温度、饵料和物种对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响
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摘要
为研究不同因素对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响,选取物种(虾夷扇贝Patinopecten yessoensis、海湾扇贝Argopecten irradians、太平洋牡蛎Crassostrea gigas)、温度(6、14、23℃)和饵料(新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、小球藻Chlorella vulgaris、叉鞭金藻Dicrateria inornata)3因素进行正交试验,通过检测3种贝类及饵料的稳定同位素变化,探讨了3种因素对滤食性贝类碳氮稳定同位素分馏的影响。结果表明:饵料的氮稳定同位素比值(δ~(15)N)波动较大,无法满足试验要求;各因素对碳稳定同位素半衰期(t_(1/2))的影响由大到小均为温度>物种>饵料,但无显著性差异(P>0.05),对碳稳定同位素判别值(Δ~(13)C)的影响程度极为接近,Δ~(13)C的变化范围为-5.57‰～1.75‰,已超出经验值范围。研究表明:在以微藻为饵料的稳定同位素判别值研究中,要谨慎选择氮稳定同位素作为参考指标;应用稳定同位素法研究食物网的营养关系时,需全面、系统考虑综合因素对判别值的影响。
In an orthogonal test, yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis with shell height of(0.69±0.11)cm, bay scallop Argopecten irradians with shell height of(0.82±0.08)cm, and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas with shell height of(1.02±0.19)cm were monocultured in a 10 L glass fiber reinforced plastic tank and fed algae including Nitzschia closterium, Chlorella vulgaris and Dicrateria inornata at water temperatures of 6, 14 ℃ and 23 ℃ for 62 days. Then the changes in values of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were monitored 0,11,22,26,38,50 days after rearing in the filter-feeding mollusks and food algae to investigate the effects of these three factors(temperature, diet and mollusk species)on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes discrimination. The variation of the δ~(15)N values in diets was so large that did not meet the need for the experiment requirement. The water temperature was the most important factor influencing the t_(1/2) of carbon, followed by mollusk species and diet, without significant differences in these three factors(P>0.05), and quite similar effect of the three factors on the Δ~(13)C. The value of Δ~(13)C was changed from-5.57‰ to-1.75‰ in the unaccepted range in the experiment. Therefore, it needs to be careful to select the nitrogen stable isotope as reference indicator when the microalgae are used as diet to investigate the stable isotope discriminative values. The effects of comprehensive factors on the discriminant values should be comprehensively and systematically considered using the stable isotope to understand the food web.
In an orthogonal test, yesso scallop Patinopecten yessoensis with shell height of(0.69±0.11)cm, bay scallop Argopecten irradians with shell height of(0.82±0.08)cm, and Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas with shell height of(1.02±0.19)cm were monocultured in a 10 L glass fiber reinforced plastic tank and fed algae including Nitzschia closterium, Chlorella vulgaris and Dicrateria inornata at water temperatures of 6, 14 ℃ and 23 ℃ for 62 days. Then the changes in values of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were monitored 0,11,22,26,38,50 days after rearing in the filter-feeding mollusks and food algae to investigate the effects of these three factors(temperature, diet and mollusk species)on the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes discrimination. The variation of the δ~(15)N values in diets was so large that did not meet the need for the experiment requirement. The water temperature was the most important factor influencing the t_(1/2) of carbon, followed by mollusk species and diet, without significant differences in these three factors(P>0.05), and quite similar effect of the three factors on the Δ~(13)C. The value of Δ~(13)C was changed from-5.57‰ to-1.75‰ in the unaccepted range in the experiment. Therefore, it needs to be careful to select the nitrogen stable isotope as reference indicator when the microalgae are used as diet to investigate the stable isotope discriminative values. The effects of comprehensive factors on the discriminant values should be comprehensively and systematically considered using the stable isotope to understand the food web.
引文
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[22] Yokoyama H,Tamaki A,Harada K,et al.Variability of diet-tissue isotopic fractionation in estuarine macrobenthos[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,296:115-128.
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[24] Gorokhova E,Hansson S.An experimental study on variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during growth of Mysis mixta and Neomysis integer[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1999,56(11):2203-2210.
[2] Bustamante R H,Branch G M.The dependence of intertidal consumers on kelp-derived organic matter on the west coast of South Africa[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1996,196(1-2):1-28.
[3] Fry B.Stable Isotope Ecology[M].Heidelberg:Springer,2006.
[4] Peterson B J,Fry B.Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1987,18(1):293-320.
[5] Post D M.Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position:models,methods,and assumptions[J].Ecology,2002,83(3):703-718.
[6] DeNiro M J,Epstein S.Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1978,42(5):495-506.
[7] Bosley K L,Witting D A,Chambers R C,et al.Estimating turnover rates of carbon and nitrogen in recently metamorphosed winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus with stable isotopes[J].Marine Ecology Progress,2002,236(7):233-240.
[8] Gamboa-Delgado J,Vay L L.Natural stable isotopes as indicators of the relative contribution of soy protein and fish meal to tissue growth in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed compound diets[J].Aquaculture,2009,291(1):115-123.
[9] Dubois S,Jean-Louis B,Bertrand B,et al.Isotope trophic-step fractionation of suspension-feeding species:implications for food partitioning in coastal ecosystems[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2007,351(2):121-128.
[10] 颜云榕,张武科,卢伙胜,等.应用碳、氮稳定同位素研究北部湾带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)食性及营养级[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(1):192-200.
[11] 金波昌.池塘养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)食物来源的稳定同位素法研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
[12] 周晖,陈刚,施钢,等.不同蛋白源对军曹鱼幼鱼碳、氮稳定同位素分馏的影响[J].热带海洋学报,2014,33(5):35-40.
[13] 张妙,陈新军,陈亚,等.黄颡鱼不同组织碳氮稳定同位素的周转与分馏研究[J].上海海洋大学学报,2016,25(6):822-830.
[14] 王媛,徐东坡,王小林,等.基于碳氮稳定同位素技术探究太湖北部湖区鲢、鳙食性差异[J].大连海洋大学学报,2017,33(5):579-602.
[15] Mariotti A.Atmospheric nitrogen is a reliable standard for natural 15N abundance measurements[J].Nature,1983,303(5919):685-687.
[16] Hobson K A,Bairlein F.Isotopic fractionation and turnover in captive garden warblers (Sylvia borin):implications for delineating dietary and migratory associations in wild passerines[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,2003,81(9):1630-1635.
[17] Yoneyama T,Ohta Y,Ohtani T.Variations of natural 13C and 15N abundances in the rat tissues and their correlation[J].Radioisotopes,1983,32(7):330-332.
[18] Hobson K A,Clark R G.Assessing avian diets using stable isotopes I:turnover of 13C in tissues[J].The Condor,1992,94(1):181-188.
[19] Hesslein R H,Hallard K A,Ramlal P.Replacement of sulfur,carbon,and nitrogen in tissue of growing broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus) in response to a change in diet traced by d34S,d13C,and d15N[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1993,50(6):2071-2076.
[20] Fry B,Arnold C.Rapid 13C/12C turnover during growth of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus)[J].Oecologia,1982,54(2):200-204.
[21] Herzka S Z,Holt G J.Changes in isotopic composition of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) larvae in response to dietary shifts:potential applications to settlement studies[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2000,57(1):137-147.
[22] Yokoyama H,Tamaki A,Harada K,et al.Variability of diet-tissue isotopic fractionation in estuarine macrobenthos[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2005,296:115-128.
[23] Laurence G C.Laboratory growth and metabolism of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus from hatching through metamorphosis at three temperatures[J].Marine Biology,1975,32(3):223-229.
[24] Gorokhova E,Hansson S.An experimental study on variations in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation during growth of Mysis mixta and Neomysis integer[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,1999,56(11):2203-2210.