扎龙湿地丹顶鹤种群空间分布动态的点模式分析
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摘要
【目的】研究扎龙湿地丹顶鹤全局空间分布模式和局部空间分布模式及其动态变化规律,准确揭示研究区内丹顶鹤种群特征及栖息生境质量状况,为研究区丹顶鹤种群栖息环境的保护提供理论依据。【方法】以扎龙湿地国家自然保护区为研究区,引入多尺度空间聚类分析方法和局部G-统计量研究方法,从全局和局部2种空间尺度来分析研究区自1981年成立保护区以来的30年间丹顶鹤的空间分布模式动态。【结果】1)1981—2008年的近30年间,研究区丹顶鹤空间分布模式呈现阶段性变化的特征:1981—1990年丹顶鹤的空间分布模式为随机或均匀分布模式,1996—2005年为聚集分布模式,2006—2008年为随机或均匀分布;2)丹顶鹤的全局分布模式经历了由随机或均匀分布→聚集分布模式→随机或均匀分布→聚集的变化过程;3)局部空间分布模式经历了由离散→聚集→离散→聚集的反复变化过程;4)丹顶鹤的空间分布模式存在着较强的尺度依赖效应,在不同空间尺度上,丹顶鹤的空间分布模式存在较大差异,而在不同时间段,尺度效应的表现方式也有显著差异。【结论】1)无论从全局还是从局部分布看,丹顶鹤种群的空间分布变化剧烈;从长时间尺度上来看,丹顶鹤种群的空间分布呈聚集分布模式的趋势,且聚集程度不断加强;2)局部模式变化是全局模式变化的指针;3)丹顶鹤的空间分布模式存在着较强的尺度依赖效应;4)综合运用全局和局部的指数模型能更好地描述种群空间分布模式是进行种群空间分布模式研究的有效途径。
【Objective】Distribution patterns and changes of a red-crowned crane population can reveal the population characteristics,and the habitat quality. This study,therefore,is of significant importance for providing theoretical basis for the protection of habitat of Red Crowned Crane population in the study area. 【Method 】The Zhalong Wetlands,a famous national nature reserve( NNR),was taken as a case study. L( d) index model and local G-statistics methods were applied to study the distribution patterns and spatial-temperal changes of the population at the global and local spatial scale with Arc GIS10. 2 for 30 years since the Zhalong NNR was set up in 1981.【Result】The results showed: 1) The changes of spatial distribution pattern of red-crowned cranes were divided into three stages in global spatial distribution pattern from1981 to 2008: the pattern was uniform distribution or random distribution during the period from 1981 to 1990; aggregated distribution from 1996 to 2005; and uniform distribution or random distribution from 2006 to 2008; 2) The spatial pattern of the red-crowned crone population underwent dramatic changes from random distribution pattern to aggregated pattern and to random distribution again; 3) On the local pattern,changes occurred from scattered pattern to aggregated pattern,to scattered,and to aggregated pattern again; 4) the spatial patterns had distinct scale-dependent effect.【Conclusion】The spatial pattern of the red-crowned crane population mainly presents a tendency from uniform distribution to aggregated distribution,and the aggregated degree is increasing in the global pattern. In local pattern,the local aggregated degree of red-crowned cranes' nest-sites incremented,the hot spots of high aggregation are mainly in the core area,while theirpositions change dramatically. The whole habitat quality of the study area is deteriorating,however the habitat quality in core area maintains well. The local habitat quality changes drastically,and the habitat has undergone fragmentation.
【Objective】Distribution patterns and changes of a red-crowned crane population can reveal the population characteristics,and the habitat quality. This study,therefore,is of significant importance for providing theoretical basis for the protection of habitat of Red Crowned Crane population in the study area. 【Method 】The Zhalong Wetlands,a famous national nature reserve( NNR),was taken as a case study. L( d) index model and local G-statistics methods were applied to study the distribution patterns and spatial-temperal changes of the population at the global and local spatial scale with Arc GIS10. 2 for 30 years since the Zhalong NNR was set up in 1981.【Result】The results showed: 1) The changes of spatial distribution pattern of red-crowned cranes were divided into three stages in global spatial distribution pattern from1981 to 2008: the pattern was uniform distribution or random distribution during the period from 1981 to 1990; aggregated distribution from 1996 to 2005; and uniform distribution or random distribution from 2006 to 2008; 2) The spatial pattern of the red-crowned crone population underwent dramatic changes from random distribution pattern to aggregated pattern and to random distribution again; 3) On the local pattern,changes occurred from scattered pattern to aggregated pattern,to scattered,and to aggregated pattern again; 4) the spatial patterns had distinct scale-dependent effect.【Conclusion】The spatial pattern of the red-crowned crane population mainly presents a tendency from uniform distribution to aggregated distribution,and the aggregated degree is increasing in the global pattern. In local pattern,the local aggregated degree of red-crowned cranes' nest-sites incremented,the hot spots of high aggregation are mainly in the core area,while theirpositions change dramatically. The whole habitat quality of the study area is deteriorating,however the habitat quality in core area maintains well. The local habitat quality changes drastically,and the habitat has undergone fragmentation.
引文
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宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.2010.基于Ripley的K(r)函数和分形维数的梭梭种群空间格局.应用生态学报,21(4):827-835.(Song Y Y,Li Y Y,Zhang W H.2010.Distribution pattern of Haloxylon ammodendron population based on Ripley’s K(r)function and fractal dimension.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,21(4):827-835.[in Chinese])
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王文锋,高忠燕,李长友,等.2011.扎龙湿地丹顶鹤种群数量调查及保护.野生动物,32(2):80-82.(Wang W F,Gao Z Y,Li C Y,et al.2011.Investigations of population size and conservation measures for red-crowned crane in Zhalong Natural Reserve.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,32(2):80-82.[in Chinese])
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张金屯.1998.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析.植物生态学报,22(4):344-349.(Zhang J T.1998.Analysis of spatial point pattern for plant species.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,22(4):344-349.[in Chinese])
张冰冰,姜祥坤,张世英,等.2012.空间自相关分析在探究疾病分布热点区域中的应用,山东大学学报:医学版,50(5):129-132.(Zhang B B,Jiang X K,Zhang S Y,et al.2012.Application of spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore disease‘hot spots’regions,Journa of Shandong University:Health Sciences Edition,50(5):129-132.[in Chinese])
张松林,张昆.2007.全局空间自相关Moran指数和G系数对比研究.中山大学学报:自然科学版,46(4):93-97.(Zhang S L,Zhang K.2007.Comparison between general moran’s index and getis-ord general G of spatial autocorrelation.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni:Natural Science Edition,46(4):93-97.[in Chinese])
张桐菓.2016.基于GIS的扎龙湿地丹顶鹤空间格局及其生境变化研究.湘潭:湖南科技大学硕士学位论文,30-33.(Zhang T G.2016.Study on changes of spatial pattern and habitat of redcrowned cranes in Zhalong wetland based on GIS.Xiangtan:MSthesis of Hunan University of Sciences and Technology,30-33.[in Chinese])
邹红菲,吴庆明.2009.扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢的内分布型及巢域.生态学报,29(4):1710-1718.(Zou H F,Wu Q M.2009.Internal distribution pattern of the nests and home ranges of Red-crowned Cranes in Zhalong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(4):1710-1718.[in Chinese])
Agterberg F P.2013.Fractals and spatial statistics of point patterns.Journal of Earth Science,(1):1-11.
Bishop M A.2007.Point pattern analysis of eruption points for the Mount Gambier volcanic sub-province:a quantitative geographical approach to the understanding of volcano distribution.Area,39(2):230-241.
Getis A,Ord J K.1996.Local spatial statistics:An Overview∥Longley P,Batty M.Spatial analysis:modelling in a GIS environment,Cambridge,England:Geoinformation International,261-277.
Getis A,Ord J K.1992.The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics.Geographical Analysis,24(3)189-206.
Hansen F,Jeltsch F,Tackmann K,et al.2004.Processes leading to a spatial aggregation of Echinococcus multiocularis in its natural intermediate host Microtusarvalis.International Journal of Parasitology,34(1):37-44.
Li F,Zhang L.2007.Comparison of point pattern analysis methods for classify the spatial distributions of Spruce-Fir stands in the NorthEast USA.Forestry,80(3):337-349.
Lin S,Lu Y.2006.Evaluating local non-stationary when considering the spatial variation of large-scale auto correlation.Transaction in GIS,10(2):301-318.
Paliwal A,Mathur V B.2014.Spatial pattern analysis for quantification of landscape structure of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve,Central India.Journal of Forestry Research,25(1):185-192.
Shi P J,Liu J,Yang Z.2009.Spatio-temporal point pattern analysis on Wenchuan strong earthquake.Earthquake Science,22(3):231-237.
Vacchiano G,Castagneri D,Meloni F,et al.2011.Point pattern analysis of crown-to-crown interactions in mountain forests.Procedia Environmental Sciences,7(655):269-274.
孔博,张树清,张柏,等.2007.扎龙湿地火烧严重度分析及火灾对丹顶鹤生境的影响.湿地科学,5(4):348-355.(Kong B,Zhang S Q,Zhang B,et al.2007.Nalysis of burn severity of wetlands in Zhalong Nature Reserve and impact of fire on red crowned crane habitat.Wetland Science,5(4):348-355.[in Chinese])
秦喜文,张树清,李晓峰,等.2008.基于Voronoi图的丹顶鹤巢址空间格局分析.生态学志,27(12):2118-2122.(Qin X W,Zhang S Q,Li X F,et al.2008.Spatial pattern of red-crowned crane nest-sites based on voronoi diagram.Chinese Journal of Ecology,27(12):2118-2122.[in Chinese])
宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.2010.基于Ripley的K(r)函数和分形维数的梭梭种群空间格局.应用生态学报,21(4):827-835.(Song Y Y,Li Y Y,Zhang W H.2010.Distribution pattern of Haloxylon ammodendron population based on Ripley’s K(r)function and fractal dimension.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,21(4):827-835.[in Chinese])
万冬梅,高玮,王秋雨,等.2002.生境破碎化对丹顶鹤巢位选择的影响.应用生态学报,13(5):581-584.(Wan D M,Gao W,Wang Q Y,et al.2002.Effects of habitat fragmentation on nesting site selection of red-crowned crane.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,13(5):581-584.[in Chinese])
王文锋,高忠燕,李长友,等.2011.扎龙湿地丹顶鹤种群数量调查及保护.野生动物,32(2):80-82.(Wang W F,Gao Z Y,Li C Y,et al.2011.Investigations of population size and conservation measures for red-crowned crane in Zhalong Natural Reserve.Chinese Journal of Wildlife,32(2):80-82.[in Chinese])
王志强,傅建春,全斌,等.2010.扎龙湿地丹顶鹤繁殖生境质量变化.应用生态学报,21(11):2871-2875.(Wang Z Q,Fu J C,Quan B,et al.2010.Changes of reproduction habitat quality of red-crowned crane in Zhalong wetlands.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,21(11):2871-2875.[in Chinese])
张金屯.1998.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析.植物生态学报,22(4):344-349.(Zhang J T.1998.Analysis of spatial point pattern for plant species.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,22(4):344-349.[in Chinese])
张冰冰,姜祥坤,张世英,等.2012.空间自相关分析在探究疾病分布热点区域中的应用,山东大学学报:医学版,50(5):129-132.(Zhang B B,Jiang X K,Zhang S Y,et al.2012.Application of spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore disease‘hot spots’regions,Journa of Shandong University:Health Sciences Edition,50(5):129-132.[in Chinese])
张松林,张昆.2007.全局空间自相关Moran指数和G系数对比研究.中山大学学报:自然科学版,46(4):93-97.(Zhang S L,Zhang K.2007.Comparison between general moran’s index and getis-ord general G of spatial autocorrelation.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni:Natural Science Edition,46(4):93-97.[in Chinese])
张桐菓.2016.基于GIS的扎龙湿地丹顶鹤空间格局及其生境变化研究.湘潭:湖南科技大学硕士学位论文,30-33.(Zhang T G.2016.Study on changes of spatial pattern and habitat of redcrowned cranes in Zhalong wetland based on GIS.Xiangtan:MSthesis of Hunan University of Sciences and Technology,30-33.[in Chinese])
邹红菲,吴庆明.2009.扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)巢的内分布型及巢域.生态学报,29(4):1710-1718.(Zou H F,Wu Q M.2009.Internal distribution pattern of the nests and home ranges of Red-crowned Cranes in Zhalong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(4):1710-1718.[in Chinese])
Agterberg F P.2013.Fractals and spatial statistics of point patterns.Journal of Earth Science,(1):1-11.
Bishop M A.2007.Point pattern analysis of eruption points for the Mount Gambier volcanic sub-province:a quantitative geographical approach to the understanding of volcano distribution.Area,39(2):230-241.
Getis A,Ord J K.1996.Local spatial statistics:An Overview∥Longley P,Batty M.Spatial analysis:modelling in a GIS environment,Cambridge,England:Geoinformation International,261-277.
Getis A,Ord J K.1992.The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics.Geographical Analysis,24(3)189-206.
Hansen F,Jeltsch F,Tackmann K,et al.2004.Processes leading to a spatial aggregation of Echinococcus multiocularis in its natural intermediate host Microtusarvalis.International Journal of Parasitology,34(1):37-44.
Li F,Zhang L.2007.Comparison of point pattern analysis methods for classify the spatial distributions of Spruce-Fir stands in the NorthEast USA.Forestry,80(3):337-349.
Lin S,Lu Y.2006.Evaluating local non-stationary when considering the spatial variation of large-scale auto correlation.Transaction in GIS,10(2):301-318.
Paliwal A,Mathur V B.2014.Spatial pattern analysis for quantification of landscape structure of Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve,Central India.Journal of Forestry Research,25(1):185-192.
Shi P J,Liu J,Yang Z.2009.Spatio-temporal point pattern analysis on Wenchuan strong earthquake.Earthquake Science,22(3):231-237.
Vacchiano G,Castagneri D,Meloni F,et al.2011.Point pattern analysis of crown-to-crown interactions in mountain forests.Procedia Environmental Sciences,7(655):269-274.