第426-428页。
(3)转引自董国辉著:《阿根廷现代化道路研究---早期现代化的历史考察》,北京:世界图书出版公司,2013年,第87页。
(1)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,胡毓鼎等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第5卷),北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年,第429-430页,第396页。
(2)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第19页。
(3)Claudio Belini y Juan Carlos Koro,Historia Económica de la Argentina,Buenos Aires:Siglo Veintiuno Editores,2012,p.94.
(4)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第42页。
(1)(2)[美]乔纳森·C.布朗著,左晓园译:《阿根廷史》,上海:东方出版中心,2010年,第200页,第216页。
(3)(4)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第173页,第193页。
(5)[美]乔纳森·C.布朗著,左晓园译:《阿根廷史》,上海:东方出版中心,2010年,第252页。
(1)林被甸、董经胜著:《拉丁美洲史》,北京:人民出版社,2010年,第501页。
(2)Luis Alberto Romero,translated by James P.Brennan,A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2002,p.311.
(3)Aldo Ferrer y Marcelo Rougier,La Economía Argentina.Desde sus Orígenes hasta Principios del Siglo XXI,Buenos Aires y México D.F.:Fondo de Cultura Económica,2008,p.457.
(4)Miguel A.Rivera-Qui1ones,“Macroeconomic Governance in Post-Neoliberal Argentina and the Relentless Power of TNCs:The Case of the Soy Complex”,in Cara Levey(eds.),Argentina Since the 2001Crisis:Recovering the Past,Reclaiming the Future,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2014,p.67.
(1)World Bank Group,Global Economic Prospects:The Global Economy in Transition,Washington D.C.:The World Bank,2015,p.176;World Bank Group,Global Economic Prospects:A Fragile Recovery,Washington D.C.:The World Bank,2017,p.118.
(2)Hector E.Schamis,“From the Peróns to the Kirchners:‘Populism’in Argentine Politics”,in Carlos de la Torre and Cynthia J.Arnson(eds.):Latin America Populism in the Twenty-First Century,Washington D.C.:Woodrow Wilson Center Press,Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2013,p.176.
(3)Paul Cammack,“The Resurgence of Populism in Latin America”,in Bulletin of Latin American Research,Vol.19,No.2,April 2000,pp.152-154.
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(1)Claudio Belini y Juan Carlos Koro,Historia Económica de la Argentina,Buenos Aires:Siglo Veintiuno Editores,2012,p.84,pp.98-99.
(2)Sebastián Barros,“The Discursive Continuities of the Menemist Rupture”,in Francisco Panizza(ed.),Populism and the Mirror of Democracy,London and New York:Verso,2005,p.265,p.268.
(3)Celia Szusterman,“Carlos Saúl Menem:Variations on the Theme of Populism”,in Bulletin of Latin American Research,Vol.19,No.2,April 2000,p.201.
(1)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,胡毓鼎等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第5卷),北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年,第374-382页、第38页。
(2)转引自董国辉著:《阿根廷现代化道路研究---早期现代化的历史考察》,北京:世界图书出版公司,2013年,第102页。
(1)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第27页。
(2)Claudio Belini y Juan Carlos Koro,Historia Económica de la Argentina,Buenos Aires:Siglo Veintiuno Editores,2012,p.102.
(3)Ronaldo Munck,et al.,Argentina:From Anarchism to Peronism:Workers,Unions and Politics,1855-1985,London and New Jersey:Zed Books Ltd.,1987,p.108,p.115.
(4)Claudio Belini y Juan Carlos Koro,Historia Económica de la Argentina,Buenos Aires:Siglo Veintiuno Editores,2012,p.106.
(5)Robert J.Alexander and Eldon M.Parker,A History of Organized Labor in Argentina,Westport and London:Praeger Publishers,2003,pp.64-65.
(6)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第61页。
(1)Joel Horowitz,“Industrialists and the Rise of Perón,1943-1946:Some Implications for the Conceptualization of Populism”,in The Americas,Vol.47,No.2,October 1990,pp.200-204.
(2)Edward C.Epstein,“Control and Co-Optation of the Argentine Labor Movement”,in Economic Development and Cultural Change,Vol.27,No.3,April 1979,p.449.
(3)Robert J.Alexander and Eldon M.Parker,A History of Organized Labor in Argentina,Westport and London:Praeger Publishers,2003,pp.186-187.
(4)Steven Levitsky,“Organization and Labor-Based Party Adaptation:The Transformation of Argentine Peronism in Comparative Perspective”,in World Politics,Vol.54,No.1,October 2001,p.44.
(1)Javier Auyero,“‘From the Client’s Point(s)of View’:How Poor People Perceive and Evaluate Political Clientelism”,in Theory and Society,Vol.28,No.2,April 1999,p.303.
(2)Steven Levitsky,“An‘Organised Disorganisation’:Informal Organisation and the Persistence of Local Party Structures in Argentine Peronism”,in Journal of Latin American Studies,Vol.33,No.1,February2001,p.46.
(3)Marcelo Nazareno,et.al.,“Réditos y Peligros Electorales del Gasto Público en la Argentina”,en Desarrollo Económico,Vol.46,No.181,April-June 2006,p.80.
(4)Javier Auyero,“The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina:An Ethnographic Account”,in Latin American Research Review,Vol.35,No.3,2000,pp.71-72.
(1)Roberta Villalón,“Neoliberalism,Corruption,and Legacies of Contention:Argentina’s Social Movements,1993-2006”,in Latin American Perspectives,Vol.34,No.2,March 2007,p.139.
(2)Agustina Giraudy,“The Distributive Politics of Emergency Employment Programs in Argentina(1993-2002)”,in Latin American Research Review,Vol.42,No.2,2007,p.42.
(3)Isabella Alca1iz and Melissa Scheier,“Movements with Old Party Politics:The MTL Piqueteros and the Communist Party in Argentina”,in Latin American Perspectives,Vol.34,No.2,March 2007,pp.159-160.
(4)Fynn Kaese and Jonas Wolf,f“Piqueteros after the Hype:Unemployed Movements in Argentina,2008-2015”,in European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies,No.102,October 2016,p.53.
(1)Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser,Populism:A Very Short Introduction,New York:Oxford University Press,2017,p.2.
(2)转引自周凡:《国外民粹主义研究前沿》,载复旦大学国外马克思主义与国外思潮国家创新基地等编:《国外马克思主义研究报告2008》,北京:人民出版社,2008年,第219页。
(3)[英]保罗·塔格特著,袁明旭译:《民粹主义》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2005年,第78页。
(1)Susan and Peter Calvert,Argentina:Political Culture and Instability,Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh Press,1989,pp.80-83.
(2)参见[阿根廷]吉列尔莫·奥唐奈著,王欢、申明民译:《现代化和官僚威权主义:南美政治研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,2008年,第3-7页。
(3)[美]罗伯特·E.戈定主编,唐士其等译:《牛津比较政治学手册》,北京:人民出版社,2016年,第600-601页。
(4)[美]阿图尔·科利著,朱天飚等译:《国家引导的发展---全球边缘地区的政治权力与工业化》,长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2007年,第479页。
(5)参见[英]保罗·塔格特著,袁明旭译:《民粹主义》,长春:吉林人民出版社,2005年,第78-88页。
(1)Miguel Angel Centeno,Blood and Debt:War and the Nation-State in Latin America,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2002,p.10.
(2)[美]弗朗西斯·福山编著,刘伟译:《落后之源:诠释拉美和美国的发展鸿沟》,北京:中信出版集团,2015年,第277页。
(3)[美]罗纳德·英格尔哈特著,严挺译:《现代化与后现代化:43个国家的文化、经济与政治变迁》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013年,第216页。
(1)参见[美]弗朗西斯·福山编著,刘伟译:《落后之源:诠释拉美和美国的发展鸿沟》,北京:中信出版集团,2015年,第144页。
(2)[美]塞缪尔·P.亨廷顿著,王冠华等译:《变化社会中的政治秩序》,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2008年,第176页。
(1)[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,胡毓鼎等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第5卷),北京:社会科学文献出版社,1992年,第457-458页。
(2)转引自[英]莱斯利·贝瑟尔主编,徐壮飞等译:《剑桥拉丁美洲史》(第8卷),北京:当代世界出版社,1998年,第7页。
(1)[美]乔纳森·C.布朗著,左晓园译:《阿根廷史》,上海:东方出版中心,2010年,第197页。
(2)Eduardo Elena,“What the People Want:State Planning and Political Participation in Peronist Argentina,1946-1955”,in Journal of Latin American Studies,Vol.37,No.1,February 2005,p.96.